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Medical Terminology Systems > Ch. 8 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The cardiovascular (CV) system is composed of

A

the heart and blood vessels.

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2
Q

The heart is:

A

a hollow, muscular organ lying in the mediastinum, the center of the thoracic cavity between the lungs.

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3
Q

Arteries branch:

A

from the heart into smaller vessels until they become microscopic vessels called capillaries.

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4
Q

function of capillaries:

A

exchange products between body cells and blood

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5
Q

Capillaries merge to form larger blood vessels called

A

venules

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6
Q

venules combine to form

A

veins

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7
Q

function of veins:

A

return blood to heart

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8
Q

when the CV system fails:

A

life at the cellular level is not possible and death occurs

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9
Q

leaflets

A

Flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood

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10
Q

lumen

A

Tubular space/channel in organs, body structures, arteries, veins, intestine, and tubes

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11
Q

regurgitation

A

Backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening

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12
Q

sphincters

A

Circular muscles n tubular structure/hollow organ

constrict/dilate to regulate flow substances

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13
Q

vasoconstriction and cause

A

Narrowing of blood vessel lumen
limits blood flow
from disease, medication, or physiological processes

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14
Q

vasodilation and cause

A

Widening of blood vessel lumen

caused by relaxing of vascular wall muscles

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15
Q

viscosity

A

Thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing

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16
Q

What are the 3 main types of vessels?

A

artery, capillary, vein

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17
Q

3 layers of large arteries:

A

tunica externa: outer coat, connective tissue for strength/flexibility

tunica media: middle layer, smooth muscle, lumen size depends on body needs, vasodilation/vasocontriction

tunica intima: thin, inner lining of lumen, endothelial cells provide smooth surface

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18
Q

Arterial blood (except ______) contains high concentration of ______ and appears bright red in color.

A

(the pulmonary artery)

oxygen (O2)

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19
Q

Oxygenated blood travels to smaller arteries called:

A

arterioles

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20
Q

Capillaries are:

A

microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system

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21
Q

capillary walls are_____ and composed of:

A

very thin and composed of only a single layer of endothelial cells

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22
Q

The thinness of capillary walls enables exchange of:

A 
water
respiratory gases
macromolecules
metabolites,
wastes
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23
Q

What causes blood to flow very slowly, providing sufficient time for exchange of essential substances?

A

the vast number of capillaries branching from arterioles

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24
Q

Is blood flow through the capillary network considered intermittent or steady?

A

intermittent and slow

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25
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

regulate blood flow through capillary network

open/close depending on blood needs of tissue

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26
Q

When does blood enter the venous system?

A

After the exchange of products have happened in the capillary network.

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27
Q

Which return blood to the heart (artery/vein)?

A

veins

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28
Q

Viens are formed by:

A

smaller vessels called VENULES, formed by merging of capillaries.

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29
Q

Why are veins unable to rely on pressure from the heart to return the blood supply?

A

extensive capillary network absorbs propelling pressure exerted by heart

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30
Q

What methods do veins rely on to return blood to the heart?

A
  • skeletal muscle contraction
  • gravity
  • respiratory activity
  • valves
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31
Q

valves

A

small structures within veins that prevent backflow of blood

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32
Q

location of valves:

A

extremities

important in legs (distance against gravity to reach heart)

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33
Q

Large veins, especially in the abdomen, are made of _______ that provide ________ and helps ______ ______ _____ _____.

A

smooth muscle that provides peristalsis and helps propel blood toward the heart.

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34
Q

Blood in veins (except pulmonary) contains

A

low O2 and high CO2 (deoxygenated), purple color and continuously circulates from heart to lungs to exchange CO2 for O2.

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35
Q

The heart is:

A

a muscular pump that propels blood to entire body through closed vascular network

allows dual circulatory system: pulmonary circulation (from right side of heart) 
systemic circulation (from left side of the heart)
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36
Q

Pulmonary circulation delivers

A

blood to the lungs, where CO2 is exchanged for O

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37
Q

Systemic circulation delivers

A

blood to body tissues, where O2 is exchanged for CO2, a waste product that will be expelled by the lungs.

