Ch. 7 Respiratory System Flashcards
Breathing helps regulate
the blood pH, helping maintain homeostasis of the body
carbon dioxide (CO2)
Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism
cartilage
Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone
cilia
Minute, hairlike structures that extend from the surface of a cell
diffuse
To move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces
oxygen (O2)
Tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration
pH
Symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
serous membrane (serosa)
Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes fluid that keeps membrane moist
nasal cavity
chamber lined w/ mucosa/cilia
where air enters and is filtered/heated/moistened for journey into lungs
The nasal cavity is divided into
right/left side by nasal septum (vertical partition of cartilage)
Olfactory neurons are:
smell receptors covered with layer of mucus, located deep in nasal cavity, embedded among epithelial cells lining the nasal tract.
3 sections of pharynx:
nasopharynx, posterior to the nose
oropharynx, posterior to the mouth,
laryngopharynx, superior to the larynx
adenoids
collection of lymphoid tissue within the nasopharynx
aka pharyngeal tonsils
palatine tonsils (location and function)
aka tonsils
located in oropharynx
protect opening to respiratory tract from microscopic organisms
larynx
aka voice box
contains structures that make vocal sounds possible
short passage that joins the pharynx with trachea
epiglottis
leaf-shaped structure on top of larynx
seals off air passage to lungs during swallowing
prevents food/liquids from obstructing air flow
The trachea is composed of
smooth muscle embedded with C-shaped rings of cartilage, which provide rigidity to keep the air passage open.
The trachea divides into two branches called
bronchi (singular, bronchus)
each branch leads to either the right or left lung
The inner walls of the trachea and bronchi are composed of
MUCOUS MEMBRANE (MUCOSA) EMBEDDED W/ CILIA
- mucosa traps incoming particles
- cilia move entrapped material up into pharynx (expelled by coughing, sneezing, or swallowing)
bronchi contain
C-shaped rings of cartilage
Each bronchus divides into
smaller and smaller branches, eventually forming bronchioles.
At the end of the bronchioles are
tiny air sacs called alveoli (singular, alveolus).
pulmonary capillaries
SWAP CO2/O2 W/ THIN TISSUE MEMBRANES OF ALVEOLI
CO2 diffuses from in pulmonary capillaries into alveolar spaces, O2 from alveoli diffuses in blood
How many lobes are in the lungs?
5 (3 in right lung and 2 in left)
mediastinum
space between the right and left lungs
contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchi
pleura
serous membrane
covers lobes of lungs
folds over to line walls of thoracic cavity
visceral pleura
membrane lying closest to the lung
parietal pleura
membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
pleural cavity
space between visceral and parietal pleura
contains lubricating fluid that allows visceral pleura to glide over parietal pleura during breathing.
diaphragm
large muscular partition between chest/abdominal cavities
changes internal volume to produce pressure differential for ventilation
inspiration
diaphragm contracts, partially descends into abdominal cavity, decreases pressure in chest and draws air into lung
expiration
diaphragm relaxes, slowly reenters thoracic cavity, increases pressure in chest and air leaves the lungs
The intercostal muscles assist the diaphragm in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity by
elevating and lowering the rib cage
4 processes of respiration:
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
- transport of respiratory gases
- internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
BREATHING (inspiration and expiration)
largely involuntary response to changes in O2/CO2 levels
or nervous stimulation of diaphragm/intercostal muscles
external respiration
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
transport of respiratory gases
the movement of O2 to body cells and CO2 to the lungs by means of the cardiovascular system
internal respiration
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries.
Complete Anatomy Review (pg 184)
Respiratory System
The main function of the respiratory system is to
provide oxygen to the entire body and expel carbon dioxide from the body
Functional relationship between respiratory system and
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
tonsils, adenoids, and other immune structures protect against pathogens entering respiratory passageways
Functional relationship between respiratory system and
Cardiovascular
provides O2/ removes CO2 from cardiac tissue
Functional relationship between respiratory system and
Digestive
- provides O2 needed for digestive functions.
- removes CO2 produced by organs of digestion.
- share the pharynx
Functional relationship between respiratory system and
Endocrine
helps maintain stable pH required for proper functioning of endocrine glands
Functional relationship between respiratory system and
Female Reproductive
- Respiratory rate increases in response to sexual activity.
