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Medical Terminology Systems > Ch. 14 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch. 14 Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The primary function of the endocrine system is:

A

produce/deliver hormones via bloodstream to specific tissues or organs (targets)

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2
Q

The endocrine system also maintains:

A

homeostasis in body so systems function effectively.

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3
Q

The ductless glands of the endocrine system include:

A 
parathyroid
pancreatic 
pineal
pituitary
adrenal
thyroid
thymus 
testes
ovaries
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4
Q

View Figure 14-1

A

pg 476

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5
Q

hormones regulate:

A

growth, metabolism, reproduction, energy level, and sexual characteristics.

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6
Q

antagonistic

A

Acting in opposition; mutually opposing

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7
Q

electrolytes

A

Salts and minerals that conduct electrical impulses in the body

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8
Q

glucagon

A

hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells

stimulates liver to change glycogen to glucose

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9
Q

glucose

A

Simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion

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10
Q

sympathomimetic

A

Agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, the division of the nervous system that increases the “fight or flight” response

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11
Q

pituitary gland (AKA, structure, location, function)

A

AKA hypophysis
located at base of brain

-stimulates other glands to secrete their own specific hormones

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12
Q

2 lobes of the pituitary gland:

A 
anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) 
posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
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13
Q

thyroid gland

A

produces calcitonin, T3, T4

major metabolic hormone.

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14
Q

isthmus

A

strip of tissue that separates the two large lobes of the thyroid gland

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15
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A 
Adrenocorticotropic 
Follicle-stimulating
Growth hormone
Luteinizing 
Prolactin
Thyroid-stimulating
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16
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

targets adrenal cortex

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17
Q 
Growth hormone (GH)
[AKA, target, function, adverse results]
A

AKA somatotropin
concerns with growth of bone/muscle and fats as energy
• Hypo - (child) dwarfism
• Hyper - (child) gigantism; (adult) acromegaly

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18
Q

APH that target ovaries and testes

A 
luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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19
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

origin, target, function, adverse result

A

• Breast
promotes lactation
• Hyper - (galactorrhea).

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20
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

AKA thyrotropin

targets Thyroid gland

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21
Q 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
[origin, target, function, adverse results]
A 
PPH
• Kidney
increases water reabsorption 
• Hypo - diabetes insipidus (DI).
• Hyper - syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).
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22
Q

Oxytocin

[location, target, function, adverse results]

A

Posterior Pituitary

  • Uterus—stimulates uterine contractions; initiates labor
  • Breast—promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands
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23
Q

Thyroid hormones

A 
Calcitonin
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
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24
Q

Calcitonin

[location, function, influence]

A

Thyroid Hormone

  • Regulates calcium levels in blood (works with parathyroid hormone)
  • Decreases reabsorption of calcium/phosphate from bones to blood
  • The most significant effects are exerted in childhood when bones are growing and changing dramatically in mass, size, and shape.
  • At best, calcitonin is a weak hypocalcemic agent in adults.
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25
Q

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

[location, function, adverse results]

A

Thyroid

  • Increases energy production from all food types
  • Increases rate of protein synthesis
  • Hyposecretion in infants causes cretinism; hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema.
  • Hypersecretion causes Graves disease, which results in exophthalmos.
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26
Q 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
[target, function, results]
A
  • Bones, kidneys, small intestine
  • Concerned with calcium/phosphate absorption

• Hypo - tetany / Hyper - osteitis fibrosa cystica

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27
Q

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex hormones

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28
Q

Glucocorticoids

origin, main hormone, target, function, adverse results

A

Adrenal Cortex

(mainly cortisol)

  • Body cells—promote gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; and help depress inflammatory and immune responses
  • Hyposecretion causes Addison disease.
  • Hypersecretion causes Cushing syndrome.
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29
Q

Mineralocorticoids

origin, main hormone, target, function, adverse results

A

Adrenal Cortex

aldosterone

  • Kidneys—increase sodium and decrease potassium levels in blood
  • Hyposecretion - Addison disease.
  • Hypersecretion - aldosteronism.
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30
Q 
Sex hormones
(origin, target, function, adverse results)
A

Adrenal Cortex

ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortices

• female libido, sourse of estrogen after menopause

• Hyper - androgen females virilis
- estrogen/progestin male leads feminization

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31
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

adrenal medullary hormone
target, sympathetic nervous system
concerned with sympathomimetic (fight of flight)

• Hypersecretion causes prolonged “fight-or-flight” reaction and hypertension.

