Ch. 10 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
The musculoskeletal system includes:
A
muscles, bones, joints, and related structures (tendons and connective tissue that function in the support and movement of body parts and organs)
2
Q
articulation
A
Place of union between two or more bones; also called joint
3
Q
hematopoiesis
A
Production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow
4
Q
ligaments
A
Connective tissue that surrounds the joint capsule to bind bones to other bones
5
Q
tendons
A
Connective tissue that binds muscle to bone on either side of a joint
6
Q
Muscle tissue is composed of:
A
contractile cells, or fibers, that provide movement of an organ or body part.
7
Q
Muscles contribute to:
A
posture, produce body heat, and act as a protective covering for internal organs.
8
Q
three types of muscle tissue in the body:
A
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
9
Q
Skeletal muscles
A
attached to bones
provide means for movement
voluntary muscles
aka striated muscles
10
Q
voluntary muscles
A
contract and relax in response to conscious thought
11
Q
Smooth muscles
A
assist internal process (digestion, circulation, urination)
called visceral muscles
aka involuntary muscles
12
Q
involuntary muscles
A
movement is not under conscious control but functions under the control of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
13
Q
Cardiac muscle
A
in heart wall
forms the myocardium
striated like skeletal muscle
produces rhythmic involuntary contractions like smooth muscle.
14
Q
Adduction
A
Moves closer to the midline
15
Q
Abduction
A
Moves away from the midline
16
Q
Flexion
A
Decreases the angle of a joint
17
Q
Extension
A
Increases the angle of a joint
18
Q
Rotation
A
Moves a bone around its own axis
19
Q
Pronation
A
Turns the palm downward
20
Q
Supination
A
Turns the palm upward
21
Q
Inversion
A
Moves the sole of the foot inward
22
Q
Eversion
A
Moves the sole of the foot outward
23
Q
Dorsiflexion
A
Elevates the foot
24
Q
Plantar flexion
A
Lowers the foot (points the toes)
25
Bones functions:
the framework of the body, protect internal organs, allow for movement, store calcium and other minerals, and produce blood cells within bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
26
Movement is possible because bones provide
points of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
27
Bones store:
calcium
| phosphorus
28
four principal types of bone:
short
irregular
flat
long
29
Short bones
somewhat cube-shaped (nearly equal LxW)
| e.g. bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankles (tarsals)
30
Irregular bones
not "short" or "long" because of complex shapes
| e.g. vertebrae and bones of middle ear
31
Flat bones
provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection of internal organs
e.g. skull, shoulder blades, and sternum.
32
Long bones
```
in extremities (legs, arms, and fingers)
regular, well-defined shapes
each long bone has three main parts
```
33
3 main parts of long bones:
diaphysis
epiphyses
periosteum
34
diaphysis
the shaft, or long, main portion of bone
compact bone that forms cylinder
surrounds medullary cavity (central canal filled with “yellow bone marrow,” composed of blood vessels and fatty tissue)
35
epiphyses
ends of bone (distal/ proximal epiphyses)
somewhat bulbous shape provides space for muscle and ligament attachments near the joints
consists of 3 tissue layers
36
3 tissue layers of epiphyses
articular cartilage
compact bone
cancellous bone
37
articular cartilage
- thin outer layer of cartilage where bones meet/form joints
- epiphyseal line (growth plate), area of cartilage constantly replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows, lengthens bones during childhood/adolescence, calcifies/disappears at full growth
38
compact bone
thick, dense layer of hard compact bone
39
cancellous bone
aka spongy bone
inner layer
porous tissue less dense than compact bone
filled with red bone marrow
40
periosteum
dense, white, fibrous membrane, covers bone surfaces
contains blood/lymph vessels, nerves, osteoblasts
provides bone repair, general bone nutrition, and attachment point for muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
41
Surfaces of bones are rarely smooth but consist:
```
projections
articulating surfaces
depressions
openings
(muscle and ligament attachment, pathways/openings for blood vessels/nerves)
```
42
How many bones does an adult skeleton have?
