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Medical Terminology Systems > Ch. 12 Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Female Reproductive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The female reproductive system (function):

A

produce and transport ova

discharge unfertilized ova
OR
nourish/provide place for developing fetus throughout pregnancy (fertilization)

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2
Q

The female reproductive system produces:

A

ova

female sex hormones

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3
Q

Female sex hormones and their function:

A

estrogen and progesterone

responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics (breast development and regulation of menstrual cycle)

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4
Q

external genitalia (define)

A

genitals

sex/reproductive organs visible on outside of body

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5
Q

gestation

A

Length of time from conception to birth

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6
Q

lactation

A

Production and release of milk by mammary glands

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7
Q

orifice

A

Mouth; entrance, or outlet of any anatomical structure

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8
Q

The female reproductive system is composed of:

A

internal organs of reproduction

external genitalia

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9
Q

The internal organs include:

A

ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina

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10
Q

The external genitalia are collectively known as:

A

the vulva

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11
Q

external genitalia components:

A 
labia minora
labia majora
clitoris
Bartholin glands
mons pubis
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12
Q

mons pubis:

A

an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubis (pubic bone).

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13
Q

The area between the vaginal orifice and the anus is known as

A

the perineum

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14
Q

The female reproductive organs include:

A

ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina

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15
Q

The female reproductive organs are designed to:

A
  • produce reproductive cells (ova) & sex hormones
  • transport ova to fertilization site
  • provide favorable environment for developing fetus through pregnancy/childbirth
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16
Q

Hormones play an important role in:

A

the reproductive process, providing their influence at critical times during preconception, fertilization, and gestation.

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17
Q

Review Figure 12-1

A

pg 397

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18
Q

ovaries (anatomically)

A

almond-shaped glands located in the pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus.

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19
Q

Each ovary contains:

A

thousands of tiny, saclike structures called graafian follicles, each containing an ovum.

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20
Q

graafian follicle

A

saclike structures in the ovaries that contain a ovum

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21
Q

mature follicle

A

moves to surface of ovary, ruptures, and releases the ripened ovum (ovulation)

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22
Q

corpus luteum

A

empty follicle that transformed into small yellow mass that secretes estrogen and progesterone
degenerates at end of a nonfertile cycle

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23
Q

Estrogen and progesterone (function):

A
  • regulate menstrual cycle/ menopause
  • prepare uterus for implantation of fertilized egg
  • help maintain pregnancy
  • promote growth of placenta
  • development of secondary sex characteristics
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24
Q

Review Figure 12-2

A

pg 398

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25
Q

fallopian tubes (AKA, anatomically)

A

AKA oviducts, uterine tubes

extend laterally from superior angles of uterus

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26
Q

fimbriae:

A

fingerlike projections that create wavelike currents in fluid surrounding ovary to move ovum into uterine tube.

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27
Q

uterus (location)

A

located in the pelvic area between bladder and rectum

normally tilts forward (anteflexion)

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28
Q

uterus (anatomically, function)

A

muscular, hollow structure shaped like an inverted pear

contains/nourishes embryo from fertilization to birth

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29
Q

3 parts of uterus:

A

fundus - upper, rounded part
body - central part
cervix - inferior constricted portion that opens into vagina (AKA neck of uterus or cervix uteri)

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30
Q

vagina (anatomically, location)

A

from cervix to exterior of body
muscular tube lined with (rugae) and
mucous membrane that give organ an elastic quality

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31
Q

Bartholin glands

A

lubricate the vaginal orifice during intercourse

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32
Q

vagina (function)

A

intercourse organ
semen receptor
discharges menstrual flow
passage for fetal birth

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33
Q

clitoris

A

located anterior to vaginal orifice
composed of erectile tissue with sensory endings
similar in structure to penis but smaller/no urethra.

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34
Q

episiotomy

A

surgical incision of the perineum during childbirth to enlarge vaginal opening for delivery

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35
Q

Each breast is composed:

A 
adipose tissue 
15-20 mammary lobules
lactiferous duct
nipple
areola
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36
Q

lactiferous duct

A

drain mammary lobules of milk through nipple

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37
Q

Menarche

A

initial menstrual period

occurs at puberty

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38
Q

During a menstrual cycle, what changes in response to ovarian hormone levels?

