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Medical Terminology Systems > Ch. 16 Special Senses > Flashcards

Ch. 16 Special Senses Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

General sensations perceived by the body include

A

touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

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2
Q

Specific sensations include

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium (balance).

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3
Q

accommodation

A

Adjustment of the eye for various distances so that images focus on the retina of the eye

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4
Q

acuity

A

Clearness or sharpness of a sensory function

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5
Q

adnexa

A

Tissues or structures in the body adjacent to or near a related structure

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6
Q

humor

A

Any fluid or semifluid of the body

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7
Q

labyrinth

A

Series of intricate communicating passages

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8
Q

opaque

A

Substance or surface that neither transmits nor allows the passage of light

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9
Q

perilymph

A

Fluid that very closely resembles spinal fluid but is found in the cochlea

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10
Q

photopigment

A

AKA visual pigments

Light-sensitive pigment that absorb light and initiates visual process

in retinal cones/rods

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11
Q

refractive

A

Ability to bend light rays as they pass from one medium to another

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12
Q

stereopsis

A

Depth perception provided by visual information derived from two eyes located in slightly different positions so that each produces its own unique view of an object

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13
Q

3 layers of the eye:

A

the fibrous tunic, the vascular tunic, and the sensory tunic

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14
Q

Fibrous Tunic

A

outermost layer

protective coat

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15
Q

3 components of the fibrous tunic:

A

sclera, (2) cornea, and (3) conjunctiva

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16
Q

sclera

A

white of eye

provides strength, shape, structure

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17
Q

cornea

A

is one of the few body structures that does not contain capillaries and must rely on eye fluids for nourishment.

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18
Q

conjunctiva

A

covers the outer surface of the eye and lines the eyelids.

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19
Q

Vascular Tunic

A

The middle layer of the eyeball, the vascular tunic, is also known as the uvea.

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20
Q

The uvea consists of

A

the choroid, iris, and ciliary body

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21
Q

choroid

A

provides blood supply to eye

contains pigmented cells that stop to much light from entering light

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22
Q

The iris is

A

a colored, contractile membrane with a perforated center called the (7) pupil. The iris regulates the amount of light passing through the pupil to the interior of the eye. As environmental light increases, the pupil constricts; as light decreases, the pupil dilates.

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23
Q

ciliary body is

A

circular muscle
produces aqueous humor
alters the shape of the lens - accommodation (Acc).

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24
Q

accommodation (Acc).

A

the changing shape of the lens that allow the eye to focus on an image

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25
Q

retina

A

innermost sensory tunic
delicate, double-layered
-thin, outer pigmented layer lying over choroid
-thick, inner nervous layer, or visual portion
responsible for reception/ transmission of visual impulses to brain. It has two types of visual receptors: rods and cones.

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26
Q

Rods

A

function in dim light and produce black-and-white vision.

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27
Q

Cones

A

function in bright light and produce color vision.

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28
Q

macula

A

In the central portion of the retina is a highly sensitive structure

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29
Q

fovea

A

In the center of the macula

When the eye focuses on an object, light rays from that object are directed to the fovea. Because the fovea is composed of only cones that lie very close to each other, it provides the greatest acuity for color vision.

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30
Q

photopigment

A

visual pigment
insiide rods and cones
As light strikes the photopigment, a chemical change occurs that stimulates rods and cones. The chemical changes produce impulses that are transmitted through the (12) optic nerve to the brain, where they are interpreted as vision.

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31
Q

optic disc

A

The optic nerve and blood vessels of the eye enter at the (13) optic disc. Its center is referred to as the blind spot because the area has neither rods nor cones for vision.

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32
Q

2 major fluids of eye:

A

aqueous humor

vitreous humor

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33
Q

canal of Schlemm

A

small opening that drains aqueous humor from eye

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34
Q

glaucoma

A

failure of aqueous humor to drain from eye at the rate of production

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35
Q

What is the refractive structure of the eye?