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32
Q

parathyroid glands consist of:

A

at least four separate glands located on the posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland.

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33
Q

adrenal glands

A

paired organs covering the superior surface of the kidneys

AKA suprarenal glands

divided into two sections

  • cortex
  • medulla
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34
Q

Insulin and glucagon function

A

antagonistically, so that normal secretion of both hormones ensures a blood glucose level that fluctuates within normal limits

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35
Q

Pancreatic Hormones

A

Glucagon

Insulin

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36
Q

Glucagon

A

Pancreatic

  • Liver and blood—raises the blood glucose level by accelerating conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver (glycogenolysis) and other nutrients into glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis) and releasing glucose into blood (glycogen to glucose)
  • A deficiency in glucagon may cause persistently low blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia).
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37
Q

Insulin

A

Pancreatic

  • Tissue cells—lowers blood glucose level by accelerating glucose transport into cells and the use of that glucose for energy production (glucose to glycogen)
  • Hyposecretion of insulin causes diabetes mellitus.
  • Hypersecretion of insulin causes hyperinsulinism.
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38
Q

pineal gland

A

is a small organ shaped like pine cone and located deep within the brain, just behind the thalamus. Although the exact functions of this gland have not been established, there is evidence that it secretes the hormone melatonin. It is believed that melatonin may inhibit the activities of the ovaries. When melatonin production is high, ovulation is blocked, and there may be a delay in puberty.

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39
Q

thymus gland

A 
base of neck 
formed of lymphatic tissue
part of the body’s immune system 
secretes thymosin
development of immune response in newborns
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40
Q

Complete Anatomy Review

A

pg 484

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41
Q

The main function of the endocrine system is to:

A

secrete hormones that have a diverse effect on cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

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42
Q

Functional relationships between the endocrine system and

Cardiovascular

A

HEART MECHANICS - WOMENS HEART HEALTH

  • Hormones influence heart rate, contraction strength, blood volume, and blood pressure.
  • Estrogen helps maintain vascular health in women.
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43
Q

Functional relationships between the endocrine system and

Digestive

A

affects digestive activity, secretions, and glucose metabolism

  • Hormones help control digestive system activity.
  • Hormones influence the motility and glandular activity of the digestive tract, gallbladder secretion, and secretion of enzymes from the pancreas.
  • Insulin and glucagon adjust glucose metabolism in the liver.
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44
Q

Functional relationships between the endocrine system and

Female Reproductive

A

sex organs/characteristics & reproductive functions

  • Hormones play a major role in the development and function of the reproductive organs.
  • Hormones influence the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation.
  • Sex hormones play a major role in the development of secondary sex characteristics.
  • The hormone oxytocin triggers contraction of the pregnant uterus and later stimulates the release of breast milk.
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45
Q

Functional relationships between the endocrine system and

Integumentary

A

distribution of hair/fat, hydration, melanocytes

  • Hormones regulate the activity of the sebaceous glands, the distribution of subcutaneous tissue, and hair growth.
  • Hormones stimulate melanocytes to produce skin pigment.
  • The hormone estrogen increases skin hydration.
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46
Q

Functional relationships between the endocrine system and

Male Reproductive

A

reproductive structures, characteristics, and sex drive

  • Hormones play a major role in the development and function of the reproductive organs.
  • Sex hormones play a major role in the development of secondary sex characteristics.
  • Hormones play a role in sexual development, sex drive, and sperm production.
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47
Q

Functional relationships between the endocrine system and

A
  • Hormones play a major role in the development and function of the reproductive organs.
  • Sex hormones play a major role in the development of secondary sex characteristics.
  • Hormones play a role in sexual development, sex drive, and sperm production.
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48
Q

Functional relationships between the endocrine system and

Nervous

A

maturation and function of the nervous system.