A

uterine endometrium

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39
Q

3 phases of the menstrual cycle:

A

menstrual (days 1-5)
ovulatory (days 6-14)
postovulatory (15-28)

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40
Q

Menstrual Phase

A

Days 1-5
Uterine endometrium sloughs off because of hormonal stimulation.

Detached tissue/blood discharge through vagina.

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41
Q

Ovulatory Phase

A

Days 6–14

day 6 - menstruation stops

endometrium thickens/new tissue built
estrogen levels rise
ova matures in graafian follicles

day 14 - graafian follicle ruptures, releases egg (ovulation)

egg leaves ovary and travels down fallopian tube toward the uterus

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42
Q

Postovulatory Phase

A

Days 15–28
empty follicle fills with yellow material and becomes corpus luteum:

secretes estrogen and progesterone; stimulates regrowth of endometrium

degenerates as hormones decrease and cycle begins again

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43
Q

uterus during pregnancy

A

increases:
size/ muscle mass
vascularity/ elasticity of cervix & vagina
mucosa thickness & secretions

houses placenta
births developed fetus
vaginal canal elongates as uterus rises in pelvis

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44
Q

parturition

A

childbirth

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45
Q

embryo

A

up to 3 months gestation

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46
Q

fetus

A

3 months - birth

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47
Q

Toward the end of gestation, the myometrium:

A

begins to contract weakly at irregular intervals.

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48
Q

View Figure 12-4

A

pg 401

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49
Q

3 stages of labour:

A

dilation
expulsions
placental (or afterbirth)

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50
Q

stage of dilation

A

1st stage of labour
from uterine contractions
to complete dilation of cervix

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51
Q

stage of expulsion

A

2nd stage of labour
from complete cervical dilation
to birth of baby

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52
Q

placental stage (afterbirth)

A

final stage of labour

when uterine contractions discharge placenta from uterus

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53
Q

Menopause

A

end of ovarian activity (~age50)

  • absence of menses for 1 year
  • reduced hormone production
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54
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menses

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55
Q

The period in which symptoms of approaching menopause occur is:

A

known as the change of life or the climacteric.

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56
Q

Complete Anatomy Review

A

pg 402

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57
Q

Complete Anatomy Review

A

pg 403

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58
Q

The main function of the female reproductive system:

A

produce hormones

provide structures that support fertilization and development of a developing fetus

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59
Q

The limited functional relationship between the female reproductive system and

Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune

A
  • The female immune system has special mechanisms that inhibit destruction of sperm cells.
  • The female reproductive tract secretes enzymes and other substances that inhibit entry of pathogens into the internal reproductive structures.
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60
Q

The limited functional relationship between the female reproductive system and

Cardiovascular

A

• Estrogens lower blood cholesterol levels and promote cardiovascular health in premenopausal women.

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61
Q

The limited functional relationship between the female reproductive system and

Digestive

A

• Estrogens have an effect on the metabolic rate.

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62
Q

The limited functional relationship between the female reproductive system and

Endocrine

A
  • Estrogens provide a feedback mechanism that influences pituitary function.
  • Estrogens assist in the production of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone.
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63
Q

The limited functional relationship between the female reproductive system and

Integumentary

A

growth/distribution of body hair.
activity of sebaceous glands.
skin texture
fat distribution

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64
Q

The limited functional relationship between the female reproductive system and

Male Reproductive

A

• The female reproductive system provides the ovum needed to make fertilization by sperm possible.

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65
Q

The limited functional relationship between the female reproductive system and

Musculoskeletal

A

• Estrogen influences muscle development/ size and bone growth/maintenance, and closure of epiphyseal plates.

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66
Q

The limited functional relationship between the female reproductive system and

Nervous

A
  • Estrogen affects central nervous system development and sexual behavior.
  • Estrogen provides antioxidants that have a neuroprotective function.
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67
Q

The limited functional relationship between the female reproductive system and

Respiratory

A
  • Sexual arousal/pregnancy alter breathing rate/depth

* Estrogen good for alveoli

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68
Q

The limited functional relationship between the female reproductive system and

Urinary

A

• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes and maintain the homeostatic mechanisms of the mother and fetus.

