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Medical Terminology Systems > Ch. 10 Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Ch. 10 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The musculoskeletal system includes:

A

muscles, bones, joints, and related structures (tendons and connective tissue that function in the support and movement of body parts and organs)

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2
Q

articulation

A

Place of union between two or more bones; also called joint

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3
Q

hematopoiesis

A

Production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

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4
Q

ligaments

A

Connective tissue that surrounds the joint capsule to bind bones to other bones

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5
Q

tendons

A

Connective tissue that binds muscle to bone on either side of a joint

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6
Q

Muscle tissue is composed of:

A

contractile cells, or fibers, that provide movement of an organ or body part.

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7
Q

Muscles contribute to:

A

posture, produce body heat, and act as a protective covering for internal organs.

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8
Q

three types of muscle tissue in the body:

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
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9
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

attached to bones
provide means for movement
voluntary muscles
aka striated muscles

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10
Q

voluntary muscles

A

contract and relax in response to conscious thought

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11
Q

Smooth muscles

A

assist internal process (digestion, circulation, urination)
called visceral muscles
aka involuntary muscles

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12
Q

involuntary muscles

A

movement is not under conscious control but functions under the control of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system

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13
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

in heart wall
forms the myocardium
striated like skeletal muscle
produces rhythmic involuntary contractions like smooth muscle.

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14
Q

Adduction

A

Moves closer to the midline

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15
Q

Abduction

A

Moves away from the midline

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16
Q

Flexion

A

Decreases the angle of a joint

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17
Q

Extension

A

Increases the angle of a joint

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18
Q

Rotation

A

Moves a bone around its own axis

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19
Q

Pronation

A

Turns the palm downward

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20
Q

Supination

A

Turns the palm upward

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21
Q

Inversion

A

Moves the sole of the foot inward

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22
Q

Eversion

A

Moves the sole of the foot outward

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23
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Elevates the foot

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24
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Lowers the foot (points the toes)

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25
Q

Bones functions:

A

the framework of the body, protect internal organs, allow for movement, store calcium and other minerals, and produce blood cells within bone marrow (hematopoiesis)

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26
Q

Movement is possible because bones provide

A

points of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

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27
Q

Bones store:

A

calcium

phosphorus

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28
Q

four principal types of bone:

A

short
irregular
flat
long

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29
Q

Short bones

A

somewhat cube-shaped (nearly equal LxW)

e.g. bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankles (tarsals)

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30
Q

Irregular bones

A

not “short” or “long” because of complex shapes

e.g. vertebrae and bones of middle ear

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31
Q

Flat bones

A

provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection of internal organs
e.g. skull, shoulder blades, and sternum.

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32
Q

Long bones

A 
in extremities (legs, arms, and fingers)
regular, well-defined shapes
each long bone has three main parts
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33
Q

3 main parts of long bones:

A

diaphysis
epiphyses
periosteum

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34
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft, or long, main portion of bone
compact bone that forms cylinder
surrounds medullary cavity (central canal filled with “yellow bone marrow,” composed of blood vessels and fatty tissue)

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35
Q

epiphyses

A

ends of bone (distal/ proximal epiphyses)
somewhat bulbous shape provides space for muscle and ligament attachments near the joints
consists of 3 tissue layers

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36
Q

3 tissue layers of epiphyses

A

articular cartilage
compact bone
cancellous bone

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37
Q

articular cartilage

A
  • thin outer layer of cartilage where bones meet/form joints
  • epiphyseal line (growth plate), area of cartilage constantly replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows, lengthens bones during childhood/adolescence, calcifies/disappears at full growth
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38
Q

compact bone

A

thick, dense layer of hard compact bone

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39
Q

cancellous bone

A

aka spongy bone
inner layer
porous tissue less dense than compact bone
filled with red bone marrow

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40
Q

periosteum

A

dense, white, fibrous membrane, covers bone surfaces
contains blood/lymph vessels, nerves, osteoblasts
provides bone repair, general bone nutrition, and attachment point for muscles, ligaments, and tendons.