206
43
How is the skeleton divided?
axial and appendicular
44
3 major regions of axial skeleton and their function:
skull, rib cage, vertebral column
contributes to formation of body cavities and provides protection for internal organs, such as the brain, spinal cord, and organs enclosed in the thorax.
45
2 types of skull bones:
cranial and facial
46
Most skull bones are joined by:
sutures
47
Sutures:
lines of junction between two bones, especially of the skull, and are usually immovable
48
cranium
aka skull
made up of 8 bones
enclose and protect the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium
49
___________ are connected to muscles to provide head movements, chewing motions, and facial expressions.
cranial bones
50
8 cranial bones:
```
frontal
parietal (2)
occipital
temporal (2)
sphenoid
ethmoid
```
51
fontanels
aka soft spots
fibrous membranes, connect cranial bones at birth
enables infant’s skull movement during birth
close as cranial bones grow together.
52
frontal bone
forms the anterior portion of the skull (forehead) and the roof of the bony cavities that contain the eyeballs.
53
parietal bone
one on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone. Together they form the upper sides and roof of the cranium. Each parietal bone meets the frontal bone along the (3) coronal suture.
54
occipital bone
forms the back and base of the skull. It contains an opening in its base through which the spinal cord passes.
55
temporal bone(s)
Two (5) temporal bone(s), one on each side of the skull, form part of the lower cranium. Each temporal bone has a complicated shape that contains various cavities and recesses associated with the internal ear, the essential part of the organ of hearing and balance.
56
mastoid process
downward projections of the temporal bones
| provides a point of attachment for several neck muscles.
57
sphenoid bone
located at the middle part of the base of the skull, forms a central wedge that joins with all other cranial bones, holding them together.
58
ethmoid bone
is the anterior cranial bone located between the nasal cavity and parts of the orbits of the eyes.
59
All facial bones, with the exception of the _______, are joined together by sutures and are immovable
mandible (lower jaw bone)
60
Movement of the mandible is necessary for
speaking and chewing (mastication)
61
maxillae
paired upper jawbones, are fused in the midline by a suture. They form the upper jaw and hard palate (roof of the mouth). If the maxillary bones do not fuse properly before birth, a congenital defect called cleft palate results.
62
2 facial bones that contain sockets for teeth:
maxillae and mandible
63
nasal bones
Two thin, nearly rectangular bones lie side by side and are fused medially, forming the shape and the bridge of the nose.
64
lacrimal bones
Two bones located at the corner of each eye. These thin, small bones unite to form the groove for the lacrimal sac and canals through which the tear ducts pass into the nasal cavity.
65
zygomatic bones
2 bones
(cheekbones)
located on the side of the face below the eyes and form the higher portion of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes.
66
vomer
is a single, thin bone that forms the lower part of the nasal septum.
67
paranasal sinuses
frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
maxillary sinuses
(cavities in cranial/facial bones they are named after)
68
thorax
refers to entire chest
69
thoracic cage
aka rib cage
enclose the heart and lungs
12 pairs on ribs attached to spine
70
true ribs
first seven pairs of ribs
| attached directly to sternum by strip costal cartilage.
71
false ribs
last 5 ribs
| costal cartilage not fastened directly to sternum
72
floating ribs
last 2 false ribs
| not joined, even indirectly, to sternum but attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
73
vertebral column (adult)
26 vertebrae (singular, vertebra)
supports body
provides protective bony canal for spinal cord
has 4 curves (cervical/lumbar forward; thoracic/sacral backward)
74
5 regions of vertebral column:
```
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccyx
```
75
cervical vertebrae
seven vertebrae form neck
1st - atlas, supports the skull
2nd - axis, rotates skull on neck
76
thoracic vertebrae
12 vertebrae
| support chest and serve as a point of articulation for ribs
77
lumbar vertebrae
five vertebrae
situated in lower back
carry most of torso weight
78
sacral vertebrae
five vertebrae fused into single bone (adult) - sacrum
79
coccyx
tail of vertebral column
| 4 or 5 fragmented fused vertebrae
80
intervertebral disks
flat, round structures that separate the vertebrae
| composed of fibrocartilaginous substance with a gelatinous mass in center (nucleus pulposus)
81
View figure 10-7
pg 318
82
appendicular skeleton consists of:
bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.