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49
Q

Functional relationships between the endocrine system and

Respiratory

A

RBCs during low O2, epinephrine dilates bronchioles EPI and T4, cell resp

  • Hormones stimulate red blood cell production when the body experiences a decrease in oxygen.
  • Epinephrine influences ventilation by dilating the bronchioles; epinephrine and thyroxine stimulate cell respiration.
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50
Q

Functional relationships between the endocrine system and

Urinary

.

A

• Hormones regulate water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys

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51
Q

Functional relationships between the endocrine system and

Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune

A
  • Hormones from the thymus stimulate lymphocyte production.

* Glucocorticoids depress the immune response and inflammation.

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52
Q

adren/o

A

adrenal glands

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53
Q

adrenal/o

A

adrenal glands

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54
Q

adren/o/megaly

A

enlargement of adrenal glands

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55
Q

adrenal/ectomy

A

removal of the adrenal glands

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56
Q

calc/o

A

calcium

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57
Q

hyper/calc/emia

A

blood condition of excessive, above normal calcium

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58
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

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59
Q

adrenal glands

A

adrenal/o

adren/o

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60
Q

endo/crin/o/logy

A

the study of secretions within (endocrine glands and hormones)

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61
Q

gluc/o

A

sugar, sweetness

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62
Q

glyc/o

A

sugar, sweetness

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63
Q

glycos/o

A

sugar, sweetness

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64
Q

sugar, sweetness

A

gluc/o

glyc/o

glycos/o

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65
Q

gluc/o/genesis

A

forming, producing, origin of sugar, sweetness

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66
Q

hypo/glyc/emia

A

blood condition of under, below sugar, sweetness

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67
Q

glycos/uria

A

urine of sugar, sweetness

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68
Q

home/o

A

same, alike

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69
Q

home/o/stasis

A

standing still of same, alike

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70
Q

kal/i

A

potassium (an electrolyte)

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71
Q

kal/emia

A

blood condition of potassium

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72
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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73
Q

pancreat/o/tomy

A

incision of the pancreas

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74
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid glands

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75
Q

parathyroid/ectomy

A

removal of the parathyroid glands

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76
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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77
Q

thym/oma

A

tumor of the thymus gland

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78
Q

thyr/o

A

thyroid gland

79
Q

thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

80
Q

thyroid gland

A

thyroid/o

thyr/o

81
Q

thyr/o/megaly

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

82
Q

hyper/thyroid/ism

A

condition of excessive, above normal thyroid gland

83
Q

toxic/o

A

poison

84
Q

toxic/o/logist

A

specialist in the study of poison

85
Q

-crine

A

secrete

86
Q

endo/crine

A

secrete within

87
Q

-dipsia

A

thirst

88
Q

poly/dipsia

A

much thirst

89
Q

andr/o/gen

A

forming, producing, origin of male

90
Q

thyr/o/toxic

A

pertaining to poison of the thyroid gland

91
Q

glycos/uria

A

urine of sugar, sweetness

92
Q

eu/thyr/oid

A

resembling good thyroid gland

93
Q

exo/crine

A

secrete outside

94
Q

poly/uria

A

urine many

95
Q

Complete Learning Activity 14-1

A

pg 501

96
Q

Complete Learning Activity 14-2

A

pg 502

97
Q

Endocrinology

A

is the branch of medicine concerned with endocrine glands and hormones.

98
Q

physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders is known as

A

an endocrinologist

99
Q

cretinism

A

Deficiency of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) that develops in infants

leads to mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temperatures, and abnormal bone formation

100
Q

myxedema

A

hypothyroidism develops during adulthood,

edema, low blood levels of T3 and T4, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, muscle or joint pain, and sluggishness.

101
Q

Graves disease

A

most common Hyperthyroidism

aka thyrotoxicosis/autoimmune hyperthyroidism

caused by:

  • autoimmune disorder - immune system produces autoantibodies
  • nodules/lumps on thyroid gland (toxic nodular or multinodular hyperthyroidism)

causes eyes to protrude (exophthalmos) and thyroid gland enlargement (goiter)

102
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

caused by primary parathyroid dysfunction or elevated blood calcium levels

decreased blood calcium level (hypocalcemia). Decreased calcium causes muscle twitches and spasms (tetany).