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38
Q

systemic and pulmonary circulatory activities occur

A

simultaneously

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39
Q

pericardium

A

sac around heart

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40
Q

3 layers of paricardium:

A
  • endocardium, serous membrane that lines the four chambers of heart/valves, continuous with endothelium of arteries and veins
  • myocardium, muscular layer of heart
  • epicardium, outer layer of heart.
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41
Q

4 chambers of heart:

A

upper chambers, collect blood:
right atrium (RA)
left atrium (LA)
lower chambers, pump blood out:
right ventricle (RV) - pumps blood to lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation)
left ventricle (LV) - pumps oxygenated blood to entire body (systemic circulation).

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42
Q

How does deoxygenated blood return to the right atrium?

A

superior vena cava: collects/carries blood from upper body

inferior vena cava collects/carries blood from lower body

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43
Q

tricuspid valve

A

consisting of three leaflets

valve that sits between RA and RV

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44
Q

What happens when the heart contracts?

A

blood leaves RV through left/right pulmonary arteries and travels to lungs
tricuspid valve closes to prevent backflow of blood to RA

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45
Q

prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery

A

pulmonic valve or pulmonary semilunar valve

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46
Q

In lungs, the pulmonary artery:

A

branches into millions of capillaries that are close to alveoli - CO2 exchanged with oxygen

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47
Q

Pulmonary capillaries form:

A

2 right pulmonary veins
2 left pulmonary veins
that carry oxygenated blood back to heart into the LA

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48
Q

mitral (bicuspid) valve

A

consisting of two leaflets

valve that sits between LA and LV

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49
Q

How does blood leave heart?

A

through the aorta, by contraction of ventricles

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50
Q

what is the largest artery in the body?

A

aorta

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51
Q

What permits blood to flow in only one direction (LA to aorta)?

A

aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve) - located in aorta

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52
Q

What provides myocardium with blood?

A

coronary arteries from the aorta

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53
Q

Coronary arteries:

A

right coronary artery

left coronary artery w/ 2 branches:

  - left anterior descending artery 
  - circumflex artery.
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54
Q

What happens if blood flow in coronary arteries diminishes?

A

damage to heart muscle (severe damage may cause part of heart muscle to die)

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55
Q

conduction tissue

A

specialized cardiac tissue in heart for initiating/spreading contraction impulses

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56
Q

4 masses of specialized conduction tissue:

A
  • sinoatrial (SA) node
  • atrioventricular (AV) node
  • bundle of His (AV bundle)
  • Purkinje fibers
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57
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

aka pacemaker of heart

possesses its own intrinsic rhythm (ability to initiate/propagate heartbeat w/o external nerves)

sets basic pace for cardiac rate

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58
Q

location of SA node

A

upper portion of the right atrium

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59
Q

cardiac rate may be altered by

A

impulses from autonomic nervous system

allows outside influences to accelerate/decelerate heart rate

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60
Q

where are the electrical impulse from SA node transmitted to? what does this do?

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

causes atria to contract

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61
Q

AV node location:

A

base of RA

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62
Q

bundle of His

A

aka AV bundle
tract of conduction fibers with right/left branch
relays impulse to Purkinje fibers

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63
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

extend up ventricle walls and transmit impulse to ventricles

causing them to contract and blood from heart forced into pulmonary artery and aorta

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64
Q

sequence for conduction of a contraction impulse:

A

SA node → AV node → bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

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65
Q

electrocardiograph

A

record of the weak electrical impulses on body surface from impulse transmissions through conduction system.

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66
Q

electrocariographs produce:

A

needle deflections in the form of waves/peaks and are designated letters (P,Q,R,S,T)

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67
Q

Electrical events of electrocardiograph:

A
  • The P wave is the depolarization (contraction) of the atria.
  • The QRS complex is the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles.
  • The T wave, which appears a short time later, is the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles.
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68
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

A

the force exerted by blood against arterial walls during contraction phase (systole) and relaxation phase (diastole)

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69
Q

systole

A

contraction phase
when blood is forced out of heart
produces the maximum force

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70
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase
when ventricles filling w/ blood
produces weakest force

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71
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

measures blood pressure
recorded as 2 figures separated by diagonal line
systolic pressure recorded first, then diastolic pressure

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72
Q

factors that influence blood pressure

A
  • resistance of blood flow in blood vessels
  • pumping action of the heart
  • viscosity of blood
  • elasticity of arteries
  • quantity of blood in vascular system
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73
Q

Complete the Anatomy Review (pg 228)

A

Cardiovascular System (15)

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74
Q

main function of the cardiovascular (CV) system:

A

provide a network of vessels through which blood is pumped by the heart to all body cells

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75
Q

Functional relationship between CV system and

Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune

A

• CV system transports the products of the immune system.