* Fetal respiration occurs during pregnancy.
Functional relationship between respiratory system and
Male Reproductive
- Respiratory rate increases in response to sexual activity.
- helps maintain pH for gonadal hormone function.
- O2 supplied to reproductive structures to maintain viable sperm.
Functional relationship between respiratory system and
Integumentary
• provides O2/ removes CO2 to maintain healthy skin.
Functional relationship between respiratory system and
Musculoskeletal
- provides O2 for muscle contraction.
- provides O2 for bone development.
- removes CO2 produced by muscles.
Functional relationship between respiratory system and
Nervous
provides O2 for brain/spinal cord/sensory organ functions
helps maintain a stable pH for neural function.
Functional relationship between respiratory system and
Urinary
- provides O2 /removes CO2 to maintain proper functioning of urinary structures.
- removes CO2 to assists urinary structures in regulating pH
nas/o
nose
rhin/o
nose
nose
nas/o
rhin/o
nasal
pertaining to the nose
rhinoplasty
surgical repair of the nose
sept/o
septum
septoplasty
surgical repair of the septum
sinus/o
sinus, cavity
sinusotomy
incision of the sinus
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
pharryngoscope
instrument for examining the pharynx
adenoid/o
adenoids
adenoidectomy
removal of adenoids
tonsill/o
tonsils
peritonsillar
pertaining to around the tonsils
epiglott/o
epiglottis
epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx (voice box)
laryngoplegia
paralysis of the larynx
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
tracheoplasty
surgical repair of the trachea
bronchi/o
bronchus (plural, bronchi)
bronch/o
bronchus (plural, bronchi)
bronchus (plural, bronchi)
bronchi/o
bronch/o
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
bronchiectasis
dilation of the bronchus
bronchoscope
instrument for examining bronchii
bronchiolitis
inflammation of the bronchiole
alveol/o
alveolus; air sac
alveolar
pertaining to the alveolus
pleur/o
pleura
pleuroscopy
visual examination of the pleura
pneum/o
air; lung
pneumon/o
air; lung
air; lung
pneum/o
pneumon/o
pneumolith
stone of the lung
pneumonia
condition of the lung
pulmon/o
lung
pulmonogist
specialist in the study of lungs
anthrac/o
coal, coal dust
anthracosis
abnormal increase of coal dust
atel/o
incomplete; imperfect
atelectasis
incomplete dilation
coni/o
dust
pneumoconiosis
abnormal condition of lung dust
cyan/o
blue
cyanosis
abnormal condition of blue
lob/o
lobe
lobectomy
excision of the lobe
orth/o
straight
orthopnea
breathing straight
ox/o
oxygen
hypoxemia
blood condition of deficient oxygen
pector/o
chest
steth/o
chest
thorac/o
chest
chest
pector/o
steth/o
thorac/o
pectoralgia
pain in the chest
stethoscope
instrument for examining the chest
thoracopathy
disease of the chest
phren/o
diaphragm; mind
phrenospasm
involuntary contraction of the diaphragm
spir/o
breathe
spirometer
instrument for measure breathe
-capnia
carbon dioxide (CO2)
hypercapnia
excessive carbon dioxide
-osmia
smell
anosmia
without smell
-phonia
voice
dysphonia
bad, painful, difficulty producing sound
-pnea
breathing
-apnea
without breathing
-ptysis
spitting
hemoptysis
spitting blood
-thorax
chest
hemothorax
blood in chest
brady-
slow
bradypnea
slow breathing
dys-
bad, painful, difficult
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
eu-
good, normal
eupnea
normal breathing
tachy-
rapid
tachypnea
rapid breathing
surgical puncture of the pleura
pleurocentesis
instrument for examining the bronchus
bronchoscope
excision of the tonsils
tonsillectomy
slow breathing
bradypnea
difficult voice
dysphonia
abnormal condition of blue(ness)
cyanosis
condition of decrease of oxygen
hypoxia
paralysis of the voice box
laryngoplegia
surgical repair of the septum
septoplasty
incision of the sinus
sinusotomy
excessive carbon dioxide
hypercapnia
good, normal breathing
eupnea
expansion of a bronchi
bronchiectasis
surgical repair of the nose
rhinoplasty
condition of the lungs
pneumonia
discharge from the nose
rhinorrhea
inflammation of (mucous membranes of the) nose
rhinitis
visual examination of the larynx
laryngoscopy
inflammation of the larynx
laryngitis
stricture or narrowing of the larynx
laryngostenosis
dilation or expansion of the bronchus
bronchiectasis
disease of the bronchus
bronchopathy
spasm of the bronchus
bronchospasm
air in the chest (pleural space)
pneumothorax
inflammation of the lungs
pneumonitis
specialist in lung (diseases)
pulmonologist
pertaining to the lung
pulmonary or pulmonic
difficult breathing
dyspnea
rapid breathing
tachypnea
absence of breathing
apnea
surgical repair of the nose
rhinoplasty
surgical puncture of the chest
thoracocentesis or thoracentesis
removal of a lung
pulmonectomy or pneumonectomy
forming an opening (mouth) in the trachea
tracheostomy
thoracodynia
chest pain
Pulmonology
medical specialty concerned with disorders of the respiratory system
pulmonologist
physician who treats these disorders of the respiratory system
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages
chronic in nature and insidious
leads to limited airflow and difficulty in breathing
insidious
proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects.