A

vitreous humor, lens, and aqueous humor

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36
Q

lacrimal glands

A

produce tears

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37
Q

canthi

A

inner edge of the eye

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38
Q

Two main functions of the ear:

A

hearing

equilibrium

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39
Q

hearing is a function of the:

A

cochlea

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40
Q

equilibrium is a function of the:

A

semicircular canals and vestibule

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41
Q

3 major structure of the ear:

A

external ear
tympanic cavity
labyrinth

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42
Q

external ear conducts sound waves through:

A

air

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43
Q

tympanic ear conducts sound waves through:

A

bone

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44
Q

labyrinth conduct sound waves through:

A

fluid

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45
Q

Review Figure 16-3

A

pg 565

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46
Q

auricle

A

AKA pinna

collects waves through air and channels them to external auditory canal (ear canal)

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47
Q

external auditory canal

A

AKA ear canal

slender tube lined with glands that produces cerumen

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48
Q

cerumen

A

waxy, sticky secretion

traps foreign particles

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49
Q

tympanic membrane

A

AKA tympanum or eardrum
flat, membranous structure drawn over end of ear canal.
sound waves cause it to vibrate

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50
Q

ossicles

A

3 smallest bones in body
move when eardrum vibrates
located in tympanic cavity
connect tympanic membrane and cochlea

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51
Q

3 bones of ossicles:

A

malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrups)

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52
Q

cochlea

A

first structure of the inner ear. The cochlea is a snail-shaped structure filled with a fluid called perilymph.

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53
Q

organ of Corti

A

line the inner surfaces of cochlea
highly sensitive hearing structure
contains tiny nerve endings (hair cells)

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54
Q

oval window

A

membrane-covered opening on the external surface of cochlea

provides place of attachment for stapes

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55
Q

eustachian tube

A

connects the middle ear to the pharynx. It equalizes pressure on the outer and inner surfaces of the eardrum.

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56
Q

labyrinth

A

inner ear
system of fluid-filled tubes/sacs contains nerves that connect structures t brain
includes cochlear system and vestibular system

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57
Q

vestibular system

A 
controls equilibrium (balance) and eye movements 
contains semicircular canals and vestibule
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58
Q

vestibule

A

joins cochlea and semicircular canals

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59
Q

Complete Anatomy Review - EAR

A

pg 568

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60
Q

ambly/o

A

dull, dim

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61
Q

ambly/opia

A

dimness of vision

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62
Q

aque/o

A

water

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63
Q

aque/ous

A

pertaining to water

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64
Q

blephar/o

A

eyelid

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65
Q

blephar/o/ptosis

A

prolapse, downward displacement of eyelid

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66
Q

choroid/o

A

choroid

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67
Q

choroid/o/pathy

A

disease of choroid

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68
Q

conjunctiv/o

A

conjunctiva

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69
Q

conjunctiv/al

A

pertaining to conjunctiva

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70
Q

core/o

A

pupil

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71
Q

pupill/o

A

pupil

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72
Q

pupil

A

core/o

pupill/o

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73
Q

core/o/meter

A

instrument for measuring pupil

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74
Q

pupill/o/graphy

A

process of recording the pupil

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75
Q

corne/o

A

cornea

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76
Q

corne/al

A

pertaining to the cornea

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77
Q

cycl/o

A

ciliary body of the eye; circular; cycle

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78
Q

cycl/o/plegia

A

paralysis of ciliary body of the eye; circular; cycle

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79
Q

dacry/o

A

tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)

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80
Q

lacrim/o

A

tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)

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81
Q

tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)

A

lacrim/o

dacry/o

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82
Q

dacry/oma

A

tumor of tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)

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83
Q

lacrim/o/tomy

A

incision of the tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)

