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Medical Terminology Systems > Ch. 15 Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch. 15 Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The nervous system functions:

A

senses physical/chemical changes in internal/external environments, processes them, and then responds to maintain homeostasis.

coordinates, regulates, and integrates voluntary/ involuntary activities

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2
Q

The nervous system relies on:

A

transmission of electrochemical impulses throughout the body

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3
Q

afferent

A

Carry or move inward or toward a central structure

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4
Q

blood–brain barrier

A

Protective mechanism that blocks specific substances found in the bloodstream from entering delicate brain tissue

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5
Q

efferent

A

Carry or move away from a central structure

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6
Q

limbic system

A

Complex neural system located beneath the cerebrum that controls basic emotions and drives and plays an important role in memory

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7
Q

neurilemma

A

Additional external myelin sheath that is formed by Schwann cells and found only on axons in the peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

ventricle

A

Organ chamber or cavity that receives or holds fluid

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9
Q

two principal cell types

A

neurons and neuroglia

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10
Q

Neurons

A

transmit impulses

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11
Q

neurons and nerves are classified as

A

afferent (when the impulse moves toward the brain or spinal cord) or

efferent (when the impulse moves away from the brain or spinal cord)

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12
Q

The three major structures of the neuron are

A

the cell body, axon, and dendrites.

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13
Q

cell body

A

is the enlarged structure of the neuron that contains the (2) nucleus of the cell and various organelles.

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14
Q

axons

A

carry impulses from the cell body.

Axons are threadlike extensions of nerve cells that transmit impulses to dendrites of other neurons and to muscles and glands.

possess a white, lipoid covering called a (5) myelin sheath.

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15
Q

dendrites

A

branching cytoplasmic projections

carry impulses to cell body

resemble tiny branches on a tree, providing additional surface area for receiving impulses from other neurons.

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16
Q

myelin sheath

A

lipoid covering on axon (electrical insulator)
reduces impulse stimulating adjacent nerves
accelerates impulse transmission through axon

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17
Q

Schwann cell

A

forms myelin sheath on nerves in the peripheral nervous system

wraps tightly around the axon

exterior surface forms a thin tube called the (7) neurilemma, or neurolemma

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18
Q

neurilemma

A

acts as a protective coat for peripheral neurons. If the neurilemma covering remains intact after an injury to the nerve, it forms a tube that provides a pathway for possible neuron regeneration after injury.

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath in CENTRAL nervous system

injuries to neurons irreparable (no neurilemma made)

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20
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

short, unmyelinated spaces between myelin sheath

help speed the transmission of impulses down axon

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21
Q

synapse

A

functional connection between neuron and another neuron or it’s effector organ (muscle or gland)
includes transmitter site, synaptic cleft, and receptor site

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22
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical substance caused/released by axon
diffuses across the synapse
attaches to receiving neuron that immediately inactivates it

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23
Q

Neuroglia

A

means “nerve glue”
cells that supply nutrients & O2 to neurons
bind neurons to other neurons and body tissues
they do not transmit impulses

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24
Q

4 types of neuraglia:

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependyma.

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25
Q

Astrocytes

A

star-shaped neuroglia
three-dimensional mechanical support for neurons
form tight sheaths around the capillaries of brain
mildly phagocytic functions in brain/spinal cord

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26
Q

blood–brain barrier

A

sheaths formed by astrocytes
blocks large unwanted substances from brain tissue
considered when developing medicines

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27
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

AKA oligodendroglia

develope myelin on axons in CENTRAL nervous system

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28
Q

Microglia,

A

the smallest of the neuroglia, possess phagocytic properties and become very active during times of infection.

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29
Q

Ependyma

A

ciliated cells that line fluid-filled cavities of CNS
especially ventricles of the brain
assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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30
Q

The two major divisions of the nervous system are

A

central & peripheral nervous system

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31
Q

The central nervous system consists of

A

all nervous tissue located in the brain and spinal cord.

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32
Q

The peripheral nervous system includes

A

all nervous tissue located outside the central nervous system and consists of cranial and spinal nerves.

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33
Q

Nervous System Structures

A

Central

  • brain
  • spinal cord

Peripheral

  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
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34
Q

Brain

A

Center for thought and emotion, interpretation of sensory stimuli, and coordination of body functions

integrates almost every physical and mental activity of the body and is the center for memory, emotion, thought, judgment, reasoning, and consciousness.