103
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

Excessive production of PTH,

caused by a benign tumor

leads to demineralization of bones (osteitis fibrosa cystica), making them porous (osteoporosis) and highly susceptible to fracture and deformity. When this condition is the result of a benign glandular tumor (adenoma) of the parathyroid, the tumor is removed. Excess PTH also causes calcium deposits in the kidneys.

104
Q

Disorders of the Adrenal Glands

A 
o Adrenal Cortex
-Addison disease
-Cushing syndrome
o Adrenal Medulla
-Pheochromocytoma
105
Q

Addison Disease

A

AKA corticoadrenal insufficiency
deficiency of cortical hormones.
interferes with body’s ability to handle internal/external stress.

106
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

excessive amounts of cortisol/adrenocorticotropic
Overproduction of mineralocorticoids/glucocorticoids

alters carbohydrate/protein metabolism & electrolyte balance.

107
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine
high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, stress, fear, palpitations, headaches, visual blurring, muscle spasms, and sweating.

108
Q

Pancreatic Disorders

A

o Type 1 Diabetes (DM)

o Type 2 Diabetes

109
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune disease
symptoms arise young
HYPO insulin
out of control blood glucose level

110
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

arise in adulthood
body’s cells are resistant to insulin
pancreas produces deficient insulin.

NO GLUCOSE ABSORPTION
hyperglycemia.

111
Q

Diabetes

A

diabetes mellitus (DM)
chronic metabolic disorder
impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism

caused byinsufficient production of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin properly.

112
Q

Cancers of Endocrine System

A

o Pancreatic Cancer
o Pituitary Tumours
o Thyroid Carcinoma

113
Q

Pancreatic Cancer

A 
epithelial tumors (adenocarcinomas) 
pain is a prominent feature of pancreatic cancer
114
Q

Pituitary tumors

A

excessive/deficient production of hormones

115
Q

Thyroid Carcinoma

A

caused byradiation, prolonged TSH stimulation, familial disposition, and chronic goiter.
could cause hypo/hyper thyroidism

116
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

Disorder characterized by excessive thirst (polydipsia) and excessive urination (polyuria) due to inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

117
Q

diuresis

A

Increased formation and secretion of urine

118
Q

gestational diabetes

A

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy (gestation)

119
Q

growth hormone (GH) disorders

A

Pituitary gland disorder that generally involves a hypersecretion or hyposecretion of GH and commonly results from a pituitary tumor

120
Q

acromegaly

A

Hypersecretion of GH in adults, resulting in enlargement of bones in the extremities and head (See Fig. 14-7.)

121
Q

dwarfism

A

Hyposecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in extreme shortness in stature (final height of only 3’ to 4’) but normal body proportions

122
Q

giantism

A

Hypersecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in abnormal increase in the length of long bones and extreme height (up to 8′ tall) but with body proportions remaining about normal (See Fig. 14-8.)

123
Q

hirsutism

A

Excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women

124
Q

hypercalcemia

A

Condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal

125
Q

hyperkalemia

A

Condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal

126
Q

hypervolemia

A

Abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma (liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid) in the body

127
Q

hyponatremia

A

Lower-than-normal level of sodium in the blood

128
Q

insulinoma

A

Tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, causing the excessive production of insulin and leading to hypoglycemia; also called pancreatic tumor

129
Q

neurofibromatosis (NF)

A

Genetic disorder with multiple benign fibrous tumors that grow anywhere in the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

130
Q

obesity

A

Abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more of an individual’s ideal body weight

131
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity

132
Q

pan-

A

all

133
Q

thyroid storm

A

Crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis

134
Q

virilism

A

Masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman

135
Q

acr/o

A

extremity

136
Q

vol:

A

volume

137
Q

natr/o

A

sodium

138
Q

Complete Learning Activity 14-3

A

pg 503

139
Q

exophthalmometry

A

Measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball (exophthalmos) as seen in Graves disease

140
Q

ex-:

A

out, out from

141
Q

ophthalm/o:

A

eye

142
Q

A1c test

A

Blood test used to diagnose and manage type 1 and type 2 diabetes; also called glycated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c, and HbA1c.