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41
Q

Surfaces of bones are rarely smooth but consist:

A 
projections
articulating surfaces
depressions
openings
(muscle and ligament attachment, pathways/openings for blood vessels/nerves)
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42
Q

How many bones does an adult skeleton have?

A

206

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43
Q

How is the skeleton divided?

A

axial and appendicular

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44
Q

3 major regions of axial skeleton and their function:

A

skull, rib cage, vertebral column

contributes to formation of body cavities and provides protection for internal organs, such as the brain, spinal cord, and organs enclosed in the thorax.

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45
Q

2 types of skull bones:

A

cranial and facial

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46
Q

Most skull bones are joined by:

A

sutures

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47
Q

Sutures:

A

lines of junction between two bones, especially of the skull, and are usually immovable

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48
Q

cranium

A

aka skull
made up of 8 bones
enclose and protect the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium

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49
Q

___________ are connected to muscles to provide head movements, chewing motions, and facial expressions.

A

cranial bones

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50
Q

8 cranial bones:

A 
frontal
parietal (2)
occipital
temporal (2)
sphenoid
ethmoid
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51
Q

fontanels

A

aka soft spots
fibrous membranes, connect cranial bones at birth
enables infant’s skull movement during birth
close as cranial bones grow together.

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52
Q

frontal bone

A

forms the anterior portion of the skull (forehead) and the roof of the bony cavities that contain the eyeballs.

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53
Q

parietal bone

A

one on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone. Together they form the upper sides and roof of the cranium. Each parietal bone meets the frontal bone along the (3) coronal suture.

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54
Q

occipital bone

A

forms the back and base of the skull. It contains an opening in its base through which the spinal cord passes.

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55
Q

temporal bone(s)

A

Two (5) temporal bone(s), one on each side of the skull, form part of the lower cranium. Each temporal bone has a complicated shape that contains various cavities and recesses associated with the internal ear, the essential part of the organ of hearing and balance.

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56
Q

mastoid process

A

downward projections of the temporal bones

provides a point of attachment for several neck muscles.

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57
Q

sphenoid bone

A

located at the middle part of the base of the skull, forms a central wedge that joins with all other cranial bones, holding them together.

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58
Q

ethmoid bone

A

is the anterior cranial bone located between the nasal cavity and parts of the orbits of the eyes.

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59
Q

All facial bones, with the exception of the _______, are joined together by sutures and are immovable

A

mandible (lower jaw bone)

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60
Q

Movement of the mandible is necessary for

A

speaking and chewing (mastication)

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61
Q

maxillae

A

paired upper jawbones, are fused in the midline by a suture. They form the upper jaw and hard palate (roof of the mouth). If the maxillary bones do not fuse properly before birth, a congenital defect called cleft palate results.

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62
Q

2 facial bones that contain sockets for teeth:

A

maxillae and mandible

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63
Q

nasal bones

A

Two thin, nearly rectangular bones lie side by side and are fused medially, forming the shape and the bridge of the nose.

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64
Q

lacrimal bones

A

Two bones located at the corner of each eye. These thin, small bones unite to form the groove for the lacrimal sac and canals through which the tear ducts pass into the nasal cavity.

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65
Q

zygomatic bones

A

2 bones
(cheekbones)
located on the side of the face below the eyes and form the higher portion of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes.

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66
Q

vomer

A

is a single, thin bone that forms the lower part of the nasal septum.

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67
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
maxillary sinuses

(cavities in cranial/facial bones they are named after)

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68
Q

thorax

A

refers to entire chest

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69
Q

thoracic cage

A

aka rib cage
enclose the heart and lungs
12 pairs on ribs attached to spine

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70
Q

true ribs

A

first seven pairs of ribs

attached directly to sternum by strip costal cartilage.

