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Medical Terminology Systems > Ch. 5 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Integumentary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The integumentary system is made up of:

A

skin & accessory organs (hair, nails, and glands).

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2
Q

androgen

A

agent (usually hormone) that stimulates development of male characteristics

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3
Q

ductule

A

Very small duct

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4
Q

duct-

A

to lead; carry

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5
Q

-ule

A

small, minute

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6
Q

homeostasis

A

State of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body despite changes in the external environment

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7
Q

-stasis

A

standing still

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8
Q

Androgens regulate:

A

the production of sebum

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9
Q

Homeostasis regulates:

A

temperature
acidity
concentration of salt, food, and waste products.

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10
Q

synthesize

A

Forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements

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11
Q

skin functions:

A

5 PRRSS

  • physical barrier against injuries/bacterial
  • regulates body temperature
  • reservoir for food and water
  • sensory receptor
  • synthesizes vitamin D
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12
Q

Two distinct layers of skin:

A

epidermis and dermis

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13
Q

binds the skin to underlying structures

A

subcutaneous layer of tissue

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14
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer of the skin

thickest on the palms and soles

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15
Q

strata

A

sublayers of epidermis

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16
Q

Deepest and most important sublayers of epidermis

A

stratum corneum

basal layer

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17
Q

The stratum corneum is:

A

like a callus

composed of dead, flat cells that lack a blood supply and sensory receptors. Its thickness is related to normal wear of the area it covers.

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18
Q

basal layer

A

only layer of epidermis composed of living cells where new cells form

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19
Q

keratin

A

hard, relatively waterproof protien

prevents body fluids from evaporating and moisture from entering the body

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20
Q

melanocytes

A

produce a black pigment called melanin

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21
Q

Melanins function:

A

provides a protective barrier from the damaging effects of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation, which can cause skin cancer.

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22
Q

albino

A

An individual who cannot produce melanin and has a marked deficiency of pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin.

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23
Q

The second layer of the skin

A

dermis
or
corium

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24
Q

Dermis (corium) is composed of:

A

living tissue and contains numerous capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and nerve endings. Hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands are also located in the dermis.

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25
Q

subcutaneous layer is composed of:

A

aka hypodermis

composed primarily of loose connective tissue and adipose (fat) tissue interlaced with blood vessels.

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26
Q

functions of subcutaneous layer

A 
RIBS
regulates temperature
insulates and cushions the body, 
binds dermis to underlying structures
stores fats,
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27
Q

integumentary glands functions:

A
  • defend body against disease

- maintain homeostasis

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28
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete substances through ducts to outer surface of body

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29
Q

Two important glands located in the dermis that produce secretions:

A

sudoriferous (sweat)

sebaceous (oil)

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30
Q

sudoriferous glands main functions:

A
  • cool the body by evaporation
  • excrete waste products
  • moisten surface cells
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31
Q

sebum

A

oily, acidic secretion from sebaceous glands that destoys harmful organisms (preventing infection)

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32
Q

Hair is found on all parts of the body except:

A

lips, nipples. palms, soles, external genitalia

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33
Q

hair shaft

A

visible part of hair

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34
Q

hair root

A

part of hair embedded in the dermis

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35
Q

follicle

A

hair root and covering

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36
Q

papilla

A

loop of capillaries located at bottom of follicle

responsible for hair growth

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37
Q

nail root

A

where nails are formed

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38
Q

nails are composed of:

A

keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelial cells and protect fingertips and toes

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39
Q

lunula

A

the half moon shape at the base of nail

where nail growth occurs

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40
Q

The main function of the skin is:

A

to protect the entire body, including all of its organs, from the external environment.

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41
Q

Skins functional relationship to blood, lymphatic, and immune system:

A

first line of defense against invasion of pathogens into body

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42
Q

Skins functional relationship to cardiovascular system:

A

Regulate body temp (via cutaneous blood vessels that dilate and constrict)

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43
Q

Skins functional relationship to digestive system:

A

absorption of calcium and stores excess calories (skin absorbs vitamin D)

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44
Q

Skins functional relationship to endocrine system:

A

Store excess calories prompted by insulin secretions

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45
Q

Skins functional relationship to female reproductive system:

A

Skin stretched for birth and have receptor that make sex pleasurable

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46
Q

Skins functional relationship to male reproductive system:

A

Receptors in the skin respond to sexual stimuli.