143
Q

fasting blood sugar (FBS)

A

Test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hours

144
Q

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

Screening test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken at regular intervals following the dose to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood

145
Q

insulin tolerance test (ITT)

A

Diagnostic test in which insulin is injected into the vein, causing severe hypoglycemia to assess growth hormone (GH) and cortisol reserve

146
Q

thyroid function test (TFT)

A

Test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function

147
Q

total calcium test

A

Test that measures blood calcium levels to detect bone and parathyroid disorders, malabsorption, or an overactive thyroid

148
Q

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and scan

A

Nuclear imaging procedure that combines a thyroid scan with an RAIU procedure to evaluate the structure and physiological functioning of the thyroid gland

149
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism

150
Q

thyroidectomy

A

Excision of the entire thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), a part of it (subtotal thyroidectomy), or a single lobe (thyroid lobectomy)

151
Q

transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

A

Endoscopic surgery to remove a pituitary tumor through an incision in the sphenoid sinus (transsphenoidal) without disturbing brain tissue (See Fig. 14-9.)

152
Q

insulin injection therapy

A

Lifelong therapy using a fine needle and syringe to inject insulin for controlling type 1 diabetes

153
Q

insulin pump therapy

A

Treatment for type 1 diabetes that uses a device that continuously delivers insulin through a catheter placed under the skin (See Fig. 14-10.)

154
Q

antithyroids

A

Treat hyperthyroidism by impeding the formation of T3 and T4 hormone

155
Q

corticosteroids

A

Replace hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)

156
Q

growth hormone replacements

A

Increase skeletal growth in children and growth hormone deficiencies in adults

157
Q

insulins*

A

Lower blood glucose levels by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to glycogen (a starch-storage form of glucose)

158
Q

oral antidiabetics

A

Treat type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin

159
Q

thyroid supplements

A

Replace or supplement thyroid hormones

160
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone

161
Q

PRL

A

prolactin

162
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

163
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone; also called parathormone

164
Q

DI

A

diabetes insipidus

165
Q

RAI

A

radioactive iodine

166
Q

DKA

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

167
Q

RAIU

A

radioactive iodine uptake

168
Q

DM

A

diabetes mellitus

169
Q

SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

170
Q

FBS

A

fasting blood sugar

171
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone)

172
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

173
Q

T4

A

thyroxine (thyroid hormone)

174
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

175
Q

TFT

A

thyroid function test

176
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

177
Q

TH

A

thyroid hormone

178
Q

ITT

A

insulin tolerance test

179
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

180
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

181
Q

NF

A

neurofibromatosis

182
Q

Complete Learning Activity 14-4

A

pg 504

183
Q

Endocrine System

A

 Hormone-producing glands. A system of chemical (hormonal)
communication that regulates basic metabolic activities within the
body

184
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

o “Master gland”; also called hypophysis
o Regulates many body activities and stimulates the release of
other hormones
o Releases TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

185
Q

 Thyroid Gland

A

o Releases T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

o Releases calcitonin

186
Q

Parathyroid Glands

o

A

Releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)

187
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

o Adrenal Cortex and Adrenal Medulla
o Releases epinephrine (adrenaline) and nor-epinephrine
(noradrenaline)
o Releases steroid hormones (corticosteroids)

188
Q

Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)

A

o Releases glucagon and insulin

189
Q

Pineal Gland

o

A

Releases melatonin

190
Q

Thyroid Disorders

A

o Graves disease

o Goitre

191
Q

Parathyroid Disorders

A

o Hyper- and hypoparathyroidisms

192
Q

Disorders of the Adrenal Glands

A 
o Adrenal Cortex
 Addison disease
 Cushing syndrome
o Adrenal Medulla
 Pheochromocytoma
193
Q

Pancreatic Disorders

A

o Type 1 Diabetes (DM)
o Type 2 Diabetes
o Complications

194
Q

Oncology

A

o Pancreatic Cancer
o Pituitary Tumours
o Thyroid Carcinoma

Medical Terminology Systems (16 decks)

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