Ch. 5 Integumentary System Flashcards
The integumentary system is made up of:
skin & accessory organs (hair, nails, and glands).
androgen
agent (usually hormone) that stimulates development of male characteristics
ductule
Very small duct
duct-
to lead; carry
-ule
small, minute
homeostasis
State of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body despite changes in the external environment
-stasis
standing still
Androgens regulate:
the production of sebum
Homeostasis regulates:
temperature
acidity
concentration of salt, food, and waste products.
synthesize
Forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements
skin functions:
5 PRRSS
- physical barrier against injuries/bacterial
- regulates body temperature
- reservoir for food and water
- sensory receptor
- synthesizes vitamin D
Two distinct layers of skin:
epidermis and dermis
binds the skin to underlying structures
subcutaneous layer of tissue
epidermis
outer layer of the skin
thickest on the palms and soles
strata
sublayers of epidermis
Deepest and most important sublayers of epidermis
stratum corneum
basal layer
The stratum corneum is:
like a callus
composed of dead, flat cells that lack a blood supply and sensory receptors. Its thickness is related to normal wear of the area it covers.
basal layer
only layer of epidermis composed of living cells where new cells form
keratin
hard, relatively waterproof protien
prevents body fluids from evaporating and moisture from entering the body
melanocytes
produce a black pigment called melanin
Melanins function:
provides a protective barrier from the damaging effects of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation, which can cause skin cancer.
albino
An individual who cannot produce melanin and has a marked deficiency of pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin.
The second layer of the skin
dermis
or
corium
Dermis (corium) is composed of:
living tissue and contains numerous capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and nerve endings. Hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands are also located in the dermis.
subcutaneous layer is composed of:
aka hypodermis
composed primarily of loose connective tissue and adipose (fat) tissue interlaced with blood vessels.
functions of subcutaneous layer
RIBS regulates temperature insulates and cushions the body, binds dermis to underlying structures stores fats,
integumentary glands functions:
- defend body against disease
- maintain homeostasis
exocrine glands
secrete substances through ducts to outer surface of body
Two important glands located in the dermis that produce secretions:
sudoriferous (sweat)
sebaceous (oil)
sudoriferous glands main functions:
- cool the body by evaporation
- excrete waste products
- moisten surface cells
sebum
oily, acidic secretion from sebaceous glands that destoys harmful organisms (preventing infection)
Hair is found on all parts of the body except:
lips, nipples. palms, soles, external genitalia
hair shaft
visible part of hair
hair root
part of hair embedded in the dermis
follicle
hair root and covering
papilla
loop of capillaries located at bottom of follicle
responsible for hair growth
nail root
where nails are formed
nails are composed of:
keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelial cells and protect fingertips and toes
lunula
the half moon shape at the base of nail
where nail growth occurs
The main function of the skin is:
to protect the entire body, including all of its organs, from the external environment.
Skins functional relationship to blood, lymphatic, and immune system:
first line of defense against invasion of pathogens into body
Skins functional relationship to cardiovascular system:
Regulate body temp (via cutaneous blood vessels that dilate and constrict)
Skins functional relationship to digestive system:
absorption of calcium and stores excess calories (skin absorbs vitamin D)
Skins functional relationship to endocrine system:
Store excess calories prompted by insulin secretions
Skins functional relationship to female reproductive system:
Skin stretched for birth and have receptor that make sex pleasurable
Skins functional relationship to male reproductive system:
Receptors in the skin respond to sexual stimuli.
Skins functional relationship to
musculoskeletal system:
synthesizes vitamin D essential for:
- muscle contraction
- growth, repair, and maintenance of bones
Skins functional relationship to
nervous system:
cutaneous receptors detect stimuli related to touch, pain, pressure, and temperature.
