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Medical Terminology Systems > Ch. 11 Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The urinary system consists of:

A

two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.

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2
Q

The primary function of the urinary system is:

A

regulation of the extracellular fluids of the body (primarily plasma and tissue fluid).

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3
Q

The kidneys main purpose:

A

remove waste products from plasma as they form urine.

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4
Q

Urines path:

A

Urine, containing waste products, passes from the kidneys via the ureters to the urinary bladder for temporary storage before it is excreted from the body through the urethra.

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5
Q

electrolyte

A

Mineral salt of the body
carries electrical charge
regulates nerve impulses, muscle contraction, hydration, and blood pH

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6
Q

filtrate

A

Fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into Bowman capsule

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7
Q

nitrogenous waste (define, contents)

A

Product of protein metabolism that includes urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia

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8
Q

peristaltic wave

A

Sequence of rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow

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9
Q

peritoneum

A

Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity

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10
Q

pH

A

Symbol that expresses the alkalinity or acidity of a solution

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11
Q

plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved wastes

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12
Q

The macroscopic structures that make up the urinary system include:

A

two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra

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13
Q

What is the overall function of the macroscopic structures that make up the urinary system?

A

regulate composition of extracellular (blood/tissue) fluids by removing harmful products (nitrogenous wastes/excess electrolytes)
retains beneficial products required by the body.

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14
Q

Nitrogenous products are:

A

toxic, and the kidneys must continuously eliminate them, or death will occur within a few days

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15
Q

Proper balance of electrolytes are:

A

crucial to operation of the brain, nerves, and muscles and essential for tissue repair

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16
Q

Which urinary structure regulates the composition of extracellular fluids?

A

Kidneys

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17
Q

What hormone do the kidneys excrete and what is it’s function?

A

erythropoietin

acts on bone marrow to stimulate production of red blood cells when blood oxygen levels are low.

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18
Q

Review Figure 11-1

A

pg 360

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19
Q

Location of kidneys:

A

retroperitoneal (outside of peritoneum)

in the abdominal cavity slightly above the waistline

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20
Q

renal cortex:

A

the outer area of the kidney

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21
Q

renal medulla:

A

middle area of the kidney

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22
Q

nephrons (short definition)

A

microscopic filtering units

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23
Q

hilum or hilus

A

near the medial border

opening where renal artery enters and renal vein exits kidney

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24
Q

Urine originated from:

A

the kidneys removing waste products from blood in the renal arteries.

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25
Q

ureter

A

moves urine in PERISTALTIC WAVES from renal pelvis to bladder (ureteral orifice)
slender tube ~10-12” inches long

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26
Q

renal pelvis

A

hollow cavity

merges kidney with ureter

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27
Q

peristaltic waves (function)

A

keep urine flowing toward the bladder, rather than regurgitating back into the kidney during urination when bladder pressure increases

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28
Q

urinary bladder

A

expandable hollow organ
temporary reservoir for urine
contains rugae that expand as bladder fills

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29
Q

trigone

A

leads to urethra
located at the base of kidneys
triangular area formed by two openings of the ureters and the urethra

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30
Q

urethra

A

a tube that discharges urine from the bladder.

1.5˝ in women
7˝ to 8˝ in men (passes through prostate gland and penis)

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31
Q

urination (define and AKA)

A

aka micturition

expels urine through an opening in the urethra, the urinary meatus.

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32
Q

Complete Anatomy Review

pg 362

A

Urinary Structures

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33
Q

Approximately, how many nephrons are in a kidney?

A

1 million

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34
Q

nephron (function)

A

remove nitrogenous wastes, excess electrolytes (other products that exceed body limit)

maintain homeostasis by continually adjusting/regulating composition, volume, and pH of blood plasma and tissue fluid

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35
Q

2 nephron structures:

A

renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

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36
Q

renal corpuscle is composed of:

A

glomerulus (tuft of capillaries )

Bowman (glomerular) capsule (modified, enlarged extension of the renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus)

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37
Q

afferent arteriole

A

carries blood to the glomerulus

larger than efferent arteriole

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38
Q

efferent arteriole

A

carries blood from the glomerulus

smaller than afferent arteriole

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39
Q

What is significant about the size difference in the afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

provides the needed pressure to force fluids and soluble material from blood plasma into the Bowman capsule