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47
Q

Skins functional relationship to

musculoskeletal system:

A

synthesizes vitamin D essential for:

  • muscle contraction
  • growth, repair, and maintenance of bones
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48
Q

Skins functional relationship to

nervous system:

A

cutaneous receptors detect stimuli related to touch, pain, pressure, and temperature.

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49
Q

Skins functional relationship to

respiratory system:

A
  • temperature influences respiratory rate

- nasal hairs filter air before reaching lower respiratory tract

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50
Q

Skins functional relationship to

urinary system:

A

Skin provides an alternative route for excreting salts and nitrogenous wastes in the form of perspiration.

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51
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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52
Q

adiposis

A

abnormal condition of fat

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53
Q

lip/o

A

fat

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54
Q

steat/o

A

fat

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55
Q

fat

A

adip/o
lip/o
steat/o

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56
Q

lipoma

A

tumor made up of fatty tissue

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57
Q

steatitis

A

inflammation of fat

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58
Q

cutane/o

A

skin

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59
Q

dermat/o

A

skin

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60
Q

derm/o

A

skin

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61
Q

skin

A

cutane/o
dermat/o
derm/o

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62
Q

subcutaneous

A

pertaining to under the skin

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63
Q

dermatoplasty

A

surgical repair of the skin

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64
Q

hypodermic

A

pertaining to under the skin

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65
Q

hidr/o

A

sweat

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66
Q

sudor/o

A

sweat

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67
Q

sweat

A

hidr/o

sudor/o

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68
Q

hidradenitis

A

inflammation of sweat gland

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69
Q

sudoresis

A

condition of sweat

the body’s physiological means to regulate body temperature.

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70
Q

ichthy/o

A

dry, scaly

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71
Q

ichthyosis

A

abnormal condition of dry, scaly skin

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72
Q

kerat/o

A

horny tissue; hard; cornea

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73
Q

keratosis

A

abnormal condition of hard or horny tissue

thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin, such as a callus or wart.

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74
Q

melan/o

A

black

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75
Q

melanoma

A

tumor of black

a malignant tumor of melanocytes that commonly begins in a darkly pigmented mole and can metastasize widely.

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76
Q

dermatomycosis

A

abnormal condition of skin fungus

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77
Q

onych/o

A

nail

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78
Q

ungu/o

A

nail

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79
Q

nail

A

onych/o

ungu/o

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80
Q

onychomalacia

A

softening of the nail

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81
Q

ungual

A

pertaining to the nail

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82
Q

pil/o

A

hair

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83
Q

trich/o

A

hair

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84
Q

hair

A

pil/o

trich/o

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85
Q

pilonidal

A

pertaining to hair nest

A pilonidal cyst commonly develops in the skin at the base of the spine. It develops as a growth of hair in a dermoid cyst.

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86
Q

trichopathy

A

disease of hair

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87
Q

scler/o

A

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

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88
Q

nid

A

nest

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89
Q

scleroderma

A

hardening of the skin

Scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder that causes the skin and internal organs to become progressively hardened as a result of deposits of collagen. It may occur as a localized form or as a systemic disease.

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90
Q

seb/o

A

sebum, sebaceous

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91
Q

seborrhea

A

flow or discharge of sebum

an overactivity of the sebaceous glands

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92
Q

squam/o

A

scale

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93
Q

squamous

A

pertaining to scale

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94
Q

xen/o

A

foreign, strange

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95
Q

xenograft

A

transplant of foreign tissue

used as a temporary graft to protect the patient against infection and fluid loss.

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96
Q

xer/o

A

dry

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97
Q

xeroderma

A

skin of dry

Xeroderma is a chronic skin condition characterized by dryness and roughness and is a mild form of ichthyosis.

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98
Q

lipocyte

A

fat cell

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99
Q

pyoderma

A

an acute, inflammatory, purulent bacterial dermatitis. It may be primary, such as impetigo, or secondary to a previous skin condition.