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84
Q

dacryocyst/o

A

lacrimal sac

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85
Q

dacryocyst/o/ptosis

A

prolapse, downward displacement of the lacrimal sac

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86
Q

glauc/o

A

gray

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87
Q

glauc/oma

A

tumor of gray

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88
Q

goni/o

A

angle

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89
Q

goni/o/scopy

A

visual examination of angle

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90
Q

irid/o

A

iris

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91
Q

irid/o/plegia

A

paralysis of the iris

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92
Q

kerat/o

A

horny tissue; hard; cornea

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93
Q

kerat/o/tomy

A

incision of the cornea

94
Q

ocul/o

A

eye

95
Q

ophthalm/o

A

eye

96
Q

eye

A

ocul/o

ophthalm/o

97
Q

ocul/o/myc/osis

A

abnormal condition of eye fungus

98
Q

opthalm/o/logist

A

specialist in the study of the eye

99
Q

opt/o

A

eye/ vision

100
Q

opt/o/metry

A

act of measuring eye, vision

101
Q

optic/o

A

eye, vision

102
Q

optic/al

A

pertaining to eye, vision

103
Q

phac/o

A

lens

104
Q

phac/o/cele

A

hernia, swelling of the lens

105
Q

phot/o

A

light

106
Q

phot/o/phobia

A

fear of light

107
Q

presby/o

A

old age

108
Q

presby/opia

A

vision of old age

109
Q

retin/o

A

retina

110
Q

retin/osis

A

abnormal condition of the retina

111
Q

scler/o

A

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

112
Q

scler/o/malacia

A

softening of the sclera

113
Q

scot/o

A

darkness

114
Q

scot/oma

A

tumor of darkness

115
Q

vitr/o

A

vitreous body (of the eye)

116
Q

vitr/ectomy

A

removal of the vitreous body (of the eye)

117
Q

audi/o

A

hearing

118
Q

audi/o/meter

A

instrument for measuring hearing

119
Q

labyrinth/o

A

labyrinth (inner ear)

120
Q

labyrinth/o/tomy

A

incision of labyrinth (inner ear)

121
Q

mastoid/o

A

mastoid process

122
Q

mastoid/ectomy

A

removal of mastoid process

123
Q

ot/o

A

ear

124
Q

ot/o/py/o/rrhea

A

discharge, flow of ear pus

125
Q

salping/o

A

tubes (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)

126
Q

salping/o/pharyng/eal

A

pertaining to tubes (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes) and pharynx

127
Q

staped/o

A

stapes

128
Q

staped/ectomy

A

removal of stapes

129
Q

tympan/o

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

130
Q

myring/o

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

131
Q

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A

myring/o

tympan/o

132
Q

tympan/o/stomy

A

forming an opening in the tympanic membrane

133
Q

myring/o/myc/osis

A

abnormal condition of tympanic membrane fungus

134
Q

-acusia

A

hearing

135
Q

-cusis

A

hearing

136
Q

hearing

A
  • cusis

- acusia

137
Q

an/acusia

A

without hearing

138
Q

presby/cusis

A

old age hearing

139
Q

-opia

A

vision

140
Q

-opsia

A

vision

141
Q

vision

A
  • opsia

- opia

142
Q

dipl/opia

A

double vision

143
Q

heter/opsia

A

different vision

144
Q

-tropia

A

turning

145
Q

eso/tropia

A

inward turning

146
Q

exo/tropia

A

turning outward

147
Q

hyper/opia

A

above normal vision

148
Q

Complete Learning Activity 16-1

A

pg 590

149
Q

Complete Learning Activity 16-2

A

pg 591

150
Q

achromatopsia

A

Severe congenital deficiency in color perception; also called complete color blindness

151
Q

ametropia

A

Failure of light rays to focus sharply on the retina as a result of a defect in the lens, cornea, or shape of the eyeball; also called error of refraction (See Fig. 16-6.)

152
Q

astigmatism (Ast)

A

Distorted vision resulting from a defective curvature of the cornea or lens causing light rays to diffuse over a large area of the retina rather than being sharply focused

153
Q

hyperopia

A

Visual defect in which the eyeball is too short, and the image falls behind the retina; also called farsightedness

154
Q

myopia

A

Visual defect in which the eyeball is too long, and the image falls in front of the retina; also called nearsightedness

155
Q

cataract

A

Opacity that forms on the lens and impairs vision, caused by proteins that slowly build up over time

156
Q

chalazion

A

Small, hard tumor developing on the eyelid, somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst; also called meibomian cyst

157
Q

conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva and inner eyelids with vascular congestion; also called pinkeye

158
Q

drusen

A

Small yellowish deposits composed of retinal pigment cells that develop under the retina and are associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration

159
Q

ectropion

A

Eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, causing it to pull away from the eye, generally associated with aging and weakness of the small muscles around the eyelid

160
Q

entropion

A

Inversion, or inward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, commonly causing friction as the eyelashes and outer eyelid rub against the surface of the eye