83
appendicular skeleton function:
enables body movement
84
pectoral girdle consists of:
clavicle (collarbone)
| scapula (triangular shoulder blade)
85
The primary function of the pectoral girdle is:
to attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provide attachments for muscles that aid upper limb movements.
86
The paired pectoral structures and their associated muscles form the:
shoulders of the body.
87
The skeletal framework of each upper limb includes:
the arm, forearm, and hand.
88
Anatomically speaking, the arm is:
only that part of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow.
89
Each upper limb consists of:
- humerus, the upper arm bone
| - radius & ulna, forearm bones (articulate at elbow w/ humerus)
90
The bones of each hand include :
8 carpals (wrist)
5 radiating metacarpals (palm)
10 radiating phalanges (fingers)
91
pelvic girdle
hip bone - basin-shaped structure
attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton
provides protection for lower organs of digestion, urinary, and reproductive structures
(with its associated ligaments) supports trunk of body
92
Differences in male/female pelves:
size/shape
males - bones larger/heavier and possess larger surface markings
female - shallower/wider
93
pelves are divided into:
ilium
ischium
pubis
94
3 pelvis bones fuse together (adult) to form:
a single hip bone called the innominate bone
95
acetabulum
deep socket of hip joint, inferior portion of illium
| joins the pubis
96
symphysis pubis
sits in front of bladder
97
rectum is in the:
curve of sacrum and coccyx
98
uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina are located:
between the bladder and the rectum.
99
lower limbs support:
complete weight of erect body (more force during running/jumping thus bigger than upper limb bones)
100
three parts of each lower limb:
the thigh, the leg, and the foot.
101
The thigh consists of:
a single bone called the femur. It is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body.
102
The leg is formed by two parallel bones:
tibia and fibula
103
A small triangular bone located anterior to the knee joint
patella (kneecap)
104
tarsals
7 ankle bones
| resemble metacarpal structure - wrist bones
105
bones of each foot include:
5 metatarsals and 5 phalanges
106
articulating points
allow body movements
points where bones meet
form joints that have various degrees of mobility
107
joint capsule contains:
synovial fluid (lubrication) that nourishes and protects the joint
108
three types of joints:
determined by flexibility needs
diarthroses
amphiarthroses
synarthroses
109
diarthroses
freely movable joints
encased in a sleevelike extension of the periosteum (elbow)
110
amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints
| articulations between two bones connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage (vertebrae)
111
synarthroses
immovable joints
| have no mobility (skull)
112
main function of the musculoskeletal system:
provide support, protection, and movement of body parts
113
Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
* Muscle action pumps lymph through lymphatic vessels.
| * Bone marrow provides a place for cells of the immune system to develop.
114
Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and
Cardiovascular
• Bone helps regulate blood calcium levels, which are important to heart function.
115
Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and
Digestive
* Muscles play an important role in swallowing and propelling food through the digestive tract.
* Muscles of the stomach mechanically break down food to prepare it for chemical digestion.
116
Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and
Endocrine
• Exercising skeletal muscles stimulates release of hormones to increase blood flow.
117
Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and
Female Reproductive
* Muscles are important in sexual activity and during delivery of the fetus.
* Bones provide a source of calcium during pregnancy and lactation if dietary intake is lacking or insufficient.
* The pelvis helps support the enlarged uterus during pregnancy.
118
Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and
Integumentary
• Involuntary muscle contractions (shivering) help regulate body temperature.
119
Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and
Male Reproductive
• Muscles play an important role in sexual activity.
120
Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and
Nervous
• Bones protect the brain and spinal cord.
121
Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and
Respiratory
• Muscles elevate ribs and contract the diaphragm to assist in the breathing process.
122
Functional relationship between musculoskeletal system and
Urinary
* Bones work in conjunction with the kidneys to help regulate blood calcium levels.
* Skeletal muscles help control urine elimination.