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40
Q

filtrate resembles:

A

plasma but with less protein

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41
Q

efferent arteriole passes behind the:

A

renal corpuscle to form peritubular capillaries

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42
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

network of capillaries that surround the renal tubule

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43
Q

4 sections if renal tubule:

A

proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal tubule
collecting tubule

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44
Q

collecting tubule:

A

transports newly formed urine to renal pelvis for excretion by kidneys

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45
Q

nephron performs three physiological functions as it produces urine:

A

filtration
absorption
secretion

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46
Q

Filtration

A

When contents of plasma (water, electrolytes, sugar, and other small molecules) pass from afferent tubule into Bowman capsule to form filtrate.

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47
Q

Reabsorption

A

as filtrate travels through renal tubule, water/electrolytes/amino acids
reenter circulating blood through peritubular capillaries

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48
Q

Secretion

A

final stage of urine formation
peritubular capillaries secrete waste products, such as (ammonia, uric acid, metabolic products of medications)
into renal tubules for removal in urine.

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49
Q

Urines exit nephron from ________ and enters the ______

A

collecting tubule

renal pelvis

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50
Q

View Figure 11-2

A

Nephron pg 360

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51
Q

Complete Anatomy Review

A

Nephron pg 362

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52
Q

The main function of the urinary system is to

A

regulate extracellular fluids of the body

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53
Q

functional relationships between the urinary system and

Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune

A
  • filters plasma, regulating blood plasma and lymph.

* reabsorbs needed products/ removes unwanted from plasma

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54
Q

functional relationships between the urinary system and

Cardiovascular

A

• regulates electrolytes needed for contraction of heart.

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55
Q

functional relationships between the urinary system and

Digestive

A
  • removes excessive glucose from blood

* removes excessive fluids absorbed from GI tract

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56
Q

functional relationships between the urinary system and

Endocrine

A
  • The urinary system regulates electrolyte and fluid balance, which is essential for hormone transport in the blood.
  • The urinary system produces erythropoietin, a hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys to stimulate bone marrow production of blood cells.
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57
Q

functional relationships between the urinary system and

Female Reproductive

A

• The urinary system aids in removing waste products produced by the fetus in the pregnant woman.

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58
Q

functional relationships between the urinary system and

Integumentary

A
  • The urinary system compensates for extracellular fluid loss resulting from hyperhidrosis by regulating fluid loss during urine production.
  • The urinary system adjusts electrolytes, especially potassium and sodium, in response to their loss through sweating.
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59
Q

functional relationships between the urinary system and

Male Reproductive

A

• The urinary system shares the urethra with the male reproductive system for delivery of semen to the female.

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60
Q

functional relationships between the urinary system and

Musculoskeletal

A

• The urinary system works in conjunction with bone tissue to maintain a constant calcium level.

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61
Q

functional relationships between the urinary system and

Nervous

A

• The urinary system regulates sodium, potassium, and calcium, which are the electrolytes responsible for the transmission of nervous stimuli.

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62
Q

functional relationships between the urinary system and

Respiratory

A

• The urinary system assists the lungs in regulating the acid–base balance of the body.

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63
Q

albumin/o

A

albumin, protein

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64
Q

albumin/oid

A

resembling albumin

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65
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogenous compounds

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66
Q

bacteri/o

A

bacteria (singular, bacterium)

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67
Q

cyst/o

A

bladder

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68
Q

vesic/o

A

bladder

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69
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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70
Q

kal/i*

A

potassium (an electrolyte)

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71
Q

keton/o

A

ketone bodies (acids and acetones)

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72
Q

lith/o

A

stone, calculus

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73
Q

meat/o

A

opening, meatus

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74
Q

nephr

A

kidney

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75
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

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76
Q

noct/o

A

night

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77
Q

kidney

A

nephr/o

ren/o

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78
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