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35
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Main pathway for transmission of information between the brain and body

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36
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the base of the skull and may act in a motor capacity, sensory capacity, or both

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37
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spine and act in motor and sensory capacities

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38
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of:

A

the brain and spinal cord

white matter - axon bundles w/ white lipoid myelin sheaths
gray matter - unmyelinated fibers, dendrites, nerve cell bodies

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39
Q

Review Lower Half of Figure 15-3

A

pg 518

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40
Q

The four major structures of the brain are the following:

A
  • Cerebrum
    • Cerebellum
    • Diencephalon
    • Brainstem
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41
Q

cerebrum

A

largest, uppermost portion with 2 hemispheres

sensory perception/interpretation, language, voluntary movement, and memory.

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42
Q

corpus callosum

A

joins these hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain.

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43
Q

Each hemisphere consists of five lobes.

A 
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula (internal)
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44
Q

gyri

A

the numerous folds (convolutions) of the cerebral surface

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45
Q

sulci

A

furrows, or fissures that separate the gyri

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46
Q

cerebral cortex

A

thin layer of gray matter that covers the entire cerebrum

processes information

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47
Q

limbic system

A

primitive “emotional: brain beneath the cerebrum
works with “thinking” brain
essential for survival
controls rage, fear, food enjoyment, sexual behavior

Mental/emotional illnesses result of chemical/electrical imbalance of limbic system.

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48
Q

Cerebellum

A

2nd largest structure of brain, posterior portion
movement, posture, balance.

The cerebrum initiates muscular movement and the cerebellum coordinates and refines it.

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49
Q

Diencephalon

A

interbrain

composed of thalamus and hypothalamus

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50
Q

thalamus

A

receives/processes all sensory stimuli (not olfactory)
transmits to appropriate centers in cerebral cortex
receives cerebrum impulses & relays to efferent nerves

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51
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates involuntary activities (heart rate, body temp., fluid balance) and many endocrine functions.

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52
Q

Brainstem

A

composed of midbrain, medulla, and pons,

impulse conduction path btwn brain & spinal cord

origin of 10/12 pairs of cranial nerves
controls respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate

controls beginning of life (initiation of heartbeat )
and end of life (cessation of respiration/heart activity)

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53
Q

midbrain

A

AKA mesencephalon

separates cerebrum from brainstem

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54
Q

medulla

A

attaches to spinal cord

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55
Q

pons

A

AKA bridge

connects midbrain to medulla

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56
Q

Spinal Cord/ nerves

A

transmits sensory impulses from body to brain
and motor impulses from brain to muscles/organs

spinal nerves exit between intervertebral spaces
are identified by region of vertebral column

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57
Q

ascending tracts

A

sensory nerve tracts

the direction of the impulse is upward.

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58
Q

motor nerve tracts

A

carry impulses in a downward direction to muscles and organs.

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59
Q

3 meninges and general function:

A

provide limited protection of brain and spinal cord

dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater

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60
Q

dura mater

A

AKA pachymeninges.
outermost covering of brain/spinal cord.
tough, fibrous, dense connective tissue

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61
Q

subdural space

A

cavity beneath dura mater

filled with serous fluid

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62
Q

arachnoid

A

loosely fitting, spiderweb-like middle covering of brain & spinal cord

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63
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

sit in a subarachnoid space
colorless fluid of protein, glucose, urea, salt, WBC

circulates around/through spinal cord/brain
provides nutrients
acts as shock absorber

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64
Q

hydrocephalus

A

condition of any interference with the absorption of cerebral spinal fluid
results in a collection of fluid in the brain

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65
Q

pia mater

A

innermost meninx
adheres to brain/spinal cord
contains numerous blood vessels/lymphatics that nourish underlying tissues

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66
Q

leptomeninges

A

both the arachnoid and pia mater together

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67
Q

Read on Peripheral Nervous System

A

pg 520 - 523

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68
Q

Complete Lower Portion of Anatomy Review

A

pg 524

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69
Q

The main function of the nervous system

A

is to identify and respond to internal and external changes in the environment to maintain homeostasis.