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100
Q

py/o

A

pus

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101
Q

dermatologist

A

specialist in the study of skin

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102
Q

dermaology

A

study of skin

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103
Q

cry/o

A

cold

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104
Q

-therapy

A

treatment

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105
Q

cryotherapy

A

treatment of cold

used to destroy tissue by freezing with liquid nitrogen. Cutaneous warts and actinic keratosis are common skin disorders that respond well to cryotherapy treatment.

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106
Q

an-

A

without/ not

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107
Q

anhidrosis

A

abnormal condition of being without sweat

108
Q

epi-

A

above, upon

109
Q

epidermis

A

above/upon the skin

the outermost layer of the skin.

110
Q

homograft

A

transplantation of same tissue

111
Q

tumor (that is) black

A

melanoma

112
Q

pertaining to under the skin

A

hypodermic

113
Q

surgical repair of the skin

A

dermatoplasty

114
Q

cell (composed of) fat

A

lipocyte

115
Q

skin (containing) pus

A

pyoderma

116
Q

specialist in the study of skin disorders

A

dermatologist

117
Q

skin that is dry

A

xeroderma

118
Q

abnormal condition without sweat

A

anhidrosis

119
Q

transplantation from the same (species)

A

homograft

120
Q

abnormal condition of dry or scaly (skin)

A

ichthyosis

121
Q

skin (that has) hardened

A

scleroderma

122
Q

abnormal condition of a fungus

A

mycosis

123
Q

discharge or flow of sebum

A

seborrhea

124
Q

disease of the hair

A

trichopathy

125
Q

abnormal condition of horny tissue

A

keratosis

126
Q

tumor consisting of fat

A

adipoma or lipoma

127
Q

hernia containing fat

A

adipocele or lipocele

128
Q

resembling fat

A

adipoid or lipoid

129
Q

fat cell

A

adipocyte or lipocyte

130
Q

inflammation of the skin

A

dermatitis

131
Q

abnormal condition of a skin fungus

A

dermatomycosis

132
Q

tumor of the nails

A

onychoma

133
Q

softening of the nails

A

onychomalacia

134
Q

abnormal condition of the nails

A

onychosis

135
Q

abnormal condition of the nails caused by a fungus

A

onychomycosis

136
Q

abnormal condition of a hidden (ingrown) nail

A

onychocryptosis

137
Q

disease of the nails

A

onychopathy

138
Q

disease of the hair

A

trichopathy

139
Q

abnormal condition of hair caused by a fungus

A

trichomycosis

140
Q

study of the skin

A

dermatology

141
Q

specialist in the study of skin (diseases)

A

dermatologist

142
Q

excision of fat (adipose tissue)

A

adipectomy or lipectomy

143
Q

removal of a nail

A

onychectomy

144
Q

incision of a nail

A

onychotomy

145
Q

surgical repair (plastic surgery) of the skin

A

dermatoplasty or dermoplasty

146
Q

Dermatology is

A

the medical specialty concerned with diseases that directly affect the skin and systemic diseases that manifest their effects on the skin.

147
Q

dermatologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases

148
Q

Lesions are:

A

areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection.

149
Q

Lesions affecting tissue over an area of a definite size

A

localized

150
Q

Lesions affecting tissue over a widely spread areas throughout the body

A

systemic

151
Q

Lesions are described as:

A

primary or secondary

by their appearance, color, location, and size as measured in centimeters

152
Q

Primary skin lesions are:

A

the initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated.

153
Q

Secondary skin lesions are:

A

changes that take place in the primary lesion as a result of infection, scratching, trauma, or various stages of a disease.

154
Q

Burns are:

A

tissue injuries caused by contact with thermal, chemical, electrical, or radioactive agents.

155
Q

Burns affect:

A

the skin and can also affect the respiratory and digestive tract linings

156
Q

First-degree burns:

A

(superficial)

least serious burn injuring only top layers of epidermis

causes skin redness, sensitivity, blisters do not form, and the burn heals without scar formation

157
Q

Second-degree burns:

A

(partial-thickness)

deep burns that damage the epidermis and part of the dermis

causes fluid-filled blisters, little to no scarring

158
Q

In third-degree burns:

A

(full-thickness)
epidermis and dermis destroyed, some underlying connective tissue damaged, leaving skin waxy/charred with insensitivity to touch. underlying bones, muscles, and tendons may also be damaged

causes ulcerating wounds and the scar tissue. Skin grafting (dermatoplasty) is commonly required to protect underlying tissue and assist in recovery.