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79
Q

py/o

A

pus

80
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

81
Q

ur/o

A

urine, urinary tract

82
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

83
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

84
Q

-genesis

A

forming; producing; origin

85
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

86
Q

-uria

A

urine

87
Q

dia-

A

through, across

88
Q

retro-

A

backward, behind

89
Q

bladder

A

cyst/o

vesic/o

90
Q

azot/emia

A

blood condition of nitrogenous compounds

91
Q

-uria

A

urine

92
Q

bacteri/uria

A

urine of bacteria

93
Q

cyst/o/scope

A

instrument for examining bladder

94
Q

-cele

A

hernia

95
Q

vesic/o/cele

A

hernia or swelling of the bladder

96
Q

glomerul/o/pathy

A

disease of the glomerulus

97
Q

kal/i/ur/esis

A

condition of potassium of urine

98
Q

keton/uria

A

ketone bodies in urine

99
Q

lith/o/tripsy

A

crushing of stone/calculus

100
Q

meat/o/tomy

A

incision of opening, meatus

101
Q

nephr/o/pexy

A

fixation of kidney

102
Q

noct/uria

A

night urination

103
Q

olig/uria

A

scanty urine

104
Q

py/uria

A

pus urine

105
Q

pyel/o/plasty

A

surgical repair of the renal pelvis

106
Q

ur/o/lith

A

urine or urinary tract stone

107
Q

ureter/ectasis

A

dilation or expansion of the ureter

108
Q

urethr/o/stenosis

A

narrowing or stricture of the urethra

109
Q

lith/o/genesis

A

forming; producing; origin of a stone

110
Q

lith/iasis

A

abnormal condition/increase of stones or calculus

111
Q

poly/uria

A

much urine

112
Q

dia/lysis

A

separation; destruction; loosening through or across

113
Q

retro/peritone/al

A

pertaining to behind the peritoneum

114
Q

Complete Learning Activity 11-1

A

pg 382

115
Q

Complete Learning Activity 11-2

A

pg 383

116
Q

urinary system disorders causes:

A

congenital anomalies
infectious diseases
trauma
Secondary involvement of urinary structures

117
Q

dysuria

A

pain during urination

118
Q

Urology

A

is the branch of medicine concerned with urinary disorders and diseases of the male reproductive system

119
Q

urologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary disorders

120
Q

nephrologists specialize in:

A

nephrology - the branch of medicine concerned specifically with diseases of the kidney, electrolyte imbalance, renal transplantation, and dialysis therapy

121
Q

Notable Disease of Urinary System:

A

Glomerulonephritis
Nephrolithiasis
Acute Tubular Necrosis

122
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomerular membrane in nephrons, causing it to become “leaky” (permeable)

causes proteinuria, hematuria, bacteruria.

123
Q

What causes Glomerulonephritis?

A

bacterial endocarditis
viral infections
autoimmune diseases
toxin of pathogenic bacteria (streptococci) affecting another part of body -often “strep throat”

124
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

kidney stones
solidified urine salts
become lodged in ureters causing urine to flow backward into renal pelvis, causing it to dilate.

125
Q

urolithiasis

A

stones that form in the urinary tract

126
Q

ureterolithiasis

A

stone that has become lodged, clocking the ureter

127
Q

colic

A

intense, throbbing pain

128
Q

reflux

A

backwards flow

129
Q

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

produces concentrated ultrasound shock waves used to pulverizing stones

130
Q

percutaneous nephrolithotomy [PCNL]

A

alternative to ESWL
minimally invasive surgery
small incision to remove stone

131
Q

lithotriptor

A

ultrasonic or electrohydraulic probe that breaks stone into smaller pieces

132
Q

nephrostomy tube

A

used to drain urine from kidneys

133
Q

acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

A

tubular portion of the nephron is injured

134
Q

nephrotoxic ATN

A

tubular portion of the nephron is injured after the ingestion of toxic drugs

135
Q

ischemic ATN

A 
tubular portion of the nephron is injured by a decrease in blood supply from: 
circulatory collapse, 
severe hypotension
hemorrhage
dehydration
other disorders that affect blood supply
136
Q

scanty

A

small or insufficient

137
Q

oliguria

A

scanty urine production

138
Q

hypercalcemia

A

increased blood levels of calcium

139
Q

2 types of bladder cancer:

A

transitional cell carcinoma

adenocarcinoma

140
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma

A

95% of bladder cancers in US
transitional cells line bladder, ureters, & urethra
progresses to malignant tumors

141
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

1% of bladder cancers in US

from invasive cancer forming in mucus-secreting glands in bladder

142
Q

transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)

A

electric current or high-energy laser with device passed through urethra to destroy malignant tissue

143
Q

cystectomy

A

removal of bladder

144
Q

intravesical

A

injection directly into the bladder

145
Q

anuria

A

Absence of urine production or output

146
Q

bladder neck obstruction (BNO)

A

Blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra

147
Q

cystocele

A

Prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between the bladder and vagina (See Fig. 11-5.)

148
Q

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

Any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival

149
Q

enuresis

A

Involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence

150
Q

en-

A

in, within

151
Q

fistula

A

Abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another

152
Q

hydronephrosis

A

Abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys caused by pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract

153
Q

interstitial cystitis (IC)

A

Chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy; also called painful bladder syndrome

154
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

Loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane

155
Q

neurogenic bladder

A

Impairment of bladder control as a result of brain, spinal cord, or nerve damage

156
Q

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A

Infection of the kidney, usually the result of an infection that begins in the urethra or bladder and ascends the ureters to the kidney

157
Q

urgency

A

Sensation of the need to void immediately

158
Q

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

An infection, typically of bacterial origin, in any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys (acute pyelonephritis), bladder (cystitis), or urethra (urethritis)

159
Q

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

A

Disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually as a result of impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter

160
Q

Wilms tumor

A

Rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney that usually occurs in children; also called nephroblastoma

161
Q

Complete Learning Activity 11-3

A

pg 385

162
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra

163
Q

cystoscopy (cysto)

A

Examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, to obtain biopsies of tumors or other growths, or to remove polyps

164
Q

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

Test that determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism

165
Q

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

A

Test that determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics

166
Q

urinalysis (UA)

A

Urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation

167
Q

bladder ultrasound

A

A noninvasive painless test that uses high-frequency soundwaves to produce images of the bladder before and after urination to check for urinary retention

168
Q

intravenous pyelography (IVP)

A

Imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography

169
Q

renal nuclear scan

A

Nuclear imaging test using a radioactive substance (tracer) injected intravenously to produce images of the kidneys

170
Q

voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)

A

X-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging

171
Q

kidney transplant

A

Replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor (usually a family member or a cadaver who has donated the kidney before death)

172
Q

nephrostomy

A

Opening created between the skin and kidney to drain urine through a tube to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so

173
Q

ureteral stent placement

A

Insertion of a thin, narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney

174
Q

dialysis

A

Filtering procedure used to remove fluid and waste products from the blood and correct for electrolyte imbalances

175
Q

hemodialysis

A

Dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters it using a solution called a dialysate, and then returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient’s bloodstream (See Fig. 11-12.)

176
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

Dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution (See Fig. 11-13.)

177
Q

antibiotics

A

Treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes

178
Q

antispasmodics

A

Decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder

179
Q

diuretics

A

Promote and increase the excretion of urine

180
Q

potassium supplements

A

Replace potassium after depletion caused by diuretics

181
Q

ATN

A

acute tubular necrosis

182
Q

BNO

A

bladder neck obstruction

183
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

184
Q

C&S

A

culture and sensitivity

185
Q

cysto

A

cystoscopy

186
Q

EMG

A

electromyogram, electromyography

187
Q

ESRD

A

en-stage renal disease

188
Q

IC

A

interstitial cystitis

189
Q

IVP

A

intravenous pyelogram; intravenous pyelography

190
Q

PCNL

A

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

191
Q

PKD

A

polycystic kidney disease

192
Q

TURBT

A

transurethral resection of bladder tumor

193
Q

UA

A

urinalysis

194
Q

VCUG

A

voiding cystourethrography lithotripsy

195
Q

VUR

A

vesicoureteral reflux

196
Q

Complete Learning Activity 11-4

A

pg 386

Medical Terminology Systems (16 decks)

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