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76
Q

Functional relationship between CV system and

Digestive

A
  • CV system delivers hormones that affect the glandular activity of the digestive tract.
  • The vessels of the CV system in the walls of the small intestine absorb nutrients.
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77
Q

Functional relationship between CV system and

Endocrine

A
  • CV system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the endocrine glands.
  • The CV system transports hormones from glands to target organs.
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78
Q

Functional relationship between CV system and

Female Reproductive

A

MENSTRUAL CYCLE, SEX ORGANS, PLACENTA

  • CV system transports hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.
  • The CV system influences the normal function of sex organs, especially erectile tissue.
  • During pregnancy, the vessels of the CV system in the placenta exchange nutrients and waste products.
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79
Q

Functional relationship between CV system and

Integumentary

A

REGULATE TEMP, CONTROL BLEEDING

  • blood vessels of the CV system in the skin regulate body temperature.
  • The CV system transports clotting factors to the skin to control bleeding.
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80
Q

Functional relationship between CV system and

Male Reproductive

A

REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES, SEXUAL ORGANS

  • CV system transports reproductive hormones.
  • The CV system influences the normal function of sex organs, especially erectile tissue.
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81
Q

Functional relationship between CV system and

Musculoskeletal

A

MUSCLE, ENERGY, SKELETAL, GROWTH

  • CV system removes heat and waste products generated by muscle contraction.
  • The CV system delivers oxygen for energy to sustain muscle contraction.
  • The CV system delivers calcium and nutrients and removes metabolic wastes from skeletal structures.
  • The CV system delivers hormones that regulate skeletal growth.
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82
Q

Functional relationship between CV system and

Nervous

A

• CV system carries electrolytes for transmission of electrical impulses.

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83
Q

Functional relationship between CV system and

Respiratory

A

• CV system transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and tissues.

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84
Q

Functional relationship between CV system and

Urinary

A
  • CV system delivers oxygen and nutrients.

* Blood pressure maintains kidney function.

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85
Q

aneurysm/o

A

aneurysm (widened blood vessel)

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86
Q

aneurysm/o/rrhaphy

A

suture of an aneurysm

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87
Q

angi/o

A

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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88
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

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89
Q

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

A

angi/o

vascul/o

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90
Q

angi/o/plasty

A

surgical repair of a vessel

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91
Q

vascul/itis

A

inflammation of a vessel

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92
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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93
Q

aort/o/stenosis

A

stricture/narrowing of the aorta

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94
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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95
Q

arteri/o/rrhexis

A

rupture of an artery

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96
Q

arteriol/o

A

arteriole

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97
Q

arteriol/itis

A

inflammation of arteriole

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98
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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99
Q

atri/o/megaly

A

enlargement of atrium

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100
Q

ather/o

A

fatty plaque

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101
Q

ather/oma

A

tumor of fatty plaque

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102
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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103
Q

coron/o

A

heart

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104
Q

heart

A

cardi/o

coron/o

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105
Q

cardi/o/megaly

A

enlargement of the heart

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106
Q

coron/ary

A

pertaining to the heart

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107
Q

electr/o

A

electricity

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108
Q

electr/o/cardi/o/gram

A

record of electricity of the heart

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109
Q

embol/o

A

embolus (plug)

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110
Q

embol/ectomy

A

removal of embolus

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111
Q

hemangi/o

A

blood vessel

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112
Q

hemangi/oma

A

tumor of the blood vessel

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113
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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114
Q

my/o/cardi/al

A

pertaining to the muscle and heart

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115
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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116
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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117
Q

vein

A

phleb/o

ven/o

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118
Q

phleb/ectasis

A

dilation/expansion of the vein

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119
Q

ven/o/stasis

A

standing still of the vein (slow blood flow)

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120
Q

scler/o

A

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

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121
Q

arteri/o/scler/osis

A

abnormal condition of artery hardening

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122
Q

sept/o

A

septum

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123
Q

sept/o/stomy

A

to form an opening in the septum

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124
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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125
Q