161
Q

epiphora

A

Abnormal overflow of tears

162
Q

hordeolum

A

Localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid; also called stye

163
Q

metamorphopsia

A

Visual distortion of objects

164
Q

nyctalopia

A

Impaired vision in dim light; also called night blindness

165
Q

nystagmus

A

Type of involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious conditions that limit vision

166
Q

papilledema

A

Swelling and hyperemia of the optic disc, usually associated with increased intracranial pressure; also called choked disc

167
Q

photophobia

A

Unusual intolerance of and sensitivity to light

168
Q

retinopathy

A

Any disorder of retinal blood vessels

169
Q

strabismus

A

Misalignment of the eyes so that they do not focus on the same object at the same time, sending two different images to the brain; also called heterotropia or tropia (See Fig. 16-7.)

170
Q

trachoma

A

Chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis that typically leads to blindness

171
Q

anacusis

A

Complete deafness; also called anacusia

172
Q

conduction impairment

A

Blocking of sound waves as they pass through the external and middle ear (conduction pathway)

173
Q

labyrinthitis

A

Inflammation of the inner ear that usually results from an acute viral disease, such as mumps, measles, or influenza

174
Q

Ménière disease

A

Increased fluid pressure of the endolymphatic system that leads to progressive loss of hearing; also called endolymphatic/labyrinthine hydrops

175
Q

noise-induced hearing loss

A

Condition caused by the destruction of hair cells, the organs responsible for hearing, as a result of sounds that are “too long, too loud, or too close”

176
Q

otitis externa

A

Infection of the external auditory canal

177
Q

presbyacusis

A

Impairment of hearing resulting from old age; also called presbyacusia

178
Q

tinnitus

A

Perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present

179
Q

vertigo

A

Sensation of a spinning motion of oneself or of the surroundings

180
Q

Glaucoma

A

increased intraocular pressure (IOP) caused by failure of aqueous humor to drain from the eye through a tiny duct called the canal of Schlemm

181
Q

Macular degeneration

A

is a deterioration of the macula, the most sensitive portion of the retina.

182
Q

Otitis media (OM)

A

is an inflammation of the middle ear.

183
Q

Otosclerosis

A

is a disorder characterized by an abnormal stiffness (ankylosis) and immobilization of bones of the middle ear that causes hearing loss.

184
Q

Oncological disorders of the eye:

A

retinoblastoma

melanoma

185
Q

Melanoma

A

may occur in the orbit, the bony cavity of the eyeball, the iris, or the ciliary body, but it arises most commonly in the pigmented cells of the choroid.
primarily in adults

186
Q

retinoblastoma

A

, found primarily in children,

Most retinoblastomas tend to be familial. The cell involved is the retinal neuron. Vision is impaired, and in about 30% of patients, the disease is found in both eyes (bilateral)

187
Q

oncological disorders of the ear:

A

basal cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma

188
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

, which usually occurs on the top of the pinna as the result of sun exposure

189
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

, on the other hand, is much more invasive. However, it is a very rare type of ear tumor.

190
Q

Complete Learning Activity 16-3

A

pg 593

191
Q

audiometry

A

Measurement of hearing acuity at differing sound-wave frequencies and volumes to detect the various types of hearing impairment

192
Q

caloric stimulation test

A

Test that uses different water temperatures to assess the vestibular portion of the nerve of the inner ear (acoustic nerve) to determine whether nerve damage is the cause of vertigo

193
Q

electronystagmography (ENG)

A

Method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles

194
Q

gonioscopy

A

Examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to determine ocular motility and rotation and diagnose and manage glaucoma

195
Q

ophthalmodynamometry

A

Measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels

196
Q

ophthalmoscopy

A

Visual examination of the interior of the eye using a handheld instrument called an ophthalmoscope, which has various adjustable lenses for magnification and a light source to illuminate the interior of the eye

197
Q

otoscopy

A

Visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope

198
Q

pneumatic

A

Otoscopic procedure that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure

199
Q

retinoscopy

A

Evaluation of refractive errors of the eye by projecting a light into the eyes and determining the movement of reflected light rays

200
Q

slit-lamp examination (SLE)