123
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle
124
leiomy/oma
tumor of smooth muscle
125
muscul/o
muscle
126
my/o
muscle
127
muscle
muscul/o
my/o
128
muscul/ar
pertaining to muscle
129
my/oma
tumor of muscle
130
rhabd/o
rod-shaped (striated)
131
rhabd/oid
resembling a rod-shape
132
rhabdomy/o
rod-shaped (striated) muscle
133
rhabdomy/oma
tumor of rod-shaped muscle
134
brachi/o
arm
135
brachi/algia
pain of the arm
136
carp/o
carpus (wrist bone)
137
-ptosis
prolapse, downward displacement
138
carp/o/ptosis
prolapsedor downward displacement of the wrist bone
139
cephal/o
head
140
-ad
toward
141
cephal/ad
toward the head
142
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)
143
cervic/o/dynia
pain of the neck (or cervix uteri; neck of uterus)
144
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
145
clavicul/ar
pertaining to the collarbone
146
cost/o
ribs
147
cost/ectomy
removal of the ribs
148
crani/o
cranium (skull)
149
crani/o/tomy
incision of the cranium
150
dactyl/o
fingers; toes
151
dactyl/itis
inflammation of the fingers/ toes
152
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
153
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
154
humer/o/scapul/ar
pertaining to the humerus and scapula
155
metacarp/o
metacarpus (hand bones)
156
metacarp/ectomy
removal of the metacarpus (hand bone)
157
phalang/o
phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)
158
phalang/ectomy
removal of the bone of finger or toe
159
radi/o
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side)
160
radi/al
pertaining to the radius
161
spondyl/o
vertebrae (backbone)
162
vertebr/o
vertebrae (backbone)
163
vertebrae (backbone)
spondyl/o
| vertebr/o
164
spondyl/itis
inflammation of the vertebrae
165
inter/vertebr/al
pertaining to in between the vertebrae
166
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
167
stern/ad
toward the sternum
168
thorac/o
chest
169
thorac/o/dynia
pain of the chest
170
calcane/o
calcaneum (heel bone)
171
calcane/o/dynia
pain of the calcaneum (heel bone)
172
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
173
femor/al
pertaining to femur
174
fibul/o
fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)
175
fibul/o/calcane/al
pertaining to the fibula or calcaneum (heel bone)
176
ili/o
ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone)
177
ili/o/pelv/ic
pertaining to the ilium and pelvis
178
ischi/o
ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)
179
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
180
metatars/o
metatarsus (foot bones)
181
ischi/o/dynia
pain of the ishium (lower portion of hip bone)
182
lumb/o/dynia
pain of the loins (lower back)
183
metatars/algia
pain of the metatarsus (foot bones)
184
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
185
patell/ectomy
removal of the patella (kneecap)
186
pelv/i
pelvis
187
pelv/o
pelvis
188
pelvis
pelv/o
| pelv/i
189
pelv/i/metry
measuring of the pelvis
190
pelv/ic
pertaining to the pelvis
191
pod/o
foot
192
pod/iatry
treatment of the foot
193
pub/o
pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
194
pub/o/coccyg/eal
pertaining to the pubis and coccyx
195
tibi/o
tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)
196
tibi/o/femor/al
pertaining to the tibia and femur
197
ankyl/o
stiffness; bent, crooked
198
ankyl/osis
abnormal condition/ increase of stiffness; bent crooked
199
arthr/o
joint
200
arthr/itis
inflammation of the joint
201
chondr/o
cartilage
202
chondr/itis
inflammation of the cartilage
203
fasci/o
band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)
204
fasci/o/plasty
surgical repair of the band/fascia
205
fibr/o
fiber, fibrous tissue
206
fibr/oma
tumor of the fibrous tissue
207
kyph/o
humpback
208
kyph/osis
abnormal condition of humpback
209
lamin/o
lamina (part of vertebral arch)
210
lamin/ectomy
removal of the lamina (part of the vertebral arch)
211
lord/o
curve, swayback
212
lord/osis
abnormal condition of curve; swayback
213
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
214
myel/o/cyte
cell of bone marrow or spinal cord
215
orth/o
straight
216
orth/o/ped/ist
specialist of straight foot
217
oste/o
bone
218
oste/oma
tumor of bone
219
ped/o
foot; child
220
ped/i
foot; child
221
foot; child
ped/o
| ped/i
222
ped/o/graph
instrument for recording the foot
223
scoli/o
crooked, bent
224
scoli/osis
abnormal condition/increase of crooked/bent
225
synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
226
synov/ectomy