159
Q

Rule of Nines

A

formula for estimating % of adult body surface (different for infants/children due to proportionally larger head) area affected by burns

important in determining fluid loss treatment

160
Q

(Benign) neoplasms are:

A

abnormal growths of new and same noncancerous cells as the tissue in which they are growing

place pressure on or interfere with the functioning of surrounding structures

161
Q

Malignant neoplasms are:

A

(cancer)

composed of invasive cells that spread to remote regions of the body (metastasis) by entering blood/lymph vessels and traveling to form secondary tumor sites

162
Q

Immunotherapy

A

(biotherapy)

newer cancer treatment that stimulates the body’s own immune defenses to fight tumor cells

163
Q

Grading and Staging Cancer purpose:

A

diagnosis and treatment planning, provide a possible prognosis, and aid comparison of treatment results when different treatment methods are used.

164
Q

tumor grading

A

cell from tumor site are compared to normal tissue

the greater the difference between the two, the more serious the grade of cancer is

165
Q

TNM system

A

(tumor, node, metastasis system)

international system that allows comparison of statistics among cancer centers

  • T—size/invasiveness of primary tumor
  • N—area lymph nodes involved
  • M—invasiveness (metastasis) of primary tumor
166
Q

Basal cell carcinoma:

A

most common skin cancer

malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermis, or hair follicles

locally invasive but rarely metastasize

167
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

invasive tumor with potential for metastasis

arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening (keratinizing)

can be in situ or invasive

168
Q

in situ

A

confined to the original site

169
Q

invasive

A

penetrate the surrounding tissue

170
Q

Malignant melanoma

A

malignant growth of melanocytes

highly metastatic, can affect liver, lungs, and brain

most lethal skin cancer

171
Q

abscess

A

Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection

172
Q

acne

A 
Inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands and hair follicles 
characteristic lesions that include 
blackheads (comedos), 
inflammatory papules, 
pustules, nodules, 
and cysts

and are usually associated with seborrhea; also called acne vulgaris

173
Q

alopecia

A

Partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease; commonly called baldness

174
Q

bowen disease

A

Very early form of skin cancer, which is easily curable and characterized by a red, scaly patch on the skin; also called squamous cell carcinoma in situ

175
Q

cellulitis

A

Diffuse (widespread), acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

176
Q

chloasma

A

Pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish-brown patches or spots

177
Q

comedo

A

Typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin

178
Q

decubitus ulcer

A

BED SORES
Inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in elderly bedridden persons; also known as pressure ulcer

179
Q

ecchymosis

A

A bruise - skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from bluish black to greenish brown or yellow

180
Q

eczema

A

Chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, and scabs and accompanied by intense itching (pruritus); also called atopic dermatitis

181
Q

erythema

A

Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries

182
Q

eschar

A

Dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn

183
Q

impetigo

A

Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

184
Q

keratosis

A

Thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as a callus or wart)

185
Q

lentigo

A

Small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle-aged or older person

186
Q

pallor

A

Unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin

187
Q

pedicul-

A

lice

188
Q

pediculosis

A

Infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear

189
Q

petechia

A

Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin

190
Q

pruritus

A

intense itching

191
Q

psoriasis

A

Chronic skin disease characterized by itchy red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis

192
Q

purpura

A

Any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae

193
Q

scabies

A

Contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact

194
Q

tinea

A

Fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected; also called ringworm

195
Q

urticaria

A

HIVES

Allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals

196
Q

verruca

A

WARTS

Epidermal growth caused by a virus

197
Q

vitiligo

A

Localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches

198
Q

infestation with lice

A

pediculosis

199
Q

skin depigmentation characterized by milk-white patches

A

vitiligo

200
Q

fungal skin infection, also called ringworm

A

tinea

201
Q

contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite

A

scabies

202
Q

bacterial skin infection characterized by pustules that become crusted and rupture

A

impetigo

203
Q

allergic reaction of the skin, characterized by elevated red patches called hives