A

Stereoscopic magnified view of the anterior eye structures in detail, which includes the cornea, lens, iris, sclera, and vitreous humor

201
Q

tonometry

A

Evaluation of intraocular pressure by measuring the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force

202
Q

tuning fork tests

A

Hearing tests using a vibrating tuning fork to determine type of hearing loss

203
Q

Rinne

A

Tuning fork test that evaluates unilateral hearing loss by comparing sound though bone conduction (BC) versus air conduction (AC); also called air and bone conduction hearing test

204
Q

Weber

A

Tuning fork test that determines whether hearing loss occurs in the middle ear (conductive hearing loss) or in the auditory nerves or hair cells of the inner ear (sensorineural); also called conductive and sensorineural hearing loss test

205
Q

visual acuity (VA) test

A

Part of an eye examination that determines the smallest letters that can be read on a standardized chart at a distance of 20 feet and commonly expressed as a fraction

206
Q

dacryocystography

A

Radiographic imaging procedure of the nasolacrimal (tear) glands and ducts

207
Q

fluorescein angiography

A

Evaluation of blood vessels and their leakage in and beneath the retina after injection of fluorescein dye, which circulates while photographs of the vessels within the eye are obtained

208
Q

blepharoplasty

A

Cosmetic surgery that removes fatty tissue above and below the eyes that commonly forms as a result of the aging process or excessive exposure to the sun

209
Q

cochlear implant insertion

A

Placement of an artificial hearing device that produces hearing sensations by electrically stimulating nerves inside the inner ear; also called bionic ear

210
Q

cyclodialysis

A

Formation of an opening between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space for the draining of aqueous humor in glaucoma

211
Q

enucleation

A

Removal of the eyeball from the orbit

212
Q

evisceration

A

Removal of the contents of the eye while leaving the sclera and cornea intact

213
Q

LASIK surgery

A

Procedure using a specialized laser passed through a temporary flap made in the cornea to reshape underlying corneal tissue

214
Q

otoplasty

A

Corrective surgery for a deformed or excessively large or small pinna

215
Q

phacoemulsification with lens implant

A

Ultrasonic destruction and removal of a cloudy lens and replacement with a new, clear artificial lens; also called phaco (See Fig. 16-9.)

216
Q

pressure-equalizing (PE) tube placement

A

Insertion of tubes through the tympanic membrane, commonly used to treat chronic otitis media; also called tympanostomy tubes or ventilation tubes

217
Q

sclerostomy

A

Surgical formation of an opening in the sclera

218
Q

tympanoplasty

A

Reconstruction of the eardrum, commonly as a result of perforation; also called myringoplasty

219
Q

ear irrigation

A

Flushing of the ear canal with water or saline to dislodge foreign bodies or impacted cerumen (earwax)

220
Q

eye refraction test

A

Visual acuity test to determine the prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses if required

221
Q

retinal photocoagulation

A

Technique that uses light energy in the form of a laser beam to seal or cauterize retinal tissue; also called laser photocoagulation (See Fig. 16-11.)

222
Q

antibiotics,

ophthalmic

A

Inhibit growth of microorganisms that infect the eye

223
Q

antiglaucoma agents

A

Increase aqueous humor outflow or decrease its production, resulting in decreased intraocular pressure

224
Q

anti-inflammatory, ophthalmics

A

Reduce inflammation after corneal injury or ophthalmic surgery or in chronic inflammatory eye conditions

225
Q

artificial tears

A

Soothe eyes that are dry because of environmental irritants and allergens

226
Q

mydriatics

A

Disrupt parasympathetic nerve supply to the eye or stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing the pupil to dilate

227
Q

decongestants,

ophthalmic

A

Constrict the small arterioles of the eye,

decreasing redness and relieving conjunctival congestion

228
Q

antiemetics

A

Treat and prevent nausea, vomiting,

dizziness, and vertigo by reducing the

sensitivity of the inner ear to motion or inhibiting stimuli from reaching the part of the brain that triggers nausea and vomiting

229
Q

otic analgesics

A

Provide temporary relief from pain

and inflammation associated with otic disorders

230
Q

wax emulsifiers

A

Loosen and help remove impacted

cerumen (ear wax)

Medical Terminology Systems (16 decks)

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