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69
Q

amni/o

A

amnion (amniotic sac)

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70
Q

amni/o/centesis

A

surgical puncture of the amniotic sac

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71
Q

cervic/o

A

neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)

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72
Q

cervic/itis

A

inflammation of the neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)

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73
Q

colp/o

A

vagina

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74
Q

colp/o/scopy

A

visual examination of the vagina

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75
Q

vagin/o

A

vagina

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76
Q

vagin/itis

A

inflammation of the vagina

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77
Q

vagina

A

colp/o

vagin/o

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78
Q

galact/o

A

milk

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79
Q

lact/o

A

milk

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80
Q

milk

A

galact/o

lact/o

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81
Q

galact/o/poiesis

A

formation/ production of milk

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82
Q

lact/o/gen

A

forming, producing or origin of milk

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83
Q

gynec/o

A

woman/ female

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84
Q

gynec/o/logist

A

specialist in the study of women/females

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85
Q

hyster/o

A

uterus (womb)

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86
Q

metri/o

A

uterus (womb)

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87
Q

uter/o

A

uterus (womb)

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88
Q

uterus (womb)

A

hyster/o
metri/o
uter/o

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89
Q

hyster/ectomy

A

excision/removal of the uterus (womb)

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90
Q

endo/metri/al

A

pertaining to within the uterus

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91
Q

uter/o/vagin/al

A

pertaining to the uterus and vagina

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92
Q

mamm/o

A

breast

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93
Q

mast/o

A

breast

94
Q

mamm/o/gram

A

record of the breast

95
Q

mast/o/pexy

A

fixation of the breast

96
Q

men/o

A

menses, menstruation

97
Q

men/o

A

menses, menstruation

98
Q

men/o/rrhagia

A

bursting forth of the menses

99
Q

metr/o

A

uterus (womb); measure

100
Q

metr/o/ptosis

A

prolapse, downward displacement of the uterus

101
Q

nat/o

A

birth

102
Q

pre/nat/al

A

pertaining to before birth

103
Q

oophor/o

A

ovary

104
Q

ovari/o

A

ovary

105
Q

oophor/oma

A

tumor of the ovary

106
Q

ovari/o/rrhexis

A

rupture of the ovary

107
Q

perine/o

A

perineum (area between the scrotum [or vulva in the female] and anus)

108
Q

perine/o/rrhaphy

A

suture of the perineum

109
Q

salping/o

A

tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)

110
Q

salping/o/plasty

A

surgical repair of the fallopian tube

111
Q

-arche

A

beginning

112
Q

men/arche

A

beginning of menstruation

113
Q

-cyesis

A

pregnancy

114
Q

pseudo-

A

false

115
Q

pseudo/cyesis

A

false pregnancy

116
Q

-gravida

A

pregnant woman

117
Q

multi/gravida

A

many, much pregnant woman

118
Q

-para

A

to bear (offspring)

119
Q

nulli-

A

none

120
Q

nulli/para

A

to bear none

121
Q

-salpinx

A

tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)

122
Q

hem/o/salpinx

A

fallopian tube of blood

123
Q

-tocia

A

childbirth, labor

124
Q

dys/tocia

A

bad, painful, difficult childbirth

125
Q

-version

A

turning

126
Q

retro/version

A

turning backward

127
Q

ante-

A

before, in front of

128
Q

ante/version

A

turning before, in front of

129
Q

dys/men/o/rrhea

A

discharge/ flow of bad/painful/difficult menstruation

130
Q

endo/metr/itis

A

inflammation within uterus

131
Q

multi/para

A

to bear many

132
Q

post/nat/al

A

pertaining to after birth

133
Q

primi-

A

first

134
Q

primi/gravida

A

pregnant woman of first

135
Q

Complete Learning Activity 12-1

A

pg 424

136
Q

Complete Learning Activity 12-2

A

pg 425

137
Q

Female reproductive disorders may be caused by:

A

infection, injury, or hormonal dysfunction

138
Q

Gynecology (GYN) is the branch of medicine concerned with:

A

diseases of the female reproductive organs and breasts.

139
Q

Obstetrics (OB) is the branch of medicine that:

A

manages the health of a woman and her fetus during pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium.

140
Q

puerperium

A

period after childbirth

reproductive organs return to normal (6 to 8 weeks - ends with the first ovulation)

141
Q

2 main diseases/disorders:

A

Endometriosis

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

142
Q

Endometriosis

A

functional endometrial tissue outside uterus (responds to the hormonal fluctuations of the menstrual cycle)

develops into implants, lesions, or growths and can cause pain, infertility, and other problems.

