Ch. 16 Special Senses Flashcards
General sensations perceived by the body include
touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Specific sensations include
smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium (balance).
accommodation
Adjustment of the eye for various distances so that images focus on the retina of the eye
acuity
Clearness or sharpness of a sensory function
adnexa
Tissues or structures in the body adjacent to or near a related structure
humor
Any fluid or semifluid of the body
labyrinth
Series of intricate communicating passages
opaque
Substance or surface that neither transmits nor allows the passage of light
perilymph
Fluid that very closely resembles spinal fluid but is found in the cochlea
photopigment
AKA visual pigments
Light-sensitive pigment that absorb light and initiates visual process
in retinal cones/rods
refractive
Ability to bend light rays as they pass from one medium to another
stereopsis
Depth perception provided by visual information derived from two eyes located in slightly different positions so that each produces its own unique view of an object
3 layers of the eye:
the fibrous tunic, the vascular tunic, and the sensory tunic
Fibrous Tunic
outermost layer
protective coat
3 components of the fibrous tunic:
sclera, (2) cornea, and (3) conjunctiva
sclera
white of eye
provides strength, shape, structure
cornea
is one of the few body structures that does not contain capillaries and must rely on eye fluids for nourishment.
conjunctiva
covers the outer surface of the eye and lines the eyelids.
Vascular Tunic
The middle layer of the eyeball, the vascular tunic, is also known as the uvea.
The uvea consists of
the choroid, iris, and ciliary body
choroid
provides blood supply to eye
contains pigmented cells that stop to much light from entering light
The iris is
a colored, contractile membrane with a perforated center called the (7) pupil. The iris regulates the amount of light passing through the pupil to the interior of the eye. As environmental light increases, the pupil constricts; as light decreases, the pupil dilates.
ciliary body is
circular muscle
produces aqueous humor
alters the shape of the lens - accommodation (Acc).
accommodation (Acc).
the changing shape of the lens that allow the eye to focus on an image
retina
innermost sensory tunic
delicate, double-layered
-thin, outer pigmented layer lying over choroid
-thick, inner nervous layer, or visual portion
responsible for reception/ transmission of visual impulses to brain. It has two types of visual receptors: rods and cones.
Rods
function in dim light and produce black-and-white vision.
Cones
function in bright light and produce color vision.
macula
In the central portion of the retina is a highly sensitive structure
fovea
In the center of the macula
When the eye focuses on an object, light rays from that object are directed to the fovea. Because the fovea is composed of only cones that lie very close to each other, it provides the greatest acuity for color vision.
photopigment
visual pigment
insiide rods and cones
As light strikes the photopigment, a chemical change occurs that stimulates rods and cones. The chemical changes produce impulses that are transmitted through the (12) optic nerve to the brain, where they are interpreted as vision.
optic disc
The optic nerve and blood vessels of the eye enter at the (13) optic disc. Its center is referred to as the blind spot because the area has neither rods nor cones for vision.
2 major fluids of eye:
aqueous humor
vitreous humor
canal of Schlemm
small opening that drains aqueous humor from eye
glaucoma
failure of aqueous humor to drain from eye at the rate of production
What is the refractive structure of the eye?
vitreous humor, lens, and aqueous humor
lacrimal glands
produce tears
canthi
inner edge of the eye
Two main functions of the ear:
hearing
equilibrium
hearing is a function of the:
cochlea
equilibrium is a function of the:
semicircular canals and vestibule
3 major structure of the ear:
external ear
tympanic cavity
labyrinth
external ear conducts sound waves through:
air
tympanic ear conducts sound waves through:
bone
labyrinth conduct sound waves through:
fluid
Review Figure 16-3
pg 565
auricle
AKA pinna
collects waves through air and channels them to external auditory canal (ear canal)
external auditory canal
AKA ear canal
slender tube lined with glands that produces cerumen
cerumen
waxy, sticky secretion
traps foreign particles
tympanic membrane
AKA tympanum or eardrum
flat, membranous structure drawn over end of ear canal.
sound waves cause it to vibrate
ossicles
3 smallest bones in body
move when eardrum vibrates
located in tympanic cavity
connect tympanic membrane and cochlea
3 bones of ossicles:
malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrups)
cochlea
first structure of the inner ear. The cochlea is a snail-shaped structure filled with a fluid called perilymph.