-oid

A

resembling

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126
Q

sphygm/oid

A

resembling a pulse

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127
Q

sten/o

A

narrowing, stricture

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128
Q

sten/o/tic

A

pertaining to narrowing/stricture

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129
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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130
Q

thromb/o/lysis

A

separation/destruction/loosening of a blood clot

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131
Q

valv/o

A

valve

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132
Q

valvul/o

A

valve

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133
Q

valve

A

valv/o

valvul/o

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134
Q

valv/o/tomy

A

incision of the valve

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135
Q

valvul/o/plasty

A

surgical repair of the valve

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136
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle (of the heart or brain)

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137
Q

ventricul/ar

A

pertaining to the ventricle

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138
Q

-cardia

A

heart condition

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139
Q

tachy/cardia

A

heart condition that is rapid

140
Q

aort/o/stenosis

A

narrowing/stricture of the aorta

141
Q

brady/cardia

A

heart condition that is slow

142
Q

endo-

A

in/within

143
Q

endo/vascul/ar

A

pertaining to within the vessel

144
Q

extra-

A

outside

145
Q

extra/vascul/ar

A

pertaining to outside the vessel

146
Q

peri-

A

around

147
Q

peri/cardi/al

A

pertaining to around the heart

148
Q

trans-

A

across

149
Q

trans/sept/al

A

pertaining to across the septum

150
Q

learning activity 8-1

A

as

151
Q

enlargement of the heart

A

cardiomegaly

152
Q

tumor composed of fatty plaque

A

atheroma

153
Q

rupture of an artery

A

arteriorrhexis

154
Q

pertaining to a ventricle

A

ventricular

155
Q

pertaining to across (or through) the septum

A

transseptal

156
Q

dilation or expansion of a vein

A

phlebectasis

157
Q

record of the aorta

A

aortogram

158
Q

surgical repair of a valve

A

valvuloplasty

159
Q

abnormal condition of hardening

A

sclerosis

160
Q

treatment that hardens (a varicose vein)

A

sclerotherapy

161
Q

destruction of a blood clot

A

thrombolysis

162
Q

condition (of the heart) without a rhythm

A

arrhythmia

163
Q

pertaining to around an artery

A

periarterial

164
Q

pain in the heart

A

cardialgia

165
Q

excision of an aneurysm

A

aneurysmectomy

166
Q

tumor of fatty plaque

A

atheroma

167
Q

abnormal condition of fatty plaque hardening

A

atherosclerosis

168
Q

inflammation of a vein (wall)

A

phlebitis

169
Q

abnormal condition of a blood clot in a vein

A

phlebothrombosis

170
Q

pertaining to a vein

A

venous

171
Q

spasm of a vein

A

venospasm

172
Q

specialist in the study of the heart

A

cardiologist

173
Q

rupture of the heart

A

cardiorrhexis

174
Q

poisonous to the heart

A

cardiotoxic

175
Q

enlargement of the heart

A

cardiomegaly

176
Q

softening of a vessel (wall)

A

angiomalacia

177
Q

tumor of a vessel

A

angioma

178
Q

beginning or formation of a blood clot

A

thrombogenesis

179
Q

abnormal condition of a blood clot

A

thrombosis

180
Q

abnormal condition of narrowing or stricture of the aorta

A

aortostenosis

181
Q

process of recording the aorta

A

aortography

182
Q

puncture of the heart

A

cardiocentesis

183
Q

suture of an artery

A

arteriorrhaphy

184
Q

removal of an embolus

A

embolectomy

185
Q

separation, destruction, or loosening of a blood clot

A

thrombolysis

186
Q

fatty plaque

A

ather/o

187
Q

vein

A

phleb/o

188
Q

poison

A

-toxic

189
Q

softening

A

-malacia

190
Q

vessel

A

angi/o

191
Q

beginning/formation

A

-genesis

192
Q

puncture

A

-centesis

193
Q

cardiologist

A

specialist in diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular disorders

194
Q

Cardiology

A

the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system

195
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls
causes walls to thicken/weaken, restricting blood flow to tissues and organs
caused by buildup of a plaquelike substance composed of cholesterol, lipids, and atheroma

196
Q

atheroma

A

cellular debris

197
Q

hardened atheroma

A

atherosclerosis

198
Q

thrombus

A

clot

199
Q

infarction

A

localized tissue death

200
Q

ischemia

A

localized tissue anemia

201
Q

Arteries usually affected by arteriosclerosis include:

A

the coronary, carotid, cerebral, and femoral arteries and the aorta

202
Q

Arteriosclerosis in the coronary arteries causes:

A

chest pain and angina, commonly with diaphoresis

203
Q

angina

A

tightness

204
Q

diaphoresis

A

excessive sweating

205
Q

Arteriosclerosis in the carotid and cerebral arteries causes

A

weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (hemiplegia), blurred vision, and confusion.