143
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

anatomical results, cause

A

inflammation of uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and adjacent pelvic structures that spreads upward (ascending infection)

pathogens enter through the vagina during coitus, induced abortion, childbirth, or the postpartum period.

Untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia cause about 90% of all cases of PID.

144
Q

The two most common forms of cancer (CA) involving the female reproductive system are:

A

breast cancer and cervical cancer.

145
Q

Breast cancer

A

most common malignancy of women in US

associated with ovarian hormonal function

146
Q

nulliparous

A

women without children

147
Q

Cervical Cancer

A

ages 40-49

STD’s may be a cause

148
Q

atresia

A

Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening, such as the vagina

149
Q

choriocarcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy

150
Q

chori/o

A

chorion - outermost membrane of embryo

151
Q

carcin:

A

cancer

152
Q

dyspareunia

A

Occurrence of pain during sexual intercourse

153
Q

endocervicitis

A

Inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri

154
Q

menstrual disorders (define, AKA)

A

Abnormal condition in the menstrual cycle; also called dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

155
Q

amenorrhea

A

Absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age

156
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

Cramps or painful menstruation

157
Q

menorrhagia

A

Abnormally heavy, prolonged menstrual period

158
Q

metrorrhagia

A

Irregular uterine bleeding between menstrual periods or after menopause

159
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

Abnormally light or infrequent menstrual periods

160
Q

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

Symptoms that occur between ovulation and the onset of menstruation

161
Q

sterility

A

Inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female

162
Q

uterine fibroids (define, AKAs)

A

Benign tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in the uterus

AKA leiomyomas, myomas, or fibroids

163
Q

abortion (AB)

A

Termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of surviving on its own

164
Q

abruptio placentae (define, AKA)

A

Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the third stage of labor; also called placental abruption

165
Q

breech presentation

A

Common abnormality of delivery in which the fetal buttocks or feet present first rather than the head

166
Q

Down syndrome (define, AKA)

A

Genetic condition in which there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy), altering physical and mental development of the child; also called trisomy 21

167
Q

eclampsia

A

Most serious form of toxemia during pregnancy

168
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

Pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum becomes implanted on any tissue other than the lining of the uterine cavity

169
Q

placenta previa

A

Obstetric complication in which the placenta is attached close to or covers the cervical canal and that results in bleeding during labor when the cervix dilates

170
Q

Complete Learning Activity 12-3

A

pg 427

171
Q

amniocentesis

A

Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance using a needle (with the needle’s position verified by US on a monitor screen) and syringe to remove amniotic fluid (See Fig. 12-8.)

172
Q

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

Sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects

173
Q

colposcopy

A

Visual examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colposcope)

174
Q

cordocentesis (define, AKA)

A

Diagnostic prenatal test
sample of baby’s blood taken from umbilical cord
AKA: percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS)

175
Q

endometrial biopsy

A

Removal of a sample of uterine endometrium for microscopic study

176
Q

insufflation

A

Delivery of pressurized air or gas into a cavity, chamber, or organ to allow visual examination, remove an obstruction, or apply medication

177
Q

Papanicolaou (Pap) test

A

An exfoliative cytology test to detect abnormal cells that are scraped from the cervix, usually obtained during routine pelvic examination (See Fig. 12-9.)

178
Q

pelvimetry

A

Measurement of pelvic dimensions to determine whether the head of the fetus will be able to pass through the bony pelvis to allow vaginal delivery

179
Q

hysterosalpingography (HSG)

A

Radiography and, usually, fluoroscopy of the uterus and uterine tubes (oviducts) following injection of a contrast medium

180
Q

mammography

A

Radiographic examination of the breast to screen for breast cancer

181
Q

transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS)

A

Ultrasonography of the pelvic area performed with a probe inserted into the vagina, which provides sharper images of pathological and normal structures within the pelvis

182
Q

cerclage

A

Suturing of the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely during pregnancy, thus decreasing the chance of a spontaneous abortion or preterm birth

183
Q

cesarean section (C-section)

A

Incision of the abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus; also called C-section

184
Q

colpocleisis

A

Surgical closure of the vaginal canal

185
Q

conization

A

Excision of a cone-shaped piece of tissue, such as mucosa of the cervix, for histological examination

186
Q

cryosurgery

A

Process of freezing tissue to destroy cells; also called cryocautery

187
Q

dilation and curettage (D&C)

A

Widening of the cervical canal with a dilator and scraping of the uterine endometrium with a curette

188
Q

hysterectomy

A

Excision of the uterus (See Fig. 12-11.)