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71
Q

false ribs

A

last 5 ribs

costal cartilage not fastened directly to sternum

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72
Q

floating ribs

A

last 2 false ribs

not joined, even indirectly, to sternum but attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

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73
Q

vertebral column (adult)

A

26 vertebrae (singular, vertebra)
supports body
provides protective bony canal for spinal cord
has 4 curves (cervical/lumbar forward; thoracic/sacral backward)

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74
Q

5 regions of vertebral column:

A 
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccyx
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75
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

seven vertebrae form neck
1st - atlas, supports the skull
2nd - axis, rotates skull on neck

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76
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12 vertebrae

support chest and serve as a point of articulation for ribs

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77
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

five vertebrae
situated in lower back
carry most of torso weight

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78
Q

sacral vertebrae

A

five vertebrae fused into single bone (adult) - sacrum

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79
Q

coccyx

A

tail of vertebral column

4 or 5 fragmented fused vertebrae

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80
Q

intervertebral disks

A

flat, round structures that separate the vertebrae

composed of fibrocartilaginous substance with a gelatinous mass in center (nucleus pulposus)

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81
Q

View figure 10-7

A

pg 318

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82
Q

appendicular skeleton consists of:

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

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83
Q

appendicular skeleton function:

A

enables body movement

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84
Q

pectoral girdle consists of:

A

clavicle (collarbone)

scapula (triangular shoulder blade)

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85
Q

The primary function of the pectoral girdle is:

A

to attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provide attachments for muscles that aid upper limb movements.

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86
Q

The paired pectoral structures and their associated muscles form the:

A

shoulders of the body.

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87
Q

The skeletal framework of each upper limb includes:

A

the arm, forearm, and hand.

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88
Q

Anatomically speaking, the arm is:

A

only that part of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow.

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89
Q

Each upper limb consists of:

A
  • humerus, the upper arm bone

- radius & ulna, forearm bones (articulate at elbow w/ humerus)

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90
Q

The bones of each hand include :

A

8 carpals (wrist)
5 radiating metacarpals (palm)
10 radiating phalanges (fingers)

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91
Q

pelvic girdle

A

hip bone - basin-shaped structure

attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton

provides protection for lower organs of digestion, urinary, and reproductive structures

(with its associated ligaments) supports trunk of body

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92
Q

Differences in male/female pelves:

A

size/shape

males - bones larger/heavier and possess larger surface markings

female - shallower/wider

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93
Q

pelves are divided into:

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

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94
Q

3 pelvis bones fuse together (adult) to form:

A

a single hip bone called the innominate bone

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95
Q

acetabulum

A

deep socket of hip joint, inferior portion of illium

joins the pubis

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96
Q

symphysis pubis

A

sits in front of bladder

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97
Q

rectum is in the:

A

curve of sacrum and coccyx

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98
Q

uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina are located:

A

between the bladder and the rectum.

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99
Q

lower limbs support:

A

complete weight of erect body (more force during running/jumping thus bigger than upper limb bones)

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100
Q

three parts of each lower limb:

A

the thigh, the leg, and the foot.

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101
Q

The thigh consists of:

A

a single bone called the femur. It is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body.

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102
Q

The leg is formed by two parallel bones:

A

tibia and fibula

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103
Q

A small triangular bone located anterior to the knee joint

A

patella (kneecap)

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104
Q

tarsals

A

7 ankle bones

resemble metacarpal structure - wrist bones

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105
Q

bones of each foot include:

A

5 metatarsals and 5 phalanges

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106
Q

articulating points

A

allow body movements
points where bones meet
form joints that have various degrees of mobility

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107
Q

joint capsule contains:

A

synovial fluid (lubrication) that nourishes and protects the joint

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108
Q

three types of joints:

A

determined by flexibility needs
diarthroses
amphiarthroses
synarthroses

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109
Q

diarthroses

A

freely movable joints

encased in a sleevelike extension of the periosteum (elbow)

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110
Q

amphiarthroses

A

slightly movable joints

articulations between two bones connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage (vertebrae)

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111
Q

synarthroses

A

immovable joints

have no mobility (skull)

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112
Q

main function of the musculoskeletal system:

A

provide support, protection, and movement of body parts

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113
Q

Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and

Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune

A
  • Muscle action pumps lymph through lymphatic vessels.

* Bone marrow provides a place for cells of the immune system to develop.

