Ch. 11 Urinary System Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
The urinary system consists of:
A
two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
2
Q
The primary function of the urinary system is:
A
regulation of the extracellular fluids of the body (primarily plasma and tissue fluid).
3
Q
The kidneys main purpose:
A
remove waste products from plasma as they form urine.
4
Q
Urines path:
A
Urine, containing waste products, passes from the kidneys via the ureters to the urinary bladder for temporary storage before it is excreted from the body through the urethra.
5
Q
electrolyte
A
Mineral salt of the body
carries electrical charge
regulates nerve impulses, muscle contraction, hydration, and blood pH
6
Q
filtrate
A
Fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into Bowman capsule
7
Q
nitrogenous waste (define, contents)
A
Product of protein metabolism that includes urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia
8
Q
peristaltic wave
A
Sequence of rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow
9
Q
peritoneum
A
Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity
10
Q
pH
A
Symbol that expresses the alkalinity or acidity of a solution
11
Q
plasma
A
Liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved wastes
12
Q
The macroscopic structures that make up the urinary system include:
A
two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra
13
Q
What is the overall function of the macroscopic structures that make up the urinary system?
A
regulate composition of extracellular (blood/tissue) fluids by removing harmful products (nitrogenous wastes/excess electrolytes)
retains beneficial products required by the body.
14
Q
Nitrogenous products are:
A
toxic, and the kidneys must continuously eliminate them, or death will occur within a few days
15
Q
Proper balance of electrolytes are:
A
crucial to operation of the brain, nerves, and muscles and essential for tissue repair
16
Q
Which urinary structure regulates the composition of extracellular fluids?
A
Kidneys
17
Q
What hormone do the kidneys excrete and what is it’s function?
A
erythropoietin
acts on bone marrow to stimulate production of red blood cells when blood oxygen levels are low.
18
Q
Review Figure 11-1
A
pg 360
19
Q
Location of kidneys:
A
retroperitoneal (outside of peritoneum)
in the abdominal cavity slightly above the waistline
20
Q
renal cortex:
A
the outer area of the kidney
21
Q
renal medulla:
A
middle area of the kidney
22
Q
nephrons (short definition)
A
microscopic filtering units
23
Q
hilum or hilus
A
near the medial border
opening where renal artery enters and renal vein exits kidney
24
Q
Urine originated from:
A
the kidneys removing waste products from blood in the renal arteries.
25
ureter
moves urine in PERISTALTIC WAVES from renal pelvis to bladder (ureteral orifice)
slender tube ~10-12" inches long
26
renal pelvis
hollow cavity
| merges kidney with ureter
27
peristaltic waves (function)
keep urine flowing toward the bladder, rather than regurgitating back into the kidney during urination when bladder pressure increases
28
urinary bladder
expandable hollow organ
temporary reservoir for urine
contains rugae that expand as bladder fills
29
trigone
leads to urethra
located at the base of kidneys
triangular area formed by two openings of the ureters and the urethra
30
urethra
a tube that discharges urine from the bladder.
1.5˝ in women
7˝ to 8˝ in men (passes through prostate gland and penis)
31
urination (define and AKA)
aka micturition
expels urine through an opening in the urethra, the urinary meatus.
32
Complete Anatomy Review
pg 362
Urinary Structures
33
Approximately, how many nephrons are in a kidney?
1 million
34
nephron (function)
remove nitrogenous wastes, excess electrolytes (other products that exceed body limit)
maintain homeostasis by continually adjusting/regulating composition, volume, and pH of blood plasma and tissue fluid
35
2 nephron structures:
renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
36
renal corpuscle is composed of:
glomerulus (tuft of capillaries )
Bowman (glomerular) capsule (modified, enlarged extension of the renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus)
37
afferent arteriole
carries blood to the glomerulus
| larger than efferent arteriole
38
efferent arteriole
carries blood from the glomerulus
| smaller than afferent arteriole
39
What is significant about the size difference in the afferent and efferent arterioles?
provides the needed pressure to force fluids and soluble material from blood plasma into the Bowman capsule
40
filtrate resembles:
plasma but with less protein
41
efferent arteriole passes behind the:
renal corpuscle to form peritubular capillaries
42
peritubular capillaries
network of capillaries that surround the renal tubule
43
4 sections if renal tubule:
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal tubule
collecting tubule
44
collecting tubule:
transports newly formed urine to renal pelvis for excretion by kidneys
45
nephron performs three physiological functions as it produces urine:
filtration
absorption
secretion
46
Filtration
When contents of plasma (water, electrolytes, sugar, and other small molecules) pass from afferent tubule into Bowman capsule to form filtrate.
