Ch. 8 Cardiovascular System Flashcards
The cardiovascular (CV) system is composed of
the heart and blood vessels.
The heart is:
a hollow, muscular organ lying in the mediastinum, the center of the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
Arteries branch:
from the heart into smaller vessels until they become microscopic vessels called capillaries.
function of capillaries:
exchange products between body cells and blood
Capillaries merge to form larger blood vessels called
venules
venules combine to form
veins
function of veins:
return blood to heart
when the CV system fails:
life at the cellular level is not possible and death occurs
leaflets
Flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood
lumen
Tubular space/channel in organs, body structures, arteries, veins, intestine, and tubes
regurgitation
Backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening
sphincters
Circular muscles n tubular structure/hollow organ
constrict/dilate to regulate flow substances
vasoconstriction and cause
Narrowing of blood vessel lumen
limits blood flow
from disease, medication, or physiological processes
vasodilation and cause
Widening of blood vessel lumen
caused by relaxing of vascular wall muscles
viscosity
Thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing
What are the 3 main types of vessels?
artery, capillary, vein
3 layers of large arteries:
tunica externa: outer coat, connective tissue for strength/flexibility
tunica media: middle layer, smooth muscle, lumen size depends on body needs, vasodilation/vasocontriction
tunica intima: thin, inner lining of lumen, endothelial cells provide smooth surface
Arterial blood (except ______) contains high concentration of ______ and appears bright red in color.
(the pulmonary artery)
oxygen (O2)
Oxygenated blood travels to smaller arteries called:
arterioles
Capillaries are:
microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system
capillary walls are_____ and composed of:
very thin and composed of only a single layer of endothelial cells
The thinness of capillary walls enables exchange of:
water respiratory gases macromolecules metabolites, wastes
What causes blood to flow very slowly, providing sufficient time for exchange of essential substances?
the vast number of capillaries branching from arterioles
Is blood flow through the capillary network considered intermittent or steady?
intermittent and slow
precapillary sphincters
regulate blood flow through capillary network
open/close depending on blood needs of tissue
When does blood enter the venous system?
After the exchange of products have happened in the capillary network.
Which return blood to the heart (artery/vein)?
veins
Viens are formed by:
smaller vessels called VENULES, formed by merging of capillaries.
Why are veins unable to rely on pressure from the heart to return the blood supply?
extensive capillary network absorbs propelling pressure exerted by heart
What methods do veins rely on to return blood to the heart?
- skeletal muscle contraction
- gravity
- respiratory activity
- valves
valves
small structures within veins that prevent backflow of blood
location of valves:
extremities
important in legs (distance against gravity to reach heart)
Large veins, especially in the abdomen, are made of _______ that provide ________ and helps ______ ______ _____ _____.
smooth muscle that provides peristalsis and helps propel blood toward the heart.
Blood in veins (except pulmonary) contains
low O2 and high CO2 (deoxygenated), purple color and continuously circulates from heart to lungs to exchange CO2 for O2.
The heart is:
a muscular pump that propels blood to entire body through closed vascular network
allows dual circulatory system: pulmonary circulation (from right side of heart) systemic circulation (from left side of the heart)
Pulmonary circulation delivers
blood to the lungs, where CO2 is exchanged for O
Systemic circulation delivers
blood to body tissues, where O2 is exchanged for CO2, a waste product that will be expelled by the lungs.
systemic and pulmonary circulatory activities occur
simultaneously
pericardium
sac around heart
3 layers of paricardium:
- endocardium, serous membrane that lines the four chambers of heart/valves, continuous with endothelium of arteries and veins
- myocardium, muscular layer of heart
- epicardium, outer layer of heart.
4 chambers of heart:
upper chambers, collect blood:
right atrium (RA)
left atrium (LA)
lower chambers, pump blood out:
right ventricle (RV) - pumps blood to lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation)
left ventricle (LV) - pumps oxygenated blood to entire body (systemic circulation).