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114
Q

Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and

Cardiovascular

A

• Bone helps regulate blood calcium levels, which are important to heart function.

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115
Q

Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and

Digestive

A
  • Muscles play an important role in swallowing and propelling food through the digestive tract.
  • Muscles of the stomach mechanically break down food to prepare it for chemical digestion.
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116
Q

Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and

Endocrine

A

• Exercising skeletal muscles stimulates release of hormones to increase blood flow.

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117
Q

Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and

Female Reproductive

A
  • Muscles are important in sexual activity and during delivery of the fetus.
  • Bones provide a source of calcium during pregnancy and lactation if dietary intake is lacking or insufficient.
  • The pelvis helps support the enlarged uterus during pregnancy.
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118
Q

Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and

Integumentary

A

• Involuntary muscle contractions (shivering) help regulate body temperature.

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119
Q

Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and

Male Reproductive

A

• Muscles play an important role in sexual activity.

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120
Q

Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and

Nervous

A

• Bones protect the brain and spinal cord.

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121
Q

Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and

Respiratory

A

• Muscles elevate ribs and contract the diaphragm to assist in the breathing process.

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122
Q

Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and

Urinary

A
  • Bones work in conjunction with the kidneys to help regulate blood calcium levels.
  • Skeletal muscles help control urine elimination.
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123
Q

leiomy/o

A

smooth (visceral) muscle

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124
Q

leiomy/oma

A

tumor of smooth muscle

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125
Q

muscul/o

A

muscle

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126
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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127
Q

muscle

A

muscul/o

my/o

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128
Q

muscul/ar

A

pertaining to muscle

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129
Q

my/oma

A

tumor of muscle

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130
Q

rhabd/o

A

rod-shaped (striated)

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131
Q

rhabd/oid

A

resembling a rod-shape

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132
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

rod-shaped (striated) muscle

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133
Q

rhabdomy/oma

A

tumor of rod-shaped muscle

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134
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

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135
Q

brachi/algia

A

pain of the arm

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136
Q

carp/o

A

carpus (wrist bone)

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137
Q

-ptosis

A

prolapse, downward displacement

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138
Q

carp/o/ptosis

A

prolapsedor downward displacement of the wrist bone

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139
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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140
Q

-ad

A

toward

141
Q

cephal/ad

A

toward the head

142
Q

cervic/o

A

neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)

143
Q

cervic/o/dynia

A

pain of the neck (or cervix uteri; neck of uterus)

144
Q

clavicul/o

A

clavicle (collar bone)

145
Q

clavicul/ar

A

pertaining to the collarbone

146
Q

cost/o

A

ribs

147
Q

cost/ectomy

A

removal of the ribs

148
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

149
Q

crani/o/tomy

A

incision of the cranium

150
Q

dactyl/o

A

fingers; toes

151
Q

dactyl/itis

A

inflammation of the fingers/ toes

152
Q

humer/o

A

humerus (upper arm bone)

153
Q

scapul/o

A

scapula (shoulder blade)

154
Q

humer/o/scapul/ar

A

pertaining to the humerus and scapula

155
Q

metacarp/o

A

metacarpus (hand bones)

156
Q

metacarp/ectomy

A

removal of the metacarpus (hand bone)

157
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)

158
Q

phalang/ectomy

A

removal of the bone of finger or toe

159
Q

radi/o

A

radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side)

160
Q

radi/al

A

pertaining to the radius

161
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebrae (backbone)

162
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebrae (backbone)

163
Q

vertebrae (backbone)

A

spondyl/o

vertebr/o

164
Q

spondyl/itis

A

inflammation of the vertebrae

165
Q

inter/vertebr/al

A

pertaining to in between the vertebrae

166
Q

stern/o

A

sternum (breastbone)

167
Q

stern/ad

A

toward the sternum

168
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

169
Q

thorac/o/dynia

A

pain of the chest

170
Q

calcane/o

A

calcaneum (heel bone)

171
Q

calcane/o/dynia

A

pain of the calcaneum (heel bone)

172
Q

femor/o

A

femur (thigh bone)

173
Q

femor/al

A

pertaining to femur

174
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)