3 major disorders of COPD are
asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
paroxysmal
sudden and violent symptoms
Asthma symptoms
bronchospasms that may be paroxysmal
dyspnea
Asthma is caused by
exposure to allergens or irritants. Other causes include stress, cold, and exercise.
productive cough
cough that produces mucus (during recovery)
exacerbations
symptoms become more difficult, and flare-ups occur more frequently.
mucolytics
agents that loosen and break down mucus
bronchodilators
medications that expand the bronchi by relaxing their smooth muscles
status asthmaticus
life threatening condition caused my untreatable bronchospasm (asthma)
Stages of COPD: At Risk, Mild
- Minor difficulty with airflow
- Possible presence of chronic cough with sputum production
- Patient possibly unaware of disease
Stages of COPD: Moderate
- Apparent limitation in airflow
- Possible shortness of breath
- Patient possibly seeking medical intervention at this level
Stages of COPD: Severe
- Inadequate airflow
- Increase in shortness of breath with activity
- Patient experiencing diminished quality of life
Stages of COPD: Very Severe
- Severe airflow limitations
- Significant impairment in quality of life
- Possible life-threatening exacerbations
- Possible development of complications, such as respiratory or heart failure
Chronic bronchitis (cause/characteristics)
inflammation of bronchi caused:
smoking/air pollution
viruses/bacteria
swelling of the mucosa
heavy, productive cough
chest pain
expectorants
Bronchodilators and medications that aid in the removal of mucus
help widen air passages.
Emphysema is characterized by
decreased elasticity of alveoli
expand but unable to contract - difficult to exhale
The air that remains trapped in chest results in characteristic “barrel-chested” appearance.
Emphysema commonly occurs with:
another respiratory disorder (asthma, tuberculosis, or chronic bronchitis) and in long-term heavy smokers.
orthopnea
finding it easier to breathe when standing upright
Pneumonia
inflammatory condition affecting the lungs, primarily the microscopic air sacs (alveoli)
consolidation
lung tissue loses its spongy texture and becomes swollen and engorged
Causes of pneumonia include
bacterial/viral infections
also fungi, chemicals, inhaled substances (food, vomit, liquids [aspiration pneumonias])
Lobar pneumonia
bacterial origin
affects large portion or entire lobe of lung
primary pneumonia
Antibiotic therapy is effective
Bronchopneumonia
caused by variety of organisms
centered in the bronchi and surrounding alveoli
secondary pneumonia.
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
associated with AIDS
caused by normal flora
causes no harm if individual remains healthy
opportunistic
opportunistic
when the immune system begins to fail, this organism becomes infectious
common signs and symptoms of pneumonia
Thoracodynia, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and mucopurulent sputum
mucopurulent sputum
coughing up sputum containing white blood cells
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
life threatening
lungs don’t function effectively
result of very serious lung conditions
alveoli fill with fluid (edema) and collapse, making oxygen exchange impossible.