removal of the synovial membrane, synovial fluid
227
ten/o
tendon
228
tend/o
tendon
229
tendin/o
tendon
230
tendon
ten/o
tend/o
tendin/o
231
ten/o/desis
binding/fixation of tendon
232
tend/o/plasty
surgical repair of tendon
233
tendin/itis
inflammation of tendon
234
-asthenia
weakness, debility
235
my/asthenia
weakness, debility of muscle
236
-clasia
to break; surgical fracture
237
oste/o/clasia
to break; surgical fracture of bone
238
-clast
to break; surgical fracture
239
oste/o/clast
a cell that breaks down the matrix of bone
an instrument used to surgically fracture a bone
240
arthr/o/desis
binding/fixation of a joint
241
chondr/o/malacia
softening of cartilage
242
-porosis
porous
243
oste/o/porosis
porous bone
244
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
245
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
246
chondr/o/sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue of cartilage
247
-trophy
development, nourishment
248
a/trophy
development, nourishment without ...
249
dys/trophy
development, nourishment of (bad/painful/difficult)
250
syn-
union, together, joined
251
syn/dactyl/ism
condition of fingers/toes joined
252
Complete Learning Activity 10-1
pg 343
253
Complete Learning Activity 10-2
pg 344
254
musculoskeletal disorders:
lower back pain (most common), fibromyalgia, gout, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and tendinitis.
255
Orthopedics:
branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, care, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders
256
orthopedist
physician who specializes in the diagnoses and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders
257
rheumatologist
physician who specializes in treating joint disease
258
Doctor of Osteopathy (DO)
physician in proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments, and nerves
259
osteopathic physicians
combine manipulative procedures (like DO) with state-of-the-art methods of medical treatment, including prescribing drugs and performing surgeries. The osteopathic physician has the same rights, privileges, and responsibilities as the Doctor of Medicine (MD).
260
reduction
restoring the bone to its normal position
261
closed reduction
aligning the bone through manual manipulation or traction
the bone is immobilized using a cast or sling to maintain the position of the bone until healing occurs
262
open reduction
realignment of two broken ends of bone through surgery
required when:
- bone pierces skin (compound fracture)
- cannot align via closed reduction
- fracture extends into joint
263
Internal fixation devices:
screws, pins, wires, and nails
stabilize the bone to maintain alignment while healing takes place.
264
Arthritis
general term for many joint diseases
| inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and deformity
265
The main types of arthritis are:
rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
266
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA):
systemic disease
characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures
results in crippling deformities
267
What causes rheumatoid arthritis and who does it affect most?
autoimmune disease that destroys joint tissue
| occurs most women 23 - 35
268
Osteoarthritis
aka degenerative joint disease
most common form of arthritis
progressive, degenerative disease
269
what causes osteoarthritis?
protective cartilage at end of bones wears down
270
who does osteoarthritis affect?
nearly all 70+
younger athletes
overweight individuals
271
Muscular dystrophy
group of 30+ inherited diseases
cause progressive weakness of skeletal muscles and loss of muscle mass. Some forms of muscular dystrophy also affect the heart muscle.
272
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
most common muscle dystrophy
ages 3-5 (mostly boys)
swallowing/breathing become difficult, and a respirator is required
273
2 types of bone cancer:
primary - from bone (rare)
| secondary - spread to bone
274
sarcoma
Malignancies that originate from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and cells of the lymphatic system
275
3 types of sarcomas:
fibrosarcoma
osteosarcoma
Ewing sarcoma
276
Fibrosarcoma develops:
in cartilage and generally affects the pelvis, upper legs, and shoulders. Patients with fibrosarcoma are usually between ages 50 and 60.
277
Osteosarcoma develops:
from bone tissue and generally affects the knees, upper arms, and upper legs. Patients with osteosarcoma are usually between ages 20 and 25.