175
Q

fibul/o/calcane/al

A

pertaining to the fibula or calcaneum (heel bone)

176
Q

ili/o

A

ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone)

177
Q

ili/o/pelv/ic

A

pertaining to the ilium and pelvis

178
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)

179
Q

lumb/o

A

loins (lower back)

180
Q

metatars/o

A

metatarsus (foot bones)

181
Q

ischi/o/dynia

A

pain of the ishium (lower portion of hip bone)

182
Q

lumb/o/dynia

A

pain of the loins (lower back)

183
Q

metatars/algia

A

pain of the metatarsus (foot bones)

184
Q

patell/o

A

patella (kneecap)

185
Q

patell/ectomy

A

removal of the patella (kneecap)

186
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvis

187
Q

pelv/o

A

pelvis

188
Q

pelvis

A

pelv/o

pelv/i

189
Q

pelv/i/metry

A

measuring of the pelvis

190
Q

pelv/ic

A

pertaining to the pelvis

191
Q

pod/o

A

foot

192
Q

pod/iatry

A

treatment of the foot

193
Q

pub/o

A

pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)

194
Q

pub/o/coccyg/eal

A

pertaining to the pubis and coccyx

195
Q

tibi/o

A

tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)

196
Q

tibi/o/femor/al

A

pertaining to the tibia and femur

197
Q

ankyl/o

A

stiffness; bent, crooked

198
Q

ankyl/osis

A

abnormal condition/ increase of stiffness; bent crooked

199
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

200
Q

arthr/itis

A

inflammation of the joint

201
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

202
Q

chondr/itis

A

inflammation of the cartilage

203
Q

fasci/o

A

band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)

204
Q

fasci/o/plasty

A

surgical repair of the band/fascia

205
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber, fibrous tissue

206
Q

fibr/oma

A

tumor of the fibrous tissue

207
Q

kyph/o

A

humpback

208
Q

kyph/osis

A

abnormal condition of humpback

209
Q

lamin/o

A

lamina (part of vertebral arch)

210
Q

lamin/ectomy

A

removal of the lamina (part of the vertebral arch)

211
Q

lord/o

A

curve, swayback

212
Q

lord/osis

A

abnormal condition of curve; swayback

213
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

214
Q

myel/o/cyte

A

cell of bone marrow or spinal cord

215
Q

orth/o

A

straight

216
Q

orth/o/ped/ist

A

specialist of straight foot

217
Q

oste/o

A

bone

218
Q

oste/oma

A

tumor of bone

219
Q

ped/o

A

foot; child

220
Q

ped/i

A

foot; child

221
Q

foot; child

A

ped/o

ped/i

222
Q

ped/o/graph

A

instrument for recording the foot

223
Q

scoli/o

A

crooked, bent

224
Q

scoli/osis

A

abnormal condition/increase of crooked/bent

225
Q

synov/o

A

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

226
Q

synov/ectomy

A

removal of the synovial membrane, synovial fluid

227
Q

ten/o

A

tendon

228
Q

tend/o

A

tendon

229
Q

tendin/o

A

tendon

230
Q

tendon

A

ten/o
tend/o
tendin/o

231
Q

ten/o/desis

A

binding/fixation of tendon

232
Q

tend/o/plasty

A

surgical repair of tendon

233
Q

tendin/itis

A

inflammation of tendon

234
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness, debility

235
Q

my/asthenia

A

weakness, debility of muscle

236
Q

-clasia

A

to break; surgical fracture

237
Q

oste/o/clasia

A

to break; surgical fracture of bone

238
Q

-clast

A

to break; surgical fracture

239
Q

oste/o/clast

A

a cell that breaks down the matrix of bone

an instrument used to surgically fracture a bone

240
Q

arthr/o/desis

A

binding/fixation of a joint

241
Q

chondr/o/malacia

A

softening of cartilage

242
Q

-porosis

A

porous

243
Q

oste/o/porosis

A

porous bone

244
Q

-sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of connective tissue

245
Q

-sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of connective tissue

246
Q

chondr/o/sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of connective tissue of cartilage

247
Q

-trophy

A

development, nourishment

248
Q

a/trophy

A

development, nourishment without …

249
Q

dys/trophy

A

development, nourishment of (bad/painful/difficult)

250
Q

syn-

A

union, together, joined

251
Q

syn/dactyl/ism

A

condition of fingers/toes joined

252
Q

Complete Learning Activity 10-1

A

pg 343

253
Q

Complete Learning Activity 10-2

A

pg 344

254
Q

musculoskeletal disorders:

A

lower back pain (most common), fibromyalgia, gout, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and tendinitis.

