Ch. 11 Urinary System Flashcards
The urinary system consists of:
two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
The primary function of the urinary system is:
regulation of the extracellular fluids of the body (primarily plasma and tissue fluid).
The kidneys main purpose:
remove waste products from plasma as they form urine.
Urines path:
Urine, containing waste products, passes from the kidneys via the ureters to the urinary bladder for temporary storage before it is excreted from the body through the urethra.
electrolyte
Mineral salt of the body
carries electrical charge
regulates nerve impulses, muscle contraction, hydration, and blood pH
filtrate
Fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into Bowman capsule
nitrogenous waste (define, contents)
Product of protein metabolism that includes urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia
peristaltic wave
Sequence of rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow
peritoneum
Serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity
pH
Symbol that expresses the alkalinity or acidity of a solution
plasma
Liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved wastes
The macroscopic structures that make up the urinary system include:
two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra
What is the overall function of the macroscopic structures that make up the urinary system?
regulate composition of extracellular (blood/tissue) fluids by removing harmful products (nitrogenous wastes/excess electrolytes)
retains beneficial products required by the body.
Nitrogenous products are:
toxic, and the kidneys must continuously eliminate them, or death will occur within a few days
Proper balance of electrolytes are:
crucial to operation of the brain, nerves, and muscles and essential for tissue repair
Which urinary structure regulates the composition of extracellular fluids?
Kidneys
What hormone do the kidneys excrete and what is it’s function?
erythropoietin
acts on bone marrow to stimulate production of red blood cells when blood oxygen levels are low.
Review Figure 11-1
pg 360
Location of kidneys:
retroperitoneal (outside of peritoneum)
in the abdominal cavity slightly above the waistline
renal cortex:
the outer area of the kidney
renal medulla:
middle area of the kidney
nephrons (short definition)
microscopic filtering units
hilum or hilus
near the medial border
opening where renal artery enters and renal vein exits kidney
Urine originated from:
the kidneys removing waste products from blood in the renal arteries.
ureter
moves urine in PERISTALTIC WAVES from renal pelvis to bladder (ureteral orifice)
slender tube ~10-12” inches long
renal pelvis
hollow cavity
merges kidney with ureter
peristaltic waves (function)
keep urine flowing toward the bladder, rather than regurgitating back into the kidney during urination when bladder pressure increases
urinary bladder
expandable hollow organ
temporary reservoir for urine
contains rugae that expand as bladder fills
trigone
leads to urethra
located at the base of kidneys
triangular area formed by two openings of the ureters and the urethra
urethra
a tube that discharges urine from the bladder.
1.5˝ in women
7˝ to 8˝ in men (passes through prostate gland and penis)
urination (define and AKA)
aka micturition
expels urine through an opening in the urethra, the urinary meatus.
Complete Anatomy Review
pg 362
Urinary Structures
Approximately, how many nephrons are in a kidney?
1 million
nephron (function)
remove nitrogenous wastes, excess electrolytes (other products that exceed body limit)
maintain homeostasis by continually adjusting/regulating composition, volume, and pH of blood plasma and tissue fluid
2 nephron structures:
renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
renal corpuscle is composed of:
glomerulus (tuft of capillaries )
Bowman (glomerular) capsule (modified, enlarged extension of the renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus)
afferent arteriole
carries blood to the glomerulus
larger than efferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
carries blood from the glomerulus
smaller than afferent arteriole
What is significant about the size difference in the afferent and efferent arterioles?
provides the needed pressure to force fluids and soluble material from blood plasma into the Bowman capsule
filtrate resembles:
plasma but with less protein
efferent arteriole passes behind the:
renal corpuscle to form peritubular capillaries
peritubular capillaries
network of capillaries that surround the renal tubule
4 sections if renal tubule:
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal tubule
collecting tubule
collecting tubule:
transports newly formed urine to renal pelvis for excretion by kidneys
nephron performs three physiological functions as it produces urine:
filtration
absorption
secretion
Filtration
When contents of plasma (water, electrolytes, sugar, and other small molecules) pass from afferent tubule into Bowman capsule to form filtrate.
Reabsorption
as filtrate travels through renal tubule, water/electrolytes/amino acids
reenter circulating blood through peritubular capillaries
Secretion
final stage of urine formation
peritubular capillaries secrete waste products, such as (ammonia, uric acid, metabolic products of medications)
into renal tubules for removal in urine.