How does deoxygenated blood return to the right atrium?
superior vena cava: collects/carries blood from upper body
inferior vena cava collects/carries blood from lower body
tricuspid valve
consisting of three leaflets
valve that sits between RA and RV
What happens when the heart contracts?
blood leaves RV through left/right pulmonary arteries and travels to lungs
tricuspid valve closes to prevent backflow of blood to RA
prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery
pulmonic valve or pulmonary semilunar valve
In lungs, the pulmonary artery:
branches into millions of capillaries that are close to alveoli - CO2 exchanged with oxygen
Pulmonary capillaries form:
2 right pulmonary veins
2 left pulmonary veins
that carry oxygenated blood back to heart into the LA
mitral (bicuspid) valve
consisting of two leaflets
valve that sits between LA and LV
How does blood leave heart?
through the aorta, by contraction of ventricles
what is the largest artery in the body?
aorta
What permits blood to flow in only one direction (LA to aorta)?
aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve) - located in aorta
What provides myocardium with blood?
coronary arteries from the aorta
Coronary arteries:
right coronary artery
left coronary artery w/ 2 branches:
- left anterior descending artery - circumflex artery.
What happens if blood flow in coronary arteries diminishes?
damage to heart muscle (severe damage may cause part of heart muscle to die)
conduction tissue
specialized cardiac tissue in heart for initiating/spreading contraction impulses
4 masses of specialized conduction tissue:
- sinoatrial (SA) node
- atrioventricular (AV) node
- bundle of His (AV bundle)
- Purkinje fibers
sinoatrial (SA) node
aka pacemaker of heart
possesses its own intrinsic rhythm (ability to initiate/propagate heartbeat w/o external nerves)
sets basic pace for cardiac rate
location of SA node
upper portion of the right atrium
cardiac rate may be altered by
impulses from autonomic nervous system
allows outside influences to accelerate/decelerate heart rate
where are the electrical impulse from SA node transmitted to? what does this do?
atrioventricular (AV) node
causes atria to contract
AV node location:
base of RA
bundle of His
aka AV bundle
tract of conduction fibers with right/left branch
relays impulse to Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers
extend up ventricle walls and transmit impulse to ventricles
causing them to contract and blood from heart forced into pulmonary artery and aorta
sequence for conduction of a contraction impulse:
SA node → AV node → bundle of His → Purkinje fibers
electrocardiograph
record of the weak electrical impulses on body surface from impulse transmissions through conduction system.
electrocariographs produce:
needle deflections in the form of waves/peaks and are designated letters (P,Q,R,S,T)
Electrical events of electrocardiograph:
- The P wave is the depolarization (contraction) of the atria.
- The QRS complex is the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles.
- The T wave, which appears a short time later, is the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles.
Blood pressure (BP)
the force exerted by blood against arterial walls during contraction phase (systole) and relaxation phase (diastole)
systole
contraction phase
when blood is forced out of heart
produces the maximum force
diastole
relaxation phase
when ventricles filling w/ blood
produces weakest force
sphygmomanometer
measures blood pressure
recorded as 2 figures separated by diagonal line
systolic pressure recorded first, then diastolic pressure
factors that influence blood pressure
- resistance of blood flow in blood vessels
- pumping action of the heart
- viscosity of blood
- elasticity of arteries
- quantity of blood in vascular system
Complete the Anatomy Review (pg 228)
Cardiovascular System (15)
main function of the cardiovascular (CV) system:
provide a network of vessels through which blood is pumped by the heart to all body cells
Functional relationship between CV system and
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
• CV system transports the products of the immune system.
Functional relationship between CV system and
Digestive
- CV system delivers hormones that affect the glandular activity of the digestive tract.
- The vessels of the CV system in the walls of the small intestine absorb nutrients.
Functional relationship between CV system and
Endocrine
- CV system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the endocrine glands.
- The CV system transports hormones from glands to target organs.
Functional relationship between CV system and
Female Reproductive
MENSTRUAL CYCLE, SEX ORGANS, PLACENTA
- CV system transports hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.
- The CV system influences the normal function of sex organs, especially erectile tissue.
- During pregnancy, the vessels of the CV system in the placenta exchange nutrients and waste products.
Functional relationship between CV system and
Integumentary
REGULATE TEMP, CONTROL BLEEDING
- blood vessels of the CV system in the skin regulate body temperature.
- The CV system transports clotting factors to the skin to control bleeding.