systemic infections
infections that affect the entire body
sepsis
major infections that affect the blood
nares
flaring of nostrils
hyaline membrane
membrane that has a ground-glass appearance
alveolar consolidation
fluid in the alveoli
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)
syndrome in preterm/infant w/ diabetic mom
caused by insufficient surfactant
alveoli collapse, breathing becomes labored
causes cyanosis of extremities, nares, tachypnea, and characteristic grunt during exhalation
surfactant
a phospholipid substance that helps keep alveoli open
bronchogenic carcinoma
lung cancer arising in epithelium of the bronchial tree
masses form, block air passages/alveoli and metastasize
adventitious breath sounds
Abnormal sounds or noises heard over the lungs and airways, commonly leading to a diagnosis of a respiratory or cardiac condition
crackle
Intermittent sounds caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale
rhonchus
Continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in the larger airways and commonly resembling snoring
stridor
High-pitched, harsh sound
caused by spasm/swelling of larynx
or obstructed upper airway
wheeze
Whistling/sighing from narrowing of lumen
acidosis
Excessive acidity of body fluids
anosmia
Absence of the sense of smell
-osmia
smell
apnea
Disorder where breathing stops repeatedly during sleep,
causing blood deoxygenation, patient to awaken gasping for air
central (CSA)
apnea
occurs when brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing
obstructive (OSA)
apnea
Most common apnea
upper airway blockage that prevents adequate air flow
mixed
apnea
when central and obstructive apnea occur simultaneously
atelectasis
Collapsed/airless state of lung
may be acute/chronic and affect all/part of lung
atel
incomplete, imperfect
coryza
AKA RHINITIS
Acute inflammation of nose membranes
croup
Common childhood condition
inflammation of larynx, trachea, bronchial passages
sometimes lungs
cystic fibrosis (CF)
Life-threatening genetic disease
causes mucus to become thick/sticky
plugs tubes/ducts, especially in lungs/pancreas
cyst
bladder
fibr/o
fiber, fibrous tissue
deviated nasal septum
Displacement of septum
causes reduced airflow and nosebleed
epiglottitis
Severe, life-threatening infection of epiglottis and supraglottic structures
occurs most ages 2-12
epistaxis
Nasal hemorrhage; also called nosebleed
hypoxemia
causes hypoxia
O2 deficiency in arterial blood
sign of respiratory impairment
hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body that commonly causes cyanosis
influenza
Flu
Acute, contagious viral disorder of respiratory tract
causes weakness, fever, chills, muscle pain (back, arms, legs)
pertussis
WHOOPING COUGH
Acute, infectious disease
cough that has “whoop” sound
pleural effusion
Abnormal accumulation of fluid pleural cavity
impairs breathing by limiting expansion of the lungs
empyema
Exudative effusion - pus in pleural cavity
from bacterial pneumonia in lungs
also called pyothorax
pneumothorax
Presence of air in the pleural cavity, commonly caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury or as the result of a thoracic surgery
pleurisy
PLEURITIS
Inflammation of pleural membrane
stabbing pain; intensifies by coughing/deep breathing
pulmonary edema
Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure
pulmonary embolism
Blockage in pulmonary artery by mass of undissolved matter (blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, bacteria) from another part of body.
embol
plug
tuberculosis (TB)
Potentially fatal contagious disease
spread through respiratory droplets,
affecting any organ but primarily lungs/chest
causes chest pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats
tubercul
little swelling
Mantoux test
TB test to determine previous exposure to TB
injection of tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) under skin
oximetry
Noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen; also called pulse oximetry
polysomnography
Test of sleep cycles/stages using EEGs and other methods
somn/o
sleep
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
Series of tests to aid in the diagnosis of lung diseases and evaluate effectiveness of treatments
spirometry
PFT that measures how much and how quickly air moves in and out of the lungs (See Fig. 7-8.)
bronchoscopy
Visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic or rigid) inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor (See Fig. 7-9.)
laryngoscopy
Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities
mediastinoscopy
Visual examination of the mediastinal structures, including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes
arterial blood gas (ABG)
Test that measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood
sputum culture
Microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias
sweat test
Measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat
throat culture
Test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci
chest x-ray (CXR)
Radiographic test to identify lung conditions (pneumonia, lung cancer, COPD, pneumothorax)
computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
Minimally invasive imaging of pulmonary arteries
combines computed tomography scanning and angiography
angi/o
vessel (usually the blood or lymph)
ventilation-perfusion
Nuclear test scan evaluates airflow (ventilation) /blood flow (perfusion) in lungs for evidence of blood clot; also called V-Q lung scan
pleurectomy
Excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura
pneumonectomy
Excision of a lung or a portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer (See Fig. 7-10.)