A

urticaria

204
Q

hyperpigmentation of the skin, characterized by yellowish-brown patches or spots

A

chloasma

205
Q

hemorrhagic spot or bruise on the skin

A

ecchymosis

206
Q

minute or small hemorrhagic spots on the skin

A

petechiae

207
Q

loss or absence of hair

A

alopecia

208
Q

localized collection of pus at the site of infection (staphylococcal)

A

abscess

209
Q

redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries

A

erythema

210
Q

damaged tissue following a severe burn

A

eschar

211
Q

intense itching

A

pruritus

212
Q

epidermal growth caused by a virus; also known as wart

A

verruca

213
Q

allergy skin test

A

Any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient’s sensitivity to it

214
Q

intradermal skin test

A

Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction

215
Q

patch skin test

A

Skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch, which is then taped on the skin, usually the forearm, and observing the area 24 hours later for an allergic response

216
Q

scratch skin test

A

Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin; also called puncture test or prick test

217
Q

culture & sensitivity

A

(C&S)

Laboratory test to determine the presence of pathogens in patients with suspected wound infections and identify the appropriate drug therapy to which the organism responds (sensitivity)

218
Q

biopsy

A

(Bx, bx)

Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination

219
Q

frozen section

A

(FS)

Ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination

220
Q

needle biopsy

A

Removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe

221
Q

punch biopsy

A

Removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch

222
Q

shave biopsy

A

Removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade

223
Q

Mohs

A

Procedure that involves progressive removal and examination of layers of cancer-containing skin until only cancer-free tissue remains; also called micrographic surgery of the skin

224
Q

skin graft

A

Transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site

225
Q

allograft

A

Transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft

226
Q

autograft

A

Transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual

227
Q

synthetic graft

A

Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern

228
Q

xenograft

A

Transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human; also called heterograft

229
Q

chemical peel

A

Chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses; also called chemabrasion

230
Q

cryosurgery

A

Use of subfreezing temperature (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue

231
Q

debridement

A

Removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents

232
Q

dermabrasion

A

Rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis

233
Q

fulguration

A

Tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current; also called electrodesiccation

234
Q

photodynamic therapy

A

(PDT)

Procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called a photosensitizer are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys the cells

235
Q

antiacne agents

A

Reduce acne through multiple mechanisms

236
Q

antifungals

A

Alter the cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity, resulting in cell death

237
Q

antihistamines

A

Inhibit allergic reactions of inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine

238
Q

antiparasitics

A

Kill insect parasites, such as mites and lice

239
Q

antiseptics

A

Topically applied agents that inhibit growth of bacteria, thus preventing infections in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions

240
Q

corticosteroids

A

Decrease inflammation and itching by suppressing the immune system’s inflammatory response to tissue damage

241
Q

keratolytics

A

Destroy and soften the outer layer of skin so that it is sloughed off or shed

242
Q

protectives (drug)

A

Cover, cool, dry, or soothe inflamed skin

243
Q

topical anesthetics

A

Block sensation of pain by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes

244
Q

Bx, bx

A

biopsy

245
Q

BCC

A

basal cell carcinoma

246
Q

C&S

A

culture and sensitivity

247
Q

CA

A

cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest

248
Q

FS

A

frozen section

249
Q

ID

A

intradermal

250
Q

IMP

A

impression (synonymous with diagnosis)

251
Q

I&D

A

incision and drainage

252
Q

IV

A

intravenous

253
Q

TNM

A

tumor-node-metastasis

254
Q

ung

A

ointment

255
Q

XP, XDP

A

xeroderma pigmentosum

256
Q

topical agents to treat athlete’s foot and onychomycosis

A

antifungals

257
Q

tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current

A

fulguration

258
Q

agents that decrease inflammation or itching

A

corticosteroids

259
Q

use of wire brushes or other abrasive materials to remove scars, tattoos, or fine wrinkles

A

dermabrasion

260
Q

agents that kill parasitic skin infestations

A

parasiticides

261
Q

procedure in which extracts of suspected allergens are injected subcutaneously

A

intradermal test

262
Q

procedure in which allergens are applied topically, usually on the forearm

A

patch test

263
Q

ointment

A

ung

264
Q

agents that soften the outer layer of skin so that it sloughs off

A

keratolytics

265
Q

transplantation taken from another species (usually a pig) to a human

A

xenograft

Medical Terminology Systems (16 decks)

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