47
Reabsorption
as filtrate travels through renal tubule, water/electrolytes/amino acids
reenter circulating blood through peritubular capillaries
48
Secretion
final stage of urine formation
peritubular capillaries secrete waste products, such as (ammonia, uric acid, metabolic products of medications)
into renal tubules for removal in urine.
49
Urines exit nephron from ________ and enters the ______
collecting tubule
| renal pelvis
50
View Figure 11-2
Nephron pg 360
51
Complete Anatomy Review
Nephron pg 362
52
The main function of the urinary system is to
regulate extracellular fluids of the body
53
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
* filters plasma, regulating blood plasma and lymph.
| * reabsorbs needed products/ removes unwanted from plasma
54
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Cardiovascular
• regulates electrolytes needed for contraction of heart.
55
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Digestive
* removes excessive glucose from blood
| * removes excessive fluids absorbed from GI tract
56
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Endocrine
* The urinary system regulates electrolyte and fluid balance, which is essential for hormone transport in the blood.
* The urinary system produces erythropoietin, a hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys to stimulate bone marrow production of blood cells.
57
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Female Reproductive
• The urinary system aids in removing waste products produced by the fetus in the pregnant woman.
58
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Integumentary
* The urinary system compensates for extracellular fluid loss resulting from hyperhidrosis by regulating fluid loss during urine production.
* The urinary system adjusts electrolytes, especially potassium and sodium, in response to their loss through sweating.
59
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Male Reproductive
• The urinary system shares the urethra with the male reproductive system for delivery of semen to the female.
60
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Musculoskeletal
• The urinary system works in conjunction with bone tissue to maintain a constant calcium level.
61
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Nervous
• The urinary system regulates sodium, potassium, and calcium, which are the electrolytes responsible for the transmission of nervous stimuli.
62
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Respiratory
• The urinary system assists the lungs in regulating the acid–base balance of the body.
63
albumin/o
albumin, protein
64
albumin/oid
resembling albumin
65
azot/o
nitrogenous compounds
66
bacteri/o
bacteria (singular, bacterium)
67
cyst/o
bladder
68
vesic/o
bladder
69
glomerul/o
glomerulus
70
kal/i*
potassium (an electrolyte)
71
keton/o
ketone bodies (acids and acetones)
72
lith/o
stone, calculus
73
meat/o
opening, meatus
74
nephr
kidney
75
ren/o
kidney
76
noct/o
night
77
kidney
nephr/o
| ren/o
78
olig/o
scanty
79
py/o
pus
80
pyel/o
renal pelvis
81
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
82
ureter/o
ureter
83
urethr/o
urethra
84
-genesis
forming; producing; origin
85
-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
86
-uria
urine
87
dia-
through, across
88
retro-
backward, behind
89
bladder
cyst/o
| vesic/o
90
azot/emia
blood condition of nitrogenous compounds
91
-uria
urine
92
bacteri/uria
urine of bacteria
93
cyst/o/scope
instrument for examining bladder
94
-cele
hernia
95
vesic/o/cele
hernia or swelling of the bladder
96
glomerul/o/pathy
disease of the glomerulus
97
kal/i/ur/esis
condition of potassium of urine
98
keton/uria
ketone bodies in urine
99
lith/o/tripsy
crushing of stone/calculus
100
meat/o/tomy
incision of opening, meatus
101
nephr/o/pexy
fixation of kidney
102
noct/uria
night urination
103
olig/uria
scanty urine
104
py/uria
pus urine
105
pyel/o/plasty
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
106
ur/o/lith
urine or urinary tract stone
107
ureter/ectasis
dilation or expansion of the ureter
108
urethr/o/stenosis
narrowing or stricture of the urethra
109
lith/o/genesis
forming; producing; origin of a stone
110
lith/iasis
abnormal condition/increase of stones or calculus
111
poly/uria
much urine
112
dia/lysis
separation; destruction; loosening through or across
113
retro/peritone/al
pertaining to behind the peritoneum
114
Complete Learning Activity 11-1
pg 382
115
Complete Learning Activity 11-2
pg 383
116
urinary system disorders causes:
congenital anomalies
infectious diseases
trauma
Secondary involvement of urinary structures
117
dysuria
pain during urination
118
Urology
is the branch of medicine concerned with urinary disorders and diseases of the male reproductive system
119
urologist
physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary disorders
120
nephrologists specialize in:
nephrology - the branch of medicine concerned specifically with diseases of the kidney, electrolyte imbalance, renal transplantation, and dialysis therapy
121
Notable Disease of Urinary System:
Glomerulonephritis
Nephrolithiasis
Acute Tubular Necrosis
122
Glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomerular membrane in nephrons, causing it to become “leaky” (permeable)
causes proteinuria, hematuria, bacteruria.