Skins functional relationship to
respiratory system:
- temperature influences respiratory rate
- nasal hairs filter air before reaching lower respiratory tract
Skins functional relationship to
urinary system:
Skin provides an alternative route for excreting salts and nitrogenous wastes in the form of perspiration.
adip/o
fat
adiposis
abnormal condition of fat
lip/o
fat
steat/o
fat
fat
adip/o
lip/o
steat/o
lipoma
tumor made up of fatty tissue
steatitis
inflammation of fat
cutane/o
skin
dermat/o
skin
derm/o
skin
skin
cutane/o
dermat/o
derm/o
subcutaneous
pertaining to under the skin
dermatoplasty
surgical repair of the skin
hypodermic
pertaining to under the skin
hidr/o
sweat
sudor/o
sweat
sweat
hidr/o
sudor/o
hidradenitis
inflammation of sweat gland
sudoresis
condition of sweat
the body’s physiological means to regulate body temperature.
ichthy/o
dry, scaly
ichthyosis
abnormal condition of dry, scaly skin
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea
keratosis
abnormal condition of hard or horny tissue
thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin, such as a callus or wart.
melan/o
black
melanoma
tumor of black
a malignant tumor of melanocytes that commonly begins in a darkly pigmented mole and can metastasize widely.
dermatomycosis
abnormal condition of skin fungus
onych/o
nail
ungu/o
nail
nail
onych/o
ungu/o
onychomalacia
softening of the nail
ungual
pertaining to the nail
pil/o
hair
trich/o
hair
hair
pil/o
trich/o
pilonidal
pertaining to hair nest
A pilonidal cyst commonly develops in the skin at the base of the spine. It develops as a growth of hair in a dermoid cyst.
trichopathy
disease of hair
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
nid
nest
scleroderma
hardening of the skin
Scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder that causes the skin and internal organs to become progressively hardened as a result of deposits of collagen. It may occur as a localized form or as a systemic disease.
seb/o
sebum, sebaceous
seborrhea
flow or discharge of sebum
an overactivity of the sebaceous glands
squam/o
scale
squamous
pertaining to scale
xen/o
foreign, strange
xenograft
transplant of foreign tissue
used as a temporary graft to protect the patient against infection and fluid loss.
xer/o
dry
xeroderma
skin of dry
Xeroderma is a chronic skin condition characterized by dryness and roughness and is a mild form of ichthyosis.
lipocyte
fat cell
pyoderma
an acute, inflammatory, purulent bacterial dermatitis. It may be primary, such as impetigo, or secondary to a previous skin condition.
py/o
pus
dermatologist
specialist in the study of skin
dermaology
study of skin
cry/o
cold
-therapy
treatment
cryotherapy
treatment of cold
used to destroy tissue by freezing with liquid nitrogen. Cutaneous warts and actinic keratosis are common skin disorders that respond well to cryotherapy treatment.
an-
without/ not
anhidrosis
abnormal condition of being without sweat
epi-
above, upon
epidermis
above/upon the skin
the outermost layer of the skin.
homograft
transplantation of same tissue
tumor (that is) black
melanoma
pertaining to under the skin
hypodermic
surgical repair of the skin
dermatoplasty
cell (composed of) fat
lipocyte
skin (containing) pus
pyoderma
specialist in the study of skin disorders
dermatologist
skin that is dry
xeroderma
abnormal condition without sweat
anhidrosis
transplantation from the same (species)
homograft
abnormal condition of dry or scaly (skin)
ichthyosis
skin (that has) hardened
scleroderma
abnormal condition of a fungus
mycosis
discharge or flow of sebum
seborrhea
disease of the hair
trichopathy
abnormal condition of horny tissue
keratosis
tumor consisting of fat
adipoma or lipoma
hernia containing fat
adipocele or lipocele
resembling fat
adipoid or lipoid
fat cell
adipocyte or lipocyte
inflammation of the skin
dermatitis
abnormal condition of a skin fungus
dermatomycosis
tumor of the nails
onychoma
softening of the nails
onychomalacia
abnormal condition of the nails
onychosis
abnormal condition of the nails caused by a fungus
onychomycosis
abnormal condition of a hidden (ingrown) nail
onychocryptosis
disease of the nails
onychopathy
disease of the hair
trichopathy
abnormal condition of hair caused by a fungus
trichomycosis
study of the skin
dermatology
specialist in the study of skin (diseases)
dermatologist
excision of fat (adipose tissue)
adipectomy or lipectomy
removal of a nail
onychectomy
incision of a nail
onychotomy
surgical repair (plastic surgery) of the skin
dermatoplasty or dermoplasty
Dermatology is
the medical specialty concerned with diseases that directly affect the skin and systemic diseases that manifest their effects on the skin.
dermatologist
physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases
Lesions are:
areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection.