Urines exit nephron from ________ and enters the ______
collecting tubule
renal pelvis
View Figure 11-2
Nephron pg 360
Complete Anatomy Review
Nephron pg 362
The main function of the urinary system is to
regulate extracellular fluids of the body
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
- filters plasma, regulating blood plasma and lymph.
* reabsorbs needed products/ removes unwanted from plasma
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Cardiovascular
• regulates electrolytes needed for contraction of heart.
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Digestive
- removes excessive glucose from blood
* removes excessive fluids absorbed from GI tract
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Endocrine
- The urinary system regulates electrolyte and fluid balance, which is essential for hormone transport in the blood.
- The urinary system produces erythropoietin, a hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys to stimulate bone marrow production of blood cells.
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Female Reproductive
• The urinary system aids in removing waste products produced by the fetus in the pregnant woman.
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Integumentary
- The urinary system compensates for extracellular fluid loss resulting from hyperhidrosis by regulating fluid loss during urine production.
- The urinary system adjusts electrolytes, especially potassium and sodium, in response to their loss through sweating.
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Male Reproductive
• The urinary system shares the urethra with the male reproductive system for delivery of semen to the female.
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Musculoskeletal
• The urinary system works in conjunction with bone tissue to maintain a constant calcium level.
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Nervous
• The urinary system regulates sodium, potassium, and calcium, which are the electrolytes responsible for the transmission of nervous stimuli.
functional relationships between the urinary system and
Respiratory
• The urinary system assists the lungs in regulating the acid–base balance of the body.
albumin/o
albumin, protein
albumin/oid
resembling albumin
azot/o
nitrogenous compounds
bacteri/o
bacteria (singular, bacterium)
cyst/o
bladder
vesic/o
bladder
glomerul/o
glomerulus
kal/i*
potassium (an electrolyte)
keton/o
ketone bodies (acids and acetones)
lith/o
stone, calculus
meat/o
opening, meatus
nephr
kidney
ren/o
kidney
noct/o
night
kidney
nephr/o
ren/o
olig/o
scanty
py/o
pus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
-genesis
forming; producing; origin
-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
-uria
urine
dia-
through, across
retro-
backward, behind
bladder
cyst/o
vesic/o
azot/emia
blood condition of nitrogenous compounds
-uria
urine
bacteri/uria
urine of bacteria
cyst/o/scope
instrument for examining bladder
-cele
hernia
vesic/o/cele
hernia or swelling of the bladder
glomerul/o/pathy
disease of the glomerulus
kal/i/ur/esis
condition of potassium of urine
keton/uria
ketone bodies in urine
lith/o/tripsy
crushing of stone/calculus
meat/o/tomy
incision of opening, meatus
nephr/o/pexy
fixation of kidney
noct/uria
night urination
olig/uria
scanty urine
py/uria
pus urine
pyel/o/plasty
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
ur/o/lith
urine or urinary tract stone
ureter/ectasis
dilation or expansion of the ureter
urethr/o/stenosis
narrowing or stricture of the urethra
lith/o/genesis
forming; producing; origin of a stone
lith/iasis
abnormal condition/increase of stones or calculus
poly/uria
much urine
dia/lysis
separation; destruction; loosening through or across
retro/peritone/al
pertaining to behind the peritoneum
Complete Learning Activity 11-1
pg 382
Complete Learning Activity 11-2
pg 383
urinary system disorders causes:
congenital anomalies
infectious diseases
trauma
Secondary involvement of urinary structures
dysuria
pain during urination
Urology
is the branch of medicine concerned with urinary disorders and diseases of the male reproductive system
urologist
physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary disorders
nephrologists specialize in:
nephrology - the branch of medicine concerned specifically with diseases of the kidney, electrolyte imbalance, renal transplantation, and dialysis therapy
Notable Disease of Urinary System:
Glomerulonephritis
Nephrolithiasis
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomerular membrane in nephrons, causing it to become “leaky” (permeable)
causes proteinuria, hematuria, bacteruria.