255
Q

Orthopedics:

A

branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, care, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

256
Q

orthopedist

A

physician who specializes in the diagnoses and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

257
Q

rheumatologist

A

physician who specializes in treating joint disease

258
Q

Doctor of Osteopathy (DO)

A

physician in proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments, and nerves

259
Q

osteopathic physicians

A

combine manipulative procedures (like DO) with state-of-the-art methods of medical treatment, including prescribing drugs and performing surgeries. The osteopathic physician has the same rights, privileges, and responsibilities as the Doctor of Medicine (MD).

260
Q

reduction

A

restoring the bone to its normal position

261
Q

closed reduction

A

aligning the bone through manual manipulation or traction

the bone is immobilized using a cast or sling to maintain the position of the bone until healing occurs

262
Q

open reduction

A

realignment of two broken ends of bone through surgery

required when:

  • bone pierces skin (compound fracture)
  • cannot align via closed reduction
  • fracture extends into joint
263
Q

Internal fixation devices:

A

screws, pins, wires, and nails

stabilize the bone to maintain alignment while healing takes place.

264
Q

Arthritis

A

general term for many joint diseases

inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and deformity

265
Q

The main types of arthritis are:

A

rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

266
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA):

A

systemic disease
characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures
results in crippling deformities

267
Q

What causes rheumatoid arthritis and who does it affect most?

A

autoimmune disease that destroys joint tissue

occurs most women 23 - 35

268
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

aka degenerative joint disease
most common form of arthritis
progressive, degenerative disease

269
Q

what causes osteoarthritis?

A

protective cartilage at end of bones wears down

270
Q

who does osteoarthritis affect?

A

nearly all 70+
younger athletes
overweight individuals

271
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

group of 30+ inherited diseases
cause progressive weakness of skeletal muscles and loss of muscle mass. Some forms of muscular dystrophy also affect the heart muscle.

272
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

most common muscle dystrophy
ages 3-5 (mostly boys)
swallowing/breathing become difficult, and a respirator is required

273
Q

2 types of bone cancer:

A

primary - from bone (rare)

secondary - spread to bone

274
Q

sarcoma

A

Malignancies that originate from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and cells of the lymphatic system

275
Q

3 types of sarcomas:

A

fibrosarcoma
osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma

276
Q

Fibrosarcoma develops:

A

in cartilage and generally affects the pelvis, upper legs, and shoulders. Patients with fibrosarcoma are usually between ages 50 and 60.

277
Q

Osteosarcoma develops:

A

from bone tissue and generally affects the knees, upper arms, and upper legs. Patients with osteosarcoma are usually between ages 20 and 25.

278
Q

Ewing sarcoma develops:

A

from primitive nerve cells in bone marrow. It usually affects the shaft of long bones but may occur in the pelvis or other bones of the arms or legs. This disease usually affects boys between ages 10 and 20.

279
Q

bunion (hallux valgus)

A

Deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes

280
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

Painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass)

281
Q

claudication

A

Lameness, limping

282
Q

contracture

A

Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

283
Q

crepitation

A

Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction

284
Q

ganglion cyst

A

Fluid-filled tumor that commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet

285
Q

gout

A

Joint inflammation caused by uric acid crystal deposits in the joint space

286
Q

herniated disk

A

Rupture of a vertebral disk’s center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs; also called slipped disc or herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) (See Fig. 10-12.)