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70
Q

Functional relationships between the nervous system and

Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune

A
  • identifies/responds to changes in blood/lymph composition to maintain homeostasis.
  • identifies pathologically altered tissue and assists immune system in containing injury and promoting healing.
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71
Q

Functional relationships between the nervous system and

Cardiovascular

A
  • Nervous tissue, especially the conduction system of the heart, transmits a contraction impulse.
  • The nervous system identifies pressure changes on vascular walls and responds to regulate blood pressure.
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72
Q

Functional relationships between the nervous system and

Digestive

A
  • stimuli propel food by peristalsis.

* receptors identify need to defecate.

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73
Q

Functional relationships between the nervous system and

Endocrine

A

• The hypothalamus regulates hormone production.

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74
Q

Functional relationships between the nervous system and

Female Reproductive

A
  • transmits contraction impulses for delivery
  • provides stimuli needed for lactation
  • regulates hormones for menstrual cycle
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75
Q

Functional relationships between the nervous system and

Integumentary

A
  • environmental stimuli response

* body temperature regulation (shivering/sweating)

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76
Q

Functional relationships between the nervous system and

Male Reproductive

A
  • regulates sexual responses

* provides pleasure responses through nervous tissue

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77
Q

Functional relationships between the nervous system and

Musculoskeletal

A
  • impulses (contraction) resulting in voluntary/involuntary movement of muscles.
  • Autonomic nervous tissue responds to positional changes.
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78
Q

Functional relationships between the nervous system and

Respiratory

A
  • The nervous system stimulates muscle contractions that create the pressure changes necessary for ventilation.
  • The nervous system regulates the rate and depth of breathing.
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79
Q

Functional relationships between the nervous system and

Urinary

A
  • The nervous system stimulates the thirst reflex when body fluid levels are low.
  • The nervous system regulates all aspects of urine formation.
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80
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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81
Q

cerebr/o/tomy

A

incision of the cerebrum

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82
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

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83
Q

crani/o/malacia

A

softening of the cranium

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84
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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85
Q

encephal/o/cele

A

hernia, swelling of the brain

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86
Q

gangli/o

A

ganglion (knot or knotlike mass)

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87
Q

gangli/ectomy

A

removal of the ganglion (knot or knotlike mass)

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88
Q

gli/o

A

glue; neuroglial tissue

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89
Q

gli/oma

A

tumor of neuroglial tissue

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90
Q

kinesi/o

A

movement

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91
Q

brady/kines/ia

A

condition of slow movement

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92
Q

lept/o

A

thin, slender

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93
Q

lept/o/mening/o/pathy

A

disease of thin, slender meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

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94
Q

lex/o

A

word, phrase

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95
Q

dys/lex/ia

A

condition of bad, painful, difficult, word, phrase

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96
Q

mening/o

A

meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

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97
Q

mening/o

A

meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

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98
Q

mening/o/cele

A

hernia, swelling of the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

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99
Q

meningi/o

A

meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

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100
Q

meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

A

mening/o

meningi/o

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101
Q

meningi/oma

A

tumor of meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

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102
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

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103
Q

poli/o/myel/itis

A

inflammation of the gray; gray matter and bone marrow; spinal cord

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104
Q

narc/o

A

stupor; numbness; sleep

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105
Q

narc/o/tic

A

pertaining to stupor; numbness; sleep

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106
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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107
Q

neur/o/lysis

A

separation; destruction; loosening of nerve

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108
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root

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109
Q

radicul/algia

A

pain of nerve root

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110
Q

sthen/o

A

strength

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111
Q

hyper/sthen/ia

A

condition of excessive, above normal strength

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112
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

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113
Q

thalam/o/tomy

A

incision of the thalamus

114
Q

thec/o

A

sheath (usually referring to the meninges)

115
Q

intra/thec/al

A

pertaining to within the sheath (usually referring to the meninges)

116
Q

ton/o

A

tension

117
Q

dys/ton/ia

A

condition of bad, painful, difficult tension

118
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle (of the heart or brain)

119
Q

ventricul/itis

A

inflammation of the ventricle (of the heart or brain)