278
Ewing sarcoma develops:
from primitive nerve cells in bone marrow. It usually affects the shaft of long bones but may occur in the pelvis or other bones of the arms or legs. This disease usually affects boys between ages 10 and 20.
279
bunion (hallux valgus)
Deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes
280
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass)
281
claudication
Lameness, limping
282
contracture
Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
283
crepitation
Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
284
ganglion cyst
Fluid-filled tumor that commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet
285
gout
Joint inflammation caused by uric acid crystal deposits in the joint space
286
herniated disk
Rupture of a vertebral disk’s center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs; also called slipped disc or herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) (See Fig. 10-12.)
287
hypotonia
Loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
288
myasthenia gravis
Chronic, progressive disorder characterized by muscle weakness and droopiness, especially in the eyes, face, throat, and limbs
289
osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow and the soft tissue that surrounds the bone
290
osteoporosis
Loss of calcium and bone tissue, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured; most commonly seen in postmenopausal women
291
Paget disease
Chronic inflammation of bones- thickens/softens then
292
phantom limb
Perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists
293
rickets
Form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis
294
spinal curvatures
Any persistent, abnormal deviation of the vertebral column from its normal position that causes an abnormal spinal curvature (See Fig. 10-14.)
295
scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right or left; also called C-shaped curvature
296
kyphosis
Abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine; also known as humpback or hunchback
297
lordosis
Abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the lower part of the spine; also known as swayback
298
spondylolisthesis
Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it
299
spondylosis
Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues
300
sprain and strain
Overstretching or tearing of ligaments (sprain) or muscle or tendon (strain)
301
subluxation
Partial or incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae
302
talipes equinovarus
Congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot (See Fig. 10-15.)
303
Complete Learning Activity 10-3
ppg 346
304
arthrography
Series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint
305
bone density test (bone densitometry)
Noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, and forearm; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
306
discography
Radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium
307
lumbosacral spinal radiography
Radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine
308
myelography
Radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions
309
bone scintigraphy
Nuclear medicine procedure that involves intravenous injection of a radionuclide taken up into the bone
310
amputation
Partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of disease, trauma, or a circulatory disorder
311
arthrocentesis
Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid or inject medications
312
arthroclasia
Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement
313
arthroscopy
Visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope (See Fig. 10-16.)
314
bone grafting
Implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue
315
bursectomy
Excision of a bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)
316
laminectomy
Excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra
317
sequestrectomy
Excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)
318
total hip replacement (THR)
Surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis (See Fig. 10-17.)
319
bone immobilization
Procedure used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process
320
casting
Bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or similar material
321
splinting
Bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part
322
traction
Set of mechanisms for straightening broken bones or relieving pressure on the spine and skeletal system
323
bone resorption inhibitors
Prevent bone loss and strengthen bone affected by osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption and prevent fractures associated with osteoporosis
324
calcium supplements
Treat and prevent hypocalcemia
325
disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Slow progression of joint destruction in arthritis by inhibiting a substance that triggers inflammation
326
muscle relaxants
Relieve muscle spasms and stiffness
327
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Decrease pain and suppress inflammation
328
salicylates
Relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation
329
vitamin D analogs
Fat-soluble vitamins that facilitate the absorption and utilization of calcium to improve bone strength and structure.
330
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
331
BMD
bone mineral density
332
C1, C2, and so on
first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, and so on
333
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
334
DEXA, DXA
dual-energy x-ray
335
DJD
degenerative joint disease
336
DMARDs
disease modifying
337
DO, D. O.
Doctor of Osteopathy
338
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
339
IV
intravenous
340
L1, L2, and so on
first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, and so on
341
MD
Doctor of Medicine
342
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
343
NSAIDs
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs absorptiometry
344
PCL
posterior cruciate ligament
345
RA
rheumatoid arthritis; right atrium antirheumatic drugs
346
THR
total hip replacement
347
TRAM
transverse rectus abdominis muscle (herniated disk)
348
Complete Learning Activity 10-4
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