189
Q

subtotal hysterectomy

A

Hysterectomy in which the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes remain

190
Q

total hysterectomy

A

Hysterectomy in which the cervix is removed but the ovaries and fallopian tubes remain; also called complete hysterectomy

191
Q

total plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

hysterectomy

A

Total (complete) hysterectomy, including removal of the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries

192
Q

laparoscopy

A

Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus (See Fig. 12-12, page 418.)

193
Q

lumpectomy

A

Excision of a small primary breast tumor (or “lump”) and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it (See Fig. 12-13.)

194
Q

mammoplasty

A

Surgical reconstruction of the breast(s) to change the size, shape, or position

195
Q

augmentation

A

Insertion of a breast prosthesis (filled with silicone gel or saline) beneath the skin or beneath the pectoralis major muscle

196
Q

reduction

A

Breast reduction to reduce the size of a large, pendulous breast

197
Q

mastectomy

A

Removal of the breast

198
Q

total (simple)

mastectomy

A

Excision of the entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin

199
Q

modified radical

mastectomy

A

Excision of the entire breast, including the lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection) but with the chest muscles left intact (See Fig. 12-13B.)

200
Q

radical

mastectomy

A

Excision of the entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and the chest wall muscles under the breast

201
Q

reconstructive breast surgery

A

Creation of a breast-shaped mound to replace a breast that has been removed as a result of cancer or other disease

202
Q

tissue (skin) expansion

A

balloon expander inserted under chest muscle
saline solution is gradually injected to increase size
expander replaced with permanent implant

203
Q

transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap

A

Surgical creation of skin flap using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen, which is passed under the skin to the breast area; the abdominal tissue (flap) is then shaped into a natural-looking breast and sutured into place

204
Q

tubal ligation

A

Procedure that ties (ligates) the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy

205
Q

intrauterine device (IUD)

A

Small, T-shaped device inserted by a physician inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy

206
Q

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A

is the use of synthetic or natural estrogens or a combination of estrogen and progestin to replace the decline or lack of natural hormones, a condition that accompanies hysterectomy and menopause

207
Q

antifungals

A

Treat vaginal yeast infection by altering the yeast cell membrane or interfering with a metabolic process

208
Q

estrogens

A

Treat symptoms of menopause (hot flashes, vaginal dryness, fatigue) through hormone replacement therapy (HRT); may be given orally or topically; topical use may decrease risks

209
Q

oral contraceptives

A

Synthetic hormones used to prevent pregnancy and treat menstrual disorders

210
Q

oxytocics

A

Induce labor at term by increasing the strength and frequency of uterine contractions

211
Q

prostaglandins

A

Terminate pregnancy

212
Q

spermicides

A

Chemically destroy sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus

213
Q

AUB

A

abnormal uterine bleeding

214
Q

C-section, CS

A

cesarean section

215
Q

CVS

A

chorionic villus sampling

216
Q

D&C

A

dilatation (dilation) and curettage

217
Q

DUB

A

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

218
Q

GYN

A

gynecology

219
Q

HRT

A

hormone replacement therapy

220
Q

IUD

A

intrauterine device

221
Q

LMP

A

last menstrual period

222
Q

OB

A

obstetrics

223
Q

OCPs

A

oral contraceptive pills

224
Q

Pap

A

Papanicolaou (test)

225
Q

para 1, 2, 3 and so on

A

unipara, bipara, tripara (number of viable births)

226
Q

PUBS

A

percutaneous umbilical blood sampling

227
Q

PID

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

228
Q

STI

A

sexually transmitted infection

229
Q

TRAM

A

transverse rectus abdominis muscle (flap)

230
Q

TVUS

A

transvaginal ultrasonography

231
Q

Complete Learning Activity 12-4

A

pg 428

Medical Terminology Systems (16 decks)

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