What causes Glomerulonephritis?
bacterial endocarditis
viral infections
autoimmune diseases
toxin of pathogenic bacteria (streptococci) affecting another part of body -often “strep throat”
Nephrolithiasis
kidney stones
solidified urine salts
become lodged in ureters causing urine to flow backward into renal pelvis, causing it to dilate.
urolithiasis
stones that form in the urinary tract
ureterolithiasis
stone that has become lodged, clocking the ureter
colic
intense, throbbing pain
reflux
backwards flow
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
produces concentrated ultrasound shock waves used to pulverizing stones
percutaneous nephrolithotomy [PCNL]
alternative to ESWL
minimally invasive surgery
small incision to remove stone
lithotriptor
ultrasonic or electrohydraulic probe that breaks stone into smaller pieces
nephrostomy tube
used to drain urine from kidneys
acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
tubular portion of the nephron is injured
nephrotoxic ATN
tubular portion of the nephron is injured after the ingestion of toxic drugs
ischemic ATN
tubular portion of the nephron is injured by a decrease in blood supply from: circulatory collapse, severe hypotension hemorrhage dehydration other disorders that affect blood supply
scanty
small or insufficient
oliguria
scanty urine production
hypercalcemia
increased blood levels of calcium
2 types of bladder cancer:
transitional cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
95% of bladder cancers in US
transitional cells line bladder, ureters, & urethra
progresses to malignant tumors
Adenocarcinoma
1% of bladder cancers in US
from invasive cancer forming in mucus-secreting glands in bladder
transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)
electric current or high-energy laser with device passed through urethra to destroy malignant tissue
cystectomy
removal of bladder
intravesical
injection directly into the bladder
anuria
Absence of urine production or output
bladder neck obstruction (BNO)
Blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
cystocele
Prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between the bladder and vagina (See Fig. 11-5.)
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival
enuresis
Involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence
en-
in, within
fistula
Abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
hydronephrosis
Abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys caused by pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract
interstitial cystitis (IC)
Chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy; also called painful bladder syndrome
nephrotic syndrome
Loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
neurogenic bladder
Impairment of bladder control as a result of brain, spinal cord, or nerve damage
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Infection of the kidney, usually the result of an infection that begins in the urethra or bladder and ascends the ureters to the kidney
urgency
Sensation of the need to void immediately
urinary tract infection (UTI)
An infection, typically of bacterial origin, in any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys (acute pyelonephritis), bladder (cystitis), or urethra (urethritis)
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
Disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually as a result of impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter
Wilms tumor
Rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney that usually occurs in children; also called nephroblastoma
Complete Learning Activity 11-3
pg 385
electromyography (EMG)
Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
cystoscopy (cysto)
Examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, to obtain biopsies of tumors or other growths, or to remove polyps
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Test that determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Test that determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics
urinalysis (UA)
Urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
bladder ultrasound
A noninvasive painless test that uses high-frequency soundwaves to produce images of the bladder before and after urination to check for urinary retention
intravenous pyelography (IVP)
Imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography
renal nuclear scan
Nuclear imaging test using a radioactive substance (tracer) injected intravenously to produce images of the kidneys
voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
X-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
kidney transplant
Replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor (usually a family member or a cadaver who has donated the kidney before death)
nephrostomy
Opening created between the skin and kidney to drain urine through a tube to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so
ureteral stent placement
Insertion of a thin, narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
dialysis
Filtering procedure used to remove fluid and waste products from the blood and correct for electrolyte imbalances
hemodialysis
Dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters it using a solution called a dialysate, and then returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient’s bloodstream (See Fig. 11-12.)
peritoneal dialysis
Dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution (See Fig. 11-13.)
antibiotics
Treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
antispasmodics
Decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder
diuretics
Promote and increase the excretion of urine
potassium supplements
Replace potassium after depletion caused by diuretics
ATN
acute tubular necrosis
BNO
bladder neck obstruction
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
C&S
culture and sensitivity
cysto
cystoscopy
EMG
electromyogram, electromyography
ESRD
en-stage renal disease
IC
interstitial cystitis
IVP
intravenous pyelogram; intravenous pyelography
PCNL
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
PKD
polycystic kidney disease
TURBT
transurethral resection of bladder tumor
UA
urinalysis
VCUG
voiding cystourethrography lithotripsy
VUR
vesicoureteral reflux
Complete Learning Activity 11-4
pg 386