Functional relationship between CV system and
Male Reproductive
REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES, SEXUAL ORGANS
- CV system transports reproductive hormones.
- The CV system influences the normal function of sex organs, especially erectile tissue.
Functional relationship between CV system and
Musculoskeletal
MUSCLE, ENERGY, SKELETAL, GROWTH
- CV system removes heat and waste products generated by muscle contraction.
- The CV system delivers oxygen for energy to sustain muscle contraction.
- The CV system delivers calcium and nutrients and removes metabolic wastes from skeletal structures.
- The CV system delivers hormones that regulate skeletal growth.
Functional relationship between CV system and
Nervous
• CV system carries electrolytes for transmission of electrical impulses.
Functional relationship between CV system and
Respiratory
• CV system transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and tissues.
Functional relationship between CV system and
Urinary
- CV system delivers oxygen and nutrients.
* Blood pressure maintains kidney function.
aneurysm/o
aneurysm (widened blood vessel)
aneurysm/o/rrhaphy
suture of an aneurysm
angi/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
vascul/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
angi/o
vascul/o
angi/o/plasty
surgical repair of a vessel
vascul/itis
inflammation of a vessel
aort/o
aorta
aort/o/stenosis
stricture/narrowing of the aorta
arteri/o
artery
arteri/o/rrhexis
rupture of an artery
arteriol/o
arteriole
arteriol/itis
inflammation of arteriole
atri/o
atrium
atri/o/megaly
enlargement of atrium
ather/o
fatty plaque
ather/oma
tumor of fatty plaque
cardi/o
heart
coron/o
heart
heart
cardi/o
coron/o
cardi/o/megaly
enlargement of the heart
coron/ary
pertaining to the heart
electr/o
electricity
electr/o/cardi/o/gram
record of electricity of the heart
embol/o
embolus (plug)
embol/ectomy
removal of embolus
hemangi/o
blood vessel
hemangi/oma
tumor of the blood vessel
my/o
muscle
my/o/cardi/al
pertaining to the muscle and heart
phleb/o
vein
ven/o
vein
vein
phleb/o
ven/o
phleb/ectasis
dilation/expansion of the vein
ven/o/stasis
standing still of the vein (slow blood flow)
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
arteri/o/scler/osis
abnormal condition of artery hardening
sept/o
septum
sept/o/stomy
to form an opening in the septum
sphygm/o
pulse
-oid
resembling
sphygm/oid
resembling a pulse
sten/o
narrowing, stricture
sten/o/tic
pertaining to narrowing/stricture
thromb/o
blood clot
thromb/o/lysis
separation/destruction/loosening of a blood clot
valv/o
valve
valvul/o
valve
valve
valv/o
valvul/o
valv/o/tomy
incision of the valve
valvul/o/plasty
surgical repair of the valve
ventricul/o
ventricle (of the heart or brain)
ventricul/ar
pertaining to the ventricle
-cardia
heart condition
tachy/cardia
heart condition that is rapid
aort/o/stenosis
narrowing/stricture of the aorta
brady/cardia
heart condition that is slow
endo-
in/within
endo/vascul/ar
pertaining to within the vessel
extra-
outside
extra/vascul/ar
pertaining to outside the vessel
peri-
around
peri/cardi/al
pertaining to around the heart
trans-
across
trans/sept/al
pertaining to across the septum
learning activity 8-1
as
enlargement of the heart
cardiomegaly
tumor composed of fatty plaque
atheroma
rupture of an artery
arteriorrhexis
pertaining to a ventricle
ventricular
pertaining to across (or through) the septum
transseptal
dilation or expansion of a vein
phlebectasis
record of the aorta
aortogram
surgical repair of a valve
valvuloplasty
abnormal condition of hardening
sclerosis
treatment that hardens (a varicose vein)
sclerotherapy
destruction of a blood clot
thrombolysis
condition (of the heart) without a rhythm
arrhythmia
pertaining to around an artery
periarterial
pain in the heart
cardialgia
excision of an aneurysm
aneurysmectomy
tumor of fatty plaque
atheroma
abnormal condition of fatty plaque hardening
atherosclerosis
inflammation of a vein (wall)
phlebitis
abnormal condition of a blood clot in a vein
phlebothrombosis
pertaining to a vein
venous
spasm of a vein
venospasm
specialist in the study of the heart
cardiologist
rupture of the heart
cardiorrhexis
poisonous to the heart
cardiotoxic
enlargement of the heart
cardiomegaly
softening of a vessel (wall)
angiomalacia
tumor of a vessel
angioma
beginning or formation of a blood clot