123
What causes Glomerulonephritis?
bacterial endocarditis
viral infections
autoimmune diseases
toxin of pathogenic bacteria (streptococci) affecting another part of body -often “strep throat”
124
Nephrolithiasis
kidney stones
solidified urine salts
become lodged in ureters causing urine to flow backward into renal pelvis, causing it to dilate.
125
urolithiasis
stones that form in the urinary tract
126
ureterolithiasis
stone that has become lodged, clocking the ureter
127
colic
intense, throbbing pain
128
reflux
backwards flow
129
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
produces concentrated ultrasound shock waves used to pulverizing stones
130
percutaneous nephrolithotomy [PCNL]
alternative to ESWL
minimally invasive surgery
small incision to remove stone
131
lithotriptor
ultrasonic or electrohydraulic probe that breaks stone into smaller pieces
132
nephrostomy tube
used to drain urine from kidneys
133
acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
tubular portion of the nephron is injured
134
nephrotoxic ATN
tubular portion of the nephron is injured after the ingestion of toxic drugs
135
ischemic ATN
```
tubular portion of the nephron is injured by a decrease in blood supply from:
circulatory collapse,
severe hypotension
hemorrhage
dehydration
other disorders that affect blood supply
```
136
scanty
small or insufficient
137
oliguria
scanty urine production
138
hypercalcemia
increased blood levels of calcium
139
2 types of bladder cancer:
transitional cell carcinoma
| adenocarcinoma
140
Transitional cell carcinoma
95% of bladder cancers in US
transitional cells line bladder, ureters, & urethra
progresses to malignant tumors
141
Adenocarcinoma
1% of bladder cancers in US
| from invasive cancer forming in mucus-secreting glands in bladder
142
transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)
electric current or high-energy laser with device passed through urethra to destroy malignant tissue
143
cystectomy
removal of bladder
144
intravesical
injection directly into the bladder
145
anuria
Absence of urine production or output
146
bladder neck obstruction (BNO)
Blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
147
cystocele
Prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between the bladder and vagina (See Fig. 11-5.)
148
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival
149
enuresis
Involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence
150
en-
in, within
151
fistula
Abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
152
hydronephrosis
Abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys caused by pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract
153
interstitial cystitis (IC)
Chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy; also called painful bladder syndrome
154
nephrotic syndrome
Loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
155
neurogenic bladder
Impairment of bladder control as a result of brain, spinal cord, or nerve damage
156
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Infection of the kidney, usually the result of an infection that begins in the urethra or bladder and ascends the ureters to the kidney
157
urgency
Sensation of the need to void immediately
158
urinary tract infection (UTI)
An infection, typically of bacterial origin, in any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys (acute pyelonephritis), bladder (cystitis), or urethra (urethritis)
159
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
Disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually as a result of impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter
160
Wilms tumor
Rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney that usually occurs in children; also called nephroblastoma
161
Complete Learning Activity 11-3
pg 385
162
electromyography (EMG)
Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
163
cystoscopy (cysto)
Examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, to obtain biopsies of tumors or other growths, or to remove polyps
164
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Test that determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism
165
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Test that determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics
166
urinalysis (UA)
Urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
167
bladder ultrasound
A noninvasive painless test that uses high-frequency soundwaves to produce images of the bladder before and after urination to check for urinary retention
168
intravenous pyelography (IVP)
Imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography
169
renal nuclear scan
Nuclear imaging test using a radioactive substance (tracer) injected intravenously to produce images of the kidneys
170
voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
X-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
171
kidney transplant
Replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor (usually a family member or a cadaver who has donated the kidney before death)
172
nephrostomy
Opening created between the skin and kidney to drain urine through a tube to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so
173
ureteral stent placement
Insertion of a thin, narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
174
dialysis
Filtering procedure used to remove fluid and waste products from the blood and correct for electrolyte imbalances
175
hemodialysis
Dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters it using a solution called a dialysate, and then returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient’s bloodstream (See Fig. 11-12.)
176
peritoneal dialysis
Dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution (See Fig. 11-13.)
177
antibiotics
Treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
178
antispasmodics
Decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder
179
diuretics
Promote and increase the excretion of urine
180
potassium supplements
Replace potassium after depletion caused by diuretics
181
ATN
acute tubular necrosis
182
BNO
bladder neck obstruction
183
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
184
C&S
culture and sensitivity
185
cysto
cystoscopy
186
EMG
electromyogram, electromyography
187
ESRD
en-stage renal disease
188
IC
interstitial cystitis
189
IVP
intravenous pyelogram; intravenous pyelography
190
PCNL
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
191
PKD
polycystic kidney disease
192
TURBT
transurethral resection of bladder tumor
193
UA
urinalysis
194
VCUG
voiding cystourethrography lithotripsy
195
VUR
vesicoureteral reflux
196
Complete Learning Activity 11-4
pg 386