septoplasty
Surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum that is usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures
thoracentesis
Surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis
tracheostomy
Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted (See Fig. 7-12.)
aerosol therapy
Lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways
antral lavage
Washing/irrigating of paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in immunosuppressed patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed to respond to medical management
endotracheal intubation
Procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into the trachea to maintain an open airway
postural drainage
positioning patient so gravity aids in drainage of secretions from bronchi and lobes of lungs to make breathing easier
antibiotics
Destroy/inhibit growth of bacteria by disrupting membranes or metabolic processes
antihistamines
Block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues
antitussives
Relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain
bronchodilators
Stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased airflow
corticosteroids
block production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions
decongestants
Constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways
expectorants
Liquefy respiratory secretions so that they are more easily dislodged during coughing episodes
ABG
arterial blood gas(es)
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
CF
cystic fibrosis
CO2
carbon dioxide
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
CT
computed tomography
CTPA
computed tomography pulmonary angiography
CXR
chest x-ray, chest radiograph
DPI
dry powder inhaler
DPT
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
EEG
electroencephalogram
Hb, Hgb
hemoglobin
HMD
hyaline membrane disease
MDI
metered-dose inhaler
NMT
nebulized mist treatment
O2
oxygen
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
PCO2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PCP
Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary care physician
PFT
pulmonary function test
PH
degree of acidity or alkalinity
PO2
partial pressure of oxygen
PPD
purified protein derivative
SOB
shortness of breath
TB
tuberculosis
URI
upper respiratory infection
- collapsed or airless lung
atelectasis
- pus in the pleural cavity
empyema
- abnormal breath sound commonly resembling snoring
rhonchus
- deficiency of oxygen (in the tissues)
hypoxia
- inflammatory fluid high in protein with blood and immune cells
exudate
absence or decrease in the sense of smell
anosmia
- deficiency of oxygen in atrial blood
hypoxemia
- genetic disease causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky
cystic fibrosis
- acute, contagious viral disorder of the respiratory tract
influenza
- disease characterized by a decrease in alveolar elasticity
emphysema
- spitting of blood
hemoptysis
- nosebleed; nasal hemorrhage
epistaxis
- excessive fluid in the lungs that induces cough and dyspnea
pulmonary edema
- noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with less protein
transudate
- displacement of the cartilage dividing the nostrils
deviated septum
- acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; also called
coryza
- potentially fatal disease spread through respiratory droplets
tuberculosis
- inflammation of the pleural membrane
pleurisy
loss of sponginess of lungs due to engorgement
consolidation
- whooping cough
pertussis
- microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract
sputum culture
- test of sleep cycles and stages
polysomnography
- imaging procedure to evaluate the lungs
CXR
- washing or irrigating sinuses
antral lavage
- relieves sneezing, runny nose, itchiness, and rashes
antihistamine
- relieves or suppresses coughing
antitussive
- used primarily in children to confirm cystic fibrosis
sweat test
- noninvasive test used to monitor the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen
oximetry
- surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity
thoracentesis
- inhalation of medication directly into the respiratory system via a nebulizer
aerosol therapy
- decreases mucous membrane swelling by constricting blood vessels
decongestant
- intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity
Mantoux test
- laboratory tests to assess gases and pH of arterial blood
ABGs
- reduces the viscosity of sputum to facilitate productive coughing
expectorant
- used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci
throat culture
- multiple tests used to determine the ability of lungs and capillary membranes to exchange oxygen
pulmonary function tests
- visual examination of the voice box to detect tumors and other abnormalities
laryngoscopy
- procedure to correct a deviated nasal septum
septoplasty
- excision of the entire lung
pneumonectomy
- reconstructive surgery of the nose, commonly for cosmetic purposes
rhinoplasty
Pharynx (throat)
Muscular tube which constitutes first major section of air passages leading to the lungs.
Larynx
Responsible for sound production (voice)
Trachea
Extension of air passage below the larynx
Bronchi
Two branches of the trachea, one leading to each lung