thrombogenesis
abnormal condition of a blood clot
thrombosis
abnormal condition of narrowing or stricture of the aorta
aortostenosis
process of recording the aorta
aortography
puncture of the heart
cardiocentesis
suture of an artery
arteriorrhaphy
removal of an embolus
embolectomy
separation, destruction, or loosening of a blood clot
thrombolysis
fatty plaque
ather/o
vein
phleb/o
poison
-toxic
softening
-malacia
vessel
angi/o
beginning/formation
-genesis
puncture
-centesis
cardiologist
specialist in diagnosis, treatment, and management of cardiovascular disorders
Cardiology
the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system
Arteriosclerosis
progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls
causes walls to thicken/weaken, restricting blood flow to tissues and organs
caused by buildup of a plaquelike substance composed of cholesterol, lipids, and atheroma
atheroma
cellular debris
hardened atheroma
atherosclerosis
thrombus
clot
infarction
localized tissue death
ischemia
localized tissue anemia
Arteries usually affected by arteriosclerosis include:
the coronary, carotid, cerebral, and femoral arteries and the aorta
Arteriosclerosis in the coronary arteries causes:
chest pain and angina, commonly with diaphoresis
angina
tightness
diaphoresis
excessive sweating
Arteriosclerosis in the carotid and cerebral arteries causes
weakness or paralysis on one side of the body (hemiplegia), blurred vision, and confusion.
hemiplagia
paralysis on one side of the body
Arteriosclerosis in the femoral arteries causes
muscle pain (myalgia) in calves, thighs, and feet.
Major risk factors for developing arteriosclerosis include
an elevated level of fatty substances in the blood (hyperlipidemia), age, family history, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes.
Arteriosclerosis treatments:
statins, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, angioplasty, endarterectomy
statins
Drugs that slow down or reverse fat buildup
antihypertensives
drugs that control blood pressure
anticoagulants
drugs that reduce thrombus formation
angioplasty
surgical repair of affected vessels
endarterectomy
surgical removal of fatty deposits in artery
treats carotid/ peripheral/ renal artery and aortic arch disease
coronary artery disease (CAD)
Any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium
The major cause of CAD
arteriosclerosis
(others include hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and radiation therapy to the chest associated with certain types of cancers)
ischemia
inadequate blood supply to the myocardium
necrosis
death of tissue/organ
myocardial infarction (MI)
inadequate blood supply to myocardium leading to death of heart
What helps differentiate MI from pericarditis, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and acute pulmonary embolism?
Highly specific substances released at predictable times during necrotic changes to the heart
Endocarditis
is an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves
What causes Endocarditis?
bacteria (infective endocarditis) from remote infections in blood that become lodged on damaged endocardial tissue or abnormal valves
vegetations
clumps formed by bacteria and other cellular material
mitral valve stenosis
narrowing of the mitral valve
valvuloplasty)
surgery to correct the damaged valves
bioprosthetic
device made of human or animal tissue
predisposing factors for developing endocarditis
Congenital valvular defects, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, mitral valve prolapse, and prosthetic valves
prophylactic treatment
antibiotic treatment given to patient to protect against infection before invasive procedures
Varicose veins
enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins
develop when valves lose proper function and fail to prevent backflow of blood
affect almost anywhere, most common in lower legs
varices
varicose veins in esophagus
hemorrhoids
varicose veins in rectum
phlebitis
inflammation of vein
endovenous ablation
destroying tissue in vein
(destroy the vein wall and coagulate blood inside the vessel, causing it to collapse and seal)
effective and minimally invasive technique in treating varicose veins.
Common endovenous options include
treatments that employ lasers, heat (radiofrequency ablation), extreme cold (cryoablation), or chemicals (sclerotherapy).