120
Q

-algesia

A

pain

121
Q

an/algesia

A

pain without

122
Q

-algia

A

pain

123
Q

pain

A
  • algesia

- algia

124
Q

syn/algia

A

pain union, together, joined

125
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness, debility

126
Q

my/asthenia

A

muscle weakness, debility

127
Q

-esthesia

A

feeling

128
Q

hyper/esthesia

A

excessive, above normal feeling

129
Q

-kinesia

A

movement

130
Q

hyper/kinesia

A

excessive, above normal movement

131
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

132
Q

narc/o/lepsy

A

sleep seizure

133
Q

-paresis

A

partial paralysis

134
Q

hemi/paresis

A

one-half partial paralysis

135
Q

-phasia

A

speech

136
Q

a/phasia

A

without speech

137
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

138
Q

quadri/plegia

A

paralysis of four

139
Q

-taxia

A

order, coordination

140
Q

a/taxia

A

without order

141
Q

pachy-

A

thick

142
Q

pachy/mening/itis

A

inflammation of thick meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)

143
Q

para-

A

near, beside; beyond

144
Q

para/plegia

A

paralysis near, beside; beyond

145
Q

syn-

A

union, together, joined

146
Q

syn/algia

A

pain union, together, joined

147
Q

Complete Learning Activity 15-1

A

pg 548

148
Q

Complete Learning Activity 15-2

A

pg 549

149
Q

dyskinesia

A

involuntary movement

150
Q

Neurology

A

is the branch of medicine concerned with neurological diseases

151
Q

neurologist

A

The physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders

152
Q

Psychiatry

A

is the branch of medicine concerned with mental illnesses

153
Q

psychiatrist.

A

The physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental illness

154
Q

Disorders of the Nervous System

A

Cerebrovascular Disease
Seizure Disorders
Multiple Sclerosis
Mental Illness

155
Q

Cerebrovascular Disease

A

group of disorders affecting the vessels that supply blood to the brain.

causes stokes

156
Q

3 major types of stokes:

A

ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage

157
Q

2 other terms for stoke:

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or “brain attack

158
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage

A

sudden rupture of an artery within the brain

159
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

blood is released into the space between the brain and the tissues that surround the brain. This condition is commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm and is usually fatal

160
Q

ischemic stroke

A

are similar to that of a heart attack and include emboli, thrombi, and atherosclerosis that limit blood flow to brain tissue

161
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

aka mini stroke
type of stroke in which symptoms resolve within 24 hours and do not cause permanent damage. TIAs require immediate medical attention because they are often a precursor to a full-blown stroke.

162
Q

ataxia

A

lack of muscle coordination

163
Q

Seizure disorders

A

sudden changes in behavior/consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity in brain

epileptic seizures and nonepileptic seizures

164
Q

epileptic seizures

A

no known cause, are chronic, and occur repeatedly

165
Q

nonepileptic seizures

A

triggered by disorders or conditions that irritate the brain.

These triggers commonly include brain injury, congenital anomalies, metabolic disorders, brain tumors, fever, vascular disturbances, and genetic disorders.

166
Q

partial seizures

A

only a portion of the brain is involved. There is a short alteration of consciousness of about 10 to 30 seconds with repetitive, unusual movements and confusion.

167
Q

generalized seizure

A

, the entire brain is involved. The most common type of generalized seizure is the tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure

168
Q

tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure

A

. In tonic-clonic seizures, the body alternates between excessive muscle tone and rigidity (tonic) and jerking muscle contractions (clonic) in the extremities.

169
Q

postictal event

A

After the seizure, such neurological symptoms as weakness, confusion, headache, and nausea may occur. These symptoms are called a postictal event, which commonly lasts for 5 to 30 minutes but may last longer with a severe seizure.

170
Q

aura

A

Many patients experience a warning signal (aura) of an imminent seizure

171
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

autoimmune disease
targets CNS myelin sheath on nerves
impedes transmission of electrical impulses

172
Q

Mental illness

A

includes an array of psychological disorders, syndromes, and behavioral patterns that cause alterations in mood, behavior, and thinking

173
Q

clinical psychologists

A

individuals trained in evaluating human behavior, intelligence, and personality

174
Q

affective disorder

A

Psychological disorder in which the major characteristic is an abnormal mood, usually mania or depression

175
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

Eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain adequate weight for age and height and an all-consuming desire to remain thin

176
Q

anxiety

A

Psychological “worry” disorder characterized by excessive pondering or thinking “what if…”

177
Q

attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

Disorder affecting children and adults and characterized by impulsiveness, overactivity, and the inability to remain focused on a task

178
Q

autism

A

Developmental disorder characterized by extreme withdrawal and an abnormal absorption in fantasy, usually accompanied by an inability to communicate even on a basic level