Lesions affecting tissue over an area of a definite size
localized
Lesions affecting tissue over a widely spread areas throughout the body
systemic
Lesions are described as:
primary or secondary
by their appearance, color, location, and size as measured in centimeters
Primary skin lesions are:
the initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated.
Secondary skin lesions are:
changes that take place in the primary lesion as a result of infection, scratching, trauma, or various stages of a disease.
Burns are:
tissue injuries caused by contact with thermal, chemical, electrical, or radioactive agents.
Burns affect:
the skin and can also affect the respiratory and digestive tract linings
First-degree burns:
(superficial)
least serious burn injuring only top layers of epidermis
causes skin redness, sensitivity, blisters do not form, and the burn heals without scar formation
Second-degree burns:
(partial-thickness)
deep burns that damage the epidermis and part of the dermis
causes fluid-filled blisters, little to no scarring
In third-degree burns:
(full-thickness)
epidermis and dermis destroyed, some underlying connective tissue damaged, leaving skin waxy/charred with insensitivity to touch. underlying bones, muscles, and tendons may also be damaged
causes ulcerating wounds and the scar tissue. Skin grafting (dermatoplasty) is commonly required to protect underlying tissue and assist in recovery.
Rule of Nines
formula for estimating % of adult body surface (different for infants/children due to proportionally larger head) area affected by burns
important in determining fluid loss treatment
(Benign) neoplasms are:
abnormal growths of new and same noncancerous cells as the tissue in which they are growing
place pressure on or interfere with the functioning of surrounding structures
Malignant neoplasms are:
(cancer)
composed of invasive cells that spread to remote regions of the body (metastasis) by entering blood/lymph vessels and traveling to form secondary tumor sites
Immunotherapy
(biotherapy)
newer cancer treatment that stimulates the body’s own immune defenses to fight tumor cells
Grading and Staging Cancer purpose:
diagnosis and treatment planning, provide a possible prognosis, and aid comparison of treatment results when different treatment methods are used.
tumor grading
cell from tumor site are compared to normal tissue
the greater the difference between the two, the more serious the grade of cancer is
TNM system
(tumor, node, metastasis system)
international system that allows comparison of statistics among cancer centers
- T—size/invasiveness of primary tumor
- N—area lymph nodes involved
- M—invasiveness (metastasis) of primary tumor
Basal cell carcinoma:
most common skin cancer
malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermis, or hair follicles
locally invasive but rarely metastasize
Squamous cell carcinoma
invasive tumor with potential for metastasis
arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening (keratinizing)
can be in situ or invasive
in situ
confined to the original site
invasive
penetrate the surrounding tissue
Malignant melanoma
malignant growth of melanocytes
highly metastatic, can affect liver, lungs, and brain
most lethal skin cancer
abscess
Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection
acne
Inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands and hair follicles characteristic lesions that include blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts
and are usually associated with seborrhea; also called acne vulgaris
alopecia
Partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease; commonly called baldness
bowen disease
Very early form of skin cancer, which is easily curable and characterized by a red, scaly patch on the skin; also called squamous cell carcinoma in situ
cellulitis
Diffuse (widespread), acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
chloasma
Pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish-brown patches or spots
comedo
Typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin
decubitus ulcer
BED SORES
Inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in elderly bedridden persons; also known as pressure ulcer
ecchymosis
A bruise - skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from bluish black to greenish brown or yellow
eczema
Chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, and scabs and accompanied by intense itching (pruritus); also called atopic dermatitis
erythema
Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries
eschar
Dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn
impetigo
Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
keratosis
Thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as a callus or wart)
lentigo
Small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle-aged or older person
pallor
Unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin
pedicul-
lice
pediculosis
Infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear
petechia
Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin
pruritus
intense itching
psoriasis
Chronic skin disease characterized by itchy red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis
purpura
Any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae
scabies
Contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact
tinea
Fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected; also called ringworm
urticaria
HIVES
Allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals
verruca
WARTS
Epidermal growth caused by a virus
vitiligo
Localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
infestation with lice
pediculosis
skin depigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
vitiligo
fungal skin infection, also called ringworm
tinea
contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite
scabies
bacterial skin infection characterized by pustules that become crusted and rupture
impetigo
allergic reaction of the skin, characterized by elevated red patches called hives
urticaria
hyperpigmentation of the skin, characterized by yellowish-brown patches or spots
chloasma
hemorrhagic spot or bruise on the skin
ecchymosis
minute or small hemorrhagic spots on the skin
petechiae
loss or absence of hair
alopecia
localized collection of pus at the site of infection (staphylococcal)
abscess
redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries
erythema
damaged tissue following a severe burn
eschar
intense itching
pruritus
epidermal growth caused by a virus; also known as wart
verruca
allergy skin test
Any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient’s sensitivity to it
intradermal skin test
Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction
patch skin test
Skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch, which is then taped on the skin, usually the forearm, and observing the area 24 hours later for an allergic response
scratch skin test
Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin; also called puncture test or prick test
culture & sensitivity
(C&S)
Laboratory test to determine the presence of pathogens in patients with suspected wound infections and identify the appropriate drug therapy to which the organism responds (sensitivity)
biopsy
(Bx, bx)
Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination
frozen section
(FS)
Ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination
needle biopsy
Removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe
punch biopsy
Removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch
shave biopsy
Removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade
Mohs
Procedure that involves progressive removal and examination of layers of cancer-containing skin until only cancer-free tissue remains; also called micrographic surgery of the skin
skin graft
Transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site
allograft
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft
autograft
Transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual
synthetic graft
Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern
xenograft
Transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human; also called heterograft
chemical peel
Chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses; also called chemabrasion
cryosurgery
Use of subfreezing temperature (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue
debridement
Removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents
dermabrasion
Rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis
fulguration
Tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current; also called electrodesiccation
photodynamic therapy
(PDT)
Procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called a photosensitizer are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys the cells
antiacne agents
Reduce acne through multiple mechanisms
antifungals
Alter the cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity, resulting in cell death
antihistamines
Inhibit allergic reactions of inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine
antiparasitics
Kill insect parasites, such as mites and lice
antiseptics
Topically applied agents that inhibit growth of bacteria, thus preventing infections in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions
corticosteroids
Decrease inflammation and itching by suppressing the immune system’s inflammatory response to tissue damage
keratolytics
Destroy and soften the outer layer of skin so that it is sloughed off or shed
protectives (drug)
Cover, cool, dry, or soothe inflamed skin
topical anesthetics
Block sensation of pain by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes
Bx, bx
biopsy
BCC
basal cell carcinoma
C&S
culture and sensitivity
CA
cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest
FS
frozen section
ID
intradermal
IMP
impression (synonymous with diagnosis)
I&D
incision and drainage
IV
intravenous
TNM
tumor-node-metastasis
ung
ointment
XP, XDP
xeroderma pigmentosum
topical agents to treat athlete’s foot and onychomycosis
antifungals
tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current
fulguration
agents that decrease inflammation or itching
corticosteroids
use of wire brushes or other abrasive materials to remove scars, tattoos, or fine wrinkles
dermabrasion
agents that kill parasitic skin infestations
parasiticides
procedure in which extracts of suspected allergens are injected subcutaneously
intradermal test
procedure in which allergens are applied topically, usually on the forearm
patch test
ointment
ung
agents that soften the outer layer of skin so that it sloughs off
keratolytics
transplantation taken from another species (usually a pig) to a human
xenograft