Myxoma
rare, primary heart tumor, usually benign
composed of mucous connective
impede mitral valve function
causes decrease in exercise tolerance, dyspnea, fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), and systemic problems
Most cancers of the heart are the result of
a malignancy originating in another area of the body (primary tumor) that spreads (metastasizes) to the heart.
aneurysm
Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery (See Fig. 8-11.)
angina (condition)
Chest pain caused by obstructions or spasms of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris
angin
choking pain
arrhythmia
Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia
bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult
fibrillation
Abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
heart block
Interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
tachycardia
Abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute
bruit
Soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called murmur
cardiomyopathy
Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
coarctation
Narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
embolism
Intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations
embol
plug
heart failure (HF)
Disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body
hyperlipidemia
Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
hypertension (HTN)
Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg (See Table 8-1.)
hypotension
Low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg
-tension
to stretch
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
palpitation
Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
Common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of atherosclerosis
phlebitis
Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)
phleb
vein
rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
Serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve
syncope
Partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting
thrombosis
Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
thromb
blood clot
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis (See Fig. 8-13.)
Normal Hypertensive Blood Pressure Level
Systolic: Less than 120 mm Hg
Diastolic: Less than 80 mm Hg
Prehypertension (HTN) Hypertensive Blood Pressure Level
Systolic: 120–139 mm Hg
Diastolic: 80–89 mm Hg
*A blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg or higher is considered hypertension in persons with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
Stage 1 HTN Hypertensive Blood Pressure Level
Systolic: 140–159 mm Hg
Diastolic: 90–99 mm Hg
Stage 2 HTN Hypertensive Blood Pressure Level
Systolic: 160 mm Hg or higher
Diastolic: 100 mm Hg or higher
Complete Learning Activity 8-3
Disease and Conditions pg 255
electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs
Holter monitor test
Procedure that uses a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24- to 48-hour period; also called event monitor test (See Fig. 8-14.)
stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)
cardiac biomarkers
Blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress; also called cardiac enzyme test
lipid panel
Series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
angiography
Procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium
aortography
Angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium
coronary angiography
Specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
coron:
heart
Doppler US
Ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells; also called ultrasonography using sound pitch
carotid artery US
Ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries (See Fig. 8-15, page 244.)
echocardiography (ECHO)
Ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assesses cardiac output
myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
Noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called nuclear stress test
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)
cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
Type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels
multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan
Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)
cardiac catheterization (CC)
Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
electrophysiology study (EPS)
Special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient’s heart
angioplasty
Endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves insertion of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow
per-
through
cardiac ablation
Procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle (See Fig. 8-18.)
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
Small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)
open heart surgery
Surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries
pacemaker insertion
Implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm
defibrillation
Lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart
cardioversion
Defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart’s rhythm back to its normal pattern
-version
turning
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
Lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction
antiarrhythmics
Prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
anticoagulants
Inhibit the body’s natural coagulation response to prevent the formation of clots in blood vessels
beta blockers
Block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate
calcium channel blockers
Block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
diuretics
Act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium
nitrates
Dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart
statins
Lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)
AED
automated external defibrillator
AICD
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
ARB
angiotensin receptor blocker
AV
atrioventricular; arteriovenous
BP,B/P
blood pressure
CA
cancer; cardiac arrest; chronological age
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
CC
cardiac catheterization
CK
creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty
CV
cardiovascular
DVT
deep vein thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram, electrocardiography
ECHO
echocardiogram, echocardiography; echoencephalogram, echoencephalography
ESP
electrophysiology studies
HF
heart failure
Hg
mercury
HTN
hypertension
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
LA
left atrium
LV
left ventrical
MI
myocardial infarction
MPI
myocardial perfusion imaging
MRA
magnetic resonance angiogram, magnetic resonance angiography
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MUGA Scan
acquisition
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
PAD
peripheral artery disease
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
RA
right atrium
RHD
rheumatic heart disease
RV
right ventricle; residual volume
SA, S-A
sinoatrial
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
US
ultrasound
Complete Learning Activity 8-4
Procedures, Pharmacology, and Abbreviations
pg 256