179
Q

bipolar disorder

A

Mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, emotion, energy, and the ability to function; also called manic-depressive illness

q

180
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

Eating disorder characterized by binging (overeating) and purging (vomiting or use of laxatives)

181
Q

depression

A

Mood disorder associated with sadness, despair, discouragement and, commonly, feelings of low self-esteem, guilt, and withdrawal

182
Q

mania

A

Mood disorder characterized by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganized behavior, and excessively elevated mood

183
Q

neurosis

A

Nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior

184
Q

panic attack

A

Sudden, intense feeling of fear that comes without warning and is not attributable to any immediate danger

185
Q

psychosis

A

Major emotional disorder in which contact with reality is lost to the point that the individual is incapable of meeting the challenges of daily life

186
Q

primary intracranial tumors

A

Intracranial tumors that originate directly in brain tissue

187
Q

papilledema

A

optic disc in the back of the eyeball swells

188
Q

gnos

A

knowing

189
Q

agnosia

A

Inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations, even though the sensory sphere is intact

190
Q

Alzheimer disease (AD)

A

Type of age-associated dementia caused by small lesions called plaques that develop in the cerebral cortex and interrupt the passage of electrochemical signals between cells; also called cerebral degeneration

191
Q

anencephaly

A

Congenital deformity in which some or all of the fetal brain is missing

192
Q

encephal:

A

brain

193
Q

closed head trauma

A

Injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed

194
Q

coma

A

Abnormally deep unconsciousness with an absence of voluntary response to stimuli

195
Q

concussion

A

Traumatic injury to the brain that causes unconscoiousness and is commonly of a temporary nature

196
Q

convulsion

A

Any sudden and violent contraction of one or more voluntary muscles that is commonly associated with such brain disorders as epilepsy

197
Q

dementia

A

Broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment

198
Q

ment:

A

mind

199
Q

dyslexia

A

Inability to learn and process written language, despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure

200
Q

lex:

A

word, phrase

201
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

Autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves damaging their myelin sheaths, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness; also called infective or idiopathic polyneuritis

202
Q

herpes zoster

A

Acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body or, occasionally, the face that is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox; also called shingles (See Fig. 15-7.)

203
Q

Huntington chorea

A

CNS disorder characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration; also called neurodegenerative genetic disorder

204
Q

hydrocephalus

A

Accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones

205
Q

lethargy

A

Abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli

206
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

Chronic, progressive disorder in which a loss of neurotransmitter receptors produces increasingly severe muscle weakness (See Fig. 15-8.)

207
Q

-asthenia:

A

weakness, debility

208
Q

spina bifida

A

Congenital deformity of the neural tube (embryonic structure that becomes the fetal brain and spinal cord), which fails to close during fetal development; also called neural tube defect

209
Q

meningocele

A

Form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine

210
Q

myelomeningocele

A

Most severe form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine

211
Q

occulta

A

Form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed, and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin

212
Q

palsy

A

Paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor

213
Q

Bell palsy

A

Facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve; also called facial nerve palsy

214
Q

cerebral palsy (CP)

A

Type of paralysis that affects movement and muscle coordination and may affect gross and fine motor skills

215
Q

paralysis

A

Loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation

216
Q

paresthesia

A

Sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity

217
Q

Parkinson disease

A

Degenerative disorder in which the progressive loss of brain cells leads to impairment in motor function, including tremors, muscular rigidity, and a slowing of movement; also called paralysis agitans or shaking palsy

218
Q

poliomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

219
Q

poli/o:

A

gray; gray matter (of the

brain or spinal cord)

220
Q

radiculopathy

A

Disorder affecting one or more nerves at the location where the nerve root exits the spine and commonly the result of a herniated or compressed disk, degenerative changes, arthritis, or bone spurs; also called radiculitis

221
Q

radicul/o:

A

nerve root

222
Q

Reye syndrome

A

Potentially fatal syndrome that commonly causes brain swelling and liver damage and is characterized by confusion, hyperventilation, violent behavior, seizures, and possibly coma; also called acute noninflammatory encephalopathy and fatty degenerative liver failure

223
Q

syncope

A

Brief loss of consciousness and posture caused by a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain; also called fainting

224
Q

Complete Learning Activity 15-3

A

pg 551

225
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses (See Fig. 15-11, page 540.)