206
Q

hemiplagia

A

paralysis on one side of the body

207
Q

Arteriosclerosis in the femoral arteries causes

A

muscle pain (myalgia) in calves, thighs, and feet.

208
Q

Major risk factors for developing arteriosclerosis include

A

an elevated level of fatty substances in the blood (hyperlipidemia), age, family history, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes.

209
Q

Arteriosclerosis treatments:

A

statins, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, angioplasty, endarterectomy

210
Q

statins

A

Drugs that slow down or reverse fat buildup

211
Q

antihypertensives

A

drugs that control blood pressure

212
Q

anticoagulants

A

drugs that reduce thrombus formation

213
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical repair of affected vessels

214
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of fatty deposits in artery

treats carotid/ peripheral/ renal artery and aortic arch disease

215
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium

216
Q

The major cause of CAD

A

arteriosclerosis
(others include hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and radiation therapy to the chest associated with certain types of cancers)

217
Q

ischemia

A

inadequate blood supply to the myocardium

218
Q

necrosis

A

death of tissue/organ

219
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

inadequate blood supply to myocardium leading to death of heart

220
Q

What helps differentiate MI from pericarditis, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and acute pulmonary embolism?

A

Highly specific substances released at predictable times during necrotic changes to the heart

221
Q

Endocarditis

A

is an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves

222
Q

What causes Endocarditis?

A

bacteria (infective endocarditis) from remote infections in blood that become lodged on damaged endocardial tissue or abnormal valves

223
Q

vegetations

A

clumps formed by bacteria and other cellular material

224
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

narrowing of the mitral valve

225
Q

valvuloplasty)

A

surgery to correct the damaged valves

226
Q

bioprosthetic

A

device made of human or animal tissue

227
Q

predisposing factors for developing endocarditis

A

Congenital valvular defects, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, mitral valve prolapse, and prosthetic valves

228
Q

prophylactic treatment

A

antibiotic treatment given to patient to protect against infection before invasive procedures

229
Q

Varicose veins

A

enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins
develop when valves lose proper function and fail to prevent backflow of blood
affect almost anywhere, most common in lower legs

230
Q

varices

A

varicose veins in esophagus

231
Q

hemorrhoids

A

varicose veins in rectum

232
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of vein

233
Q

endovenous ablation

A

destroying tissue in vein
(destroy the vein wall and coagulate blood inside the vessel, causing it to collapse and seal)
effective and minimally invasive technique in treating varicose veins.

234
Q

Common endovenous options include

A

treatments that employ lasers, heat (radiofrequency ablation), extreme cold (cryoablation), or chemicals (sclerotherapy).

235
Q

Myxoma

A

rare, primary heart tumor, usually benign
composed of mucous connective
impede mitral valve function
causes decrease in exercise tolerance, dyspnea, fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), and systemic problems

236
Q

Most cancers of the heart are the result of

A

a malignancy originating in another area of the body (primary tumor) that spreads (metastasizes) to the heart.

237
Q

aneurysm

A

Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery (See Fig. 8-11.)

238
Q

angina (condition)

A

Chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris

239
Q

angin

A

choking pain

240
Q

arrhythmia

A

Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia

241
Q

bradycardia

A

Abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult

242
Q

fibrillation

A

Abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles

243
Q

heart block

A

Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

244
Q

tachycardia

A

Abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute

245
Q

bruit

A

Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called murmur

246
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

247
Q

coarctation

A

Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

248
Q

embolism

A

Intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations

249
Q

embol

A

plug

250
Q

heart failure (HF)

A

Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body

251
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

252
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg (See Table 8-1.)

253
Q

hypotension

A

Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg

254
Q

-tension

A

to stretch

255
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

256
Q

palpitation

A

Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

257
Q

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A

Common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of atherosclerosis

258
Q

phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)

259
Q

phleb

A

vein

260
Q

rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

A

Serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve

261
Q

syncope

A

Partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting

262
Q

thrombosis

A

Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation

263
Q

thromb

A

blood clot

264
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis (See Fig. 8-13.)