287
Q

hypotonia

A

Loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

288
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

Chronic, progressive disorder characterized by muscle weakness and droopiness, especially in the eyes, face, throat, and limbs

289
Q

osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow and the soft tissue that surrounds the bone

290
Q

osteoporosis

A

Loss of calcium and bone tissue, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured; most commonly seen in postmenopausal women

291
Q

Paget disease

A

Chronic inflammation of bones- thickens/softens then

292
Q

phantom limb

A

Perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists

293
Q

rickets

A

Form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis

294
Q

spinal curvatures

A

Any persistent, abnormal deviation of the vertebral column from its normal position that causes an abnormal spinal curvature (See Fig. 10-14.)

295
Q

scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right or left; also called C-shaped curvature

296
Q

kyphosis

A

Abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine; also known as humpback or hunchback

297
Q

lordosis

A

Abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the lower part of the spine; also known as swayback

298
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

299
Q

spondylosis

A

Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues

300
Q

sprain and strain

A

Overstretching or tearing of ligaments (sprain) or muscle or tendon (strain)

301
Q

subluxation

A

Partial or incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae

302
Q

talipes equinovarus

A

Congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot (See Fig. 10-15.)

303
Q

Complete Learning Activity 10-3

A

ppg 346

304
Q

arthrography

A

Series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

305
Q

bone density test (bone densitometry)

A

Noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, and forearm; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

306
Q

discography

A

Radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium

307
Q

lumbosacral spinal radiography

A

Radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine

308
Q

myelography

A

Radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions

309
Q

bone scintigraphy

A

Nuclear medicine procedure that involves intravenous injection of a radionuclide taken up into the bone

310
Q

amputation

A

Partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of disease, trauma, or a circulatory disorder

311
Q

arthrocentesis

A

Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid or inject medications

312
Q

arthroclasia

A

Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

313
Q

arthroscopy

A

Visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope (See Fig. 10-16.)

314
Q

bone grafting

A

Implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue

315
Q

bursectomy

A

Excision of a bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)

316
Q

laminectomy

A

Excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra

317
Q

sequestrectomy

A

Excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)

318
Q

total hip replacement (THR)

A

Surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis (See Fig. 10-17.)

319
Q

bone immobilization

A

Procedure used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process

320
Q

casting

A

Bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or similar material

321
Q

splinting

A

Bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part

322
Q

traction

A

Set of mechanisms for straightening broken bones or relieving pressure on the spine and skeletal system

323
Q

bone resorption inhibitors

A

Prevent bone loss and strengthen bone affected by osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption and prevent fractures associated with osteoporosis

324
Q

calcium supplements

A

Treat and prevent hypocalcemia

325
Q

disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

A

Slow progression of joint destruction in arthritis by inhibiting a substance that triggers inflammation

326
Q

muscle relaxants

A

Relieve muscle spasms and stiffness

327
Q

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

Decrease pain and suppress inflammation

328
Q

salicylates

A

Relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation

329
Q

vitamin D analogs

A

Fat-soluble vitamins that facilitate the absorption and utilization of calcium to improve bone strength and structure.

330
Q

ACL

A

anterior cruciate ligament

331
Q

BMD

A

bone mineral density

332
Q

C1, C2, and so on

A

first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, and so on

333
Q

CTS

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

334
Q

DEXA, DXA

A

dual-energy x-ray

335
Q

DJD

A

degenerative joint disease

336
Q

DMARDs

A

disease modifying

337
Q

DO, D. O.

A

Doctor of Osteopathy

338
Q

HNP

A

herniated nucleus pulposus

339
Q

IV

A

intravenous

340
Q

L1, L2, and so on

A

first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, and so on

341
Q

MD

A

Doctor of Medicine

342
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

343
Q

NSAIDs

A

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs absorptiometry

344
Q

PCL

A

posterior cruciate ligament

345
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis; right atrium antirheumatic drugs

346
Q

THR

A

total hip replacement

347
Q

TRAM

A

transverse rectus abdominis muscle (herniated disk)

348
Q

Complete Learning Activity 10-4

A

pf 346

Medical Terminology Systems (16 decks)

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