226
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

Recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess muscular disease or nerve damage

227
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

Needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radiopaque substances) to be injected; also called spinal puncture and spinal tap (See Fig. 15-12.)

228
Q

nerve conduction velocity (NCV)

A

Test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve

229
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

A

vLaboratory test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord that helps diagnose disorders of the central nervous system, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage

230
Q

computed tomography angiography (CTA, CT angiography)

A

Radiographic image of the interior of a vessel in combination with a CT scan to produce high-resolution, three-dimensional images of blood vessels

231
Q

discography

A

CT scan of the lumbar region after injection of a contrast medium to detect problems with the spine and spinal nerve roots

232
Q

echoencephalography

A

Ultrasound technique used to study intracranial structures of the brain and diagnose conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain

233
Q

magnetic source imaging (MSI)

A

Noninvasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originates and enable custom surgical treatment for tumor and epileptic tissue resection; also called magnetoencephalography (MEG)

234
Q

myelography

A

Radiographic examination to detect pathology of the spinal cord, including the location of a spinal cord injury, cysts, and tumors following injection of a contrast medium

235
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Computed tomography that records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produces a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease

236
Q

cryosurgery

A

Technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it

237
Q

thalamotomy

A

Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain; involuntary movements, including tremors in Parkinson disease; or emotional disturbances

238
Q

tractotomy

A

Transection of a nerve tract in the brainstem or spinal cord

239
Q

trephination

A

Technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure

240
Q

ventriculoperitoneal shunting

A

Relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting (shunting) excess cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity (See Fig. 15-13.)

241
Q

intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

A

Treatment for ischemic stroke using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a potent clot-busting drug, injected directly into a vein

242
Q

plasmapheresis

A

Extracorporeal procedure to treat patients with autoimmune diseases by removing their plasma containing the offending antibodies and replacing it with donor plasma or plasma substitutes

243
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)

A

Procedure that uses three-dimensional imaging (stereotactic) along with high doses of highly focused radiation to destroy tumors and other abnormal growths in the brain, spinal column, and other body sites with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissue

244
Q

anesthetics

A

Produce partial or complete loss of sensation, with or without loss of consciousness

245
Q

general (anesthetics)

A

Act upon the brain to produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness

246
Q

local (anesthetics)

A

Act upon nerves or nerve tracts to affect only a local area

247
Q

nerve block

anesthetics

A

Blocks pain from the area supplied by that nerve

248
Q

anticonvulsants

A

Prevent uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures by altering electrical transmission along neurons or altering the chemical composition of neurotransmitters; also called antiepileptics

249
Q

antiparkinsonian agents

A

Control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with Parkinson disease by increasing dopamine in the brain

250
Q

antianxiety agents

A

React at distinct receptor sites in the limbic and cortical system to decrease anxiety

251
Q

antipsychotics

A

Treat psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia by altering chemicals in the brain, including the limbic system, which controls emotions

252
Q

antidepressants

A

Treat multiple symptoms of depression by increasing levels of specific neurotransmitters

253
Q

hypnotics

A

Depress central nervous system (CNS) functions, promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness, and restlessness

254
Q

psychostimulants

A

Reduce impulsive behavior by increasing the level of neurotransmitters

255
Q

AD

A

Alzheimer disease

256
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

257
Q

AChR

A

acetylcholine receptor

258
Q

MEG

A

magnetoencephalography

259
Q

ADHD

A

attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

260
Q

MG

A

myasthenia gravis

261
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

262
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

263
Q

CP

A

cerebral palsy

264
Q

MS

A

multiple sclerosis; mental status; musculoskeletal; mitral stenosis

265
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

266
Q

MSI

A

magnetic source imaging

267
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

268
Q

NCV

A

nerve conduction velocity

269
Q

CTA

A

computed tomographyangiography

270
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

271
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

272
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

273
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalography

274
Q

SRS

A

stereotactic radiosurgery

275
Q

EMG

A

electromyography

276
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

277
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure

278
Q

tPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator

279
Q

IV

A

intravenous

280
Q

Complete Learning Activity 15-4

A

pg 552

281
Q

The four major types of neuroglia are

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependyma.

Medical Terminology Systems (16 decks)

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