265
Q

Normal Hypertensive Blood Pressure Level

A

Systolic: Less than 120 mm Hg
Diastolic: Less than 80 mm Hg

266
Q

Prehypertension (HTN) Hypertensive Blood Pressure Level

A

Systolic: 120–139 mm Hg
Diastolic: 80–89 mm Hg

*A blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg or higher is considered hypertension in persons with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

267
Q

Stage 1 HTN Hypertensive Blood Pressure Level

A

Systolic: 140–159 mm Hg
Diastolic: 90–99 mm Hg

268
Q

Stage 2 HTN Hypertensive Blood Pressure Level

A

Systolic: 160 mm Hg or higher
Diastolic: 100 mm Hg or higher

269
Q

Complete Learning Activity 8-3

A

Disease and Conditions pg 255

270
Q

electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)

A

Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs

271
Q

Holter monitor test

A

Procedure that uses a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24- to 48-hour period; also called event monitor test (See Fig. 8-14.)

272
Q

stress test

A

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)

273
Q

cardiac biomarkers

A

Blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress; also called cardiac enzyme test

274
Q

lipid panel

A

Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

275
Q

angiography

A

Procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium

276
Q

aortography

A

Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium

277
Q

coronary angiography

A

Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

278
Q

coron:

A

heart

279
Q

Doppler US

A

Ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells; also called ultrasonography using sound pitch

280
Q

carotid artery US

A

Ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries (See Fig. 8-15, page 244.)

281
Q

echocardiography (ECHO)

A

Ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output

282
Q

myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

A

Noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called nuclear stress test

283
Q

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

Myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)

284
Q

cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium

285
Q

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

Type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels

286
Q

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

A

Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)

287
Q

cardiac catheterization (CC)

A

Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

288
Q

electrophysiology study (EPS)

A

Special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient’s heart

289
Q

angioplasty

A

Endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow

290
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

Angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves insertion of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow

291
Q

per-

A

through

292
Q

cardiac ablation

A

Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia

293
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle (See Fig. 8-18.)

294
Q

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

A

Small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)

295
Q

open heart surgery

A

Surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries

296
Q

pacemaker insertion

A

Implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm

297
Q

defibrillation

A

Lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart

298
Q

cardioversion

A

Defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart’s rhythm back to its normal pattern

299
Q

-version

A

turning

300
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A

Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)

301
Q

angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

A

Lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction

302
Q

antiarrhythmics

A

Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart

303
Q

anticoagulants

A

Inhibit the body’s natural coagulation response to prevent the formation of clots in blood vessels

304
Q

beta blockers

A

Block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate

305
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

Block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease

306
Q

diuretics

A

Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium

307
Q

nitrates

A

Dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart

308
Q

statins

A

Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it

309
Q

AAA

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

310
Q

ACE

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)

311
Q

AED

A

automated external defibrillator

312
Q

AICD

A

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

313
Q

ARB

A

angiotensin receptor blocker

314
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular; arteriovenous

315
Q

BP,B/P

A

blood pressure

316
Q

CA

A

cancer; cardiac arrest; chronological age

317
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

318
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

319
Q

CC

A

cardiac catheterization

320
Q

CK

A

creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty

321
Q

CV

A

cardiovascular

322
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis

323
Q

ECG, EKG

A

electrocardiogram, electrocardiography

324
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiogram, echocardiography; echoencephalogram, echoencephalography

325
Q

ESP

A

electrophysiology studies

326
Q

HF

A

heart failure

327
Q

Hg

A

mercury

328
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

329
Q

ICD

A

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

330
Q

LA

A

left atrium

331
Q

LV

A

left ventrical

332
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction

333
Q

MPI

A

myocardial perfusion imaging

334
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiogram, magnetic resonance angiography

335
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

336
Q

MUGA Scan

A

acquisition

337
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

338
Q

PAD

A

peripheral artery disease

339
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

340
Q

RA

A

right atrium

341
Q

RHD

A

rheumatic heart disease

342
Q

RV

A

right ventricle; residual volume

343
Q

SA, S-A

A

sinoatrial

344
Q

SPECT

A

single photon emission computed tomography

345
Q

US

A

ultrasound

346
Q

Complete Learning Activity 8-4

A

Procedures, Pharmacology, and Abbreviations

pg 256

Medical Terminology Systems (16 decks)

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