organ of Corti
line the inner surfaces of cochlea
highly sensitive hearing structure
contains tiny nerve endings (hair cells)
oval window
membrane-covered opening on the external surface of cochlea
provides place of attachment for stapes
eustachian tube
connects the middle ear to the pharynx. It equalizes pressure on the outer and inner surfaces of the eardrum.
labyrinth
inner ear
system of fluid-filled tubes/sacs contains nerves that connect structures t brain
includes cochlear system and vestibular system
vestibular system
controls equilibrium (balance) and eye movements contains semicircular canals and vestibule
vestibule
joins cochlea and semicircular canals
Complete Anatomy Review - EAR
pg 568
ambly/o
dull, dim
ambly/opia
dimness of vision
aque/o
water
aque/ous
pertaining to water
blephar/o
eyelid
blephar/o/ptosis
prolapse, downward displacement of eyelid
choroid/o
choroid
choroid/o/pathy
disease of choroid
conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva
conjunctiv/al
pertaining to conjunctiva
core/o
pupil
pupill/o
pupil
pupil
core/o
pupill/o
core/o/meter
instrument for measuring pupil
pupill/o/graphy
process of recording the pupil
corne/o
cornea
corne/al
pertaining to the cornea
cycl/o
ciliary body of the eye; circular; cycle
cycl/o/plegia
paralysis of ciliary body of the eye; circular; cycle
dacry/o
tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)
lacrim/o
tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)
tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)
lacrim/o
dacry/o
dacry/oma
tumor of tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)
lacrim/o/tomy
incision of the tear; lacrimal apparatus (duct, sac, or gland)
dacryocyst/o
lacrimal sac
dacryocyst/o/ptosis
prolapse, downward displacement of the lacrimal sac
glauc/o
gray
glauc/oma
tumor of gray
goni/o
angle
goni/o/scopy
visual examination of angle
irid/o
iris
irid/o/plegia
paralysis of the iris
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea
kerat/o/tomy
incision of the cornea
ocul/o
eye
ophthalm/o
eye
eye
ocul/o
ophthalm/o
ocul/o/myc/osis
abnormal condition of eye fungus
opthalm/o/logist
specialist in the study of the eye
opt/o
eye/ vision
opt/o/metry
act of measuring eye, vision
optic/o
eye, vision
optic/al
pertaining to eye, vision
phac/o
lens
phac/o/cele
hernia, swelling of the lens
phot/o
light
phot/o/phobia
fear of light
presby/o
old age
presby/opia
vision of old age
retin/o
retina
retin/osis
abnormal condition of the retina
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
scler/o/malacia
softening of the sclera
scot/o
darkness
scot/oma
tumor of darkness
vitr/o
vitreous body (of the eye)
vitr/ectomy
removal of the vitreous body (of the eye)
audi/o
hearing
audi/o/meter
instrument for measuring hearing
labyrinth/o
labyrinth (inner ear)
labyrinth/o/tomy
incision of labyrinth (inner ear)
mastoid/o
mastoid process
mastoid/ectomy
removal of mastoid process
ot/o
ear
ot/o/py/o/rrhea
discharge, flow of ear pus
salping/o
tubes (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes)
salping/o/pharyng/eal
pertaining to tubes (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes) and pharynx
staped/o
stapes
staped/ectomy
removal of stapes
tympan/o
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
myring/o
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
myring/o
tympan/o
tympan/o/stomy
forming an opening in the tympanic membrane
myring/o/myc/osis
abnormal condition of tympanic membrane fungus
-acusia
hearing
-cusis
hearing
hearing
- cusis
- acusia
an/acusia
without hearing
presby/cusis
old age hearing
-opia
vision
-opsia
vision
vision
- opsia
- opia
dipl/opia
double vision
heter/opsia
different vision
-tropia
turning
eso/tropia
inward turning
exo/tropia
turning outward
hyper/opia
above normal vision
Complete Learning Activity 16-1
pg 590
Complete Learning Activity 16-2
pg 591
achromatopsia
Severe congenital deficiency in color perception; also called complete color blindness
ametropia
Failure of light rays to focus sharply on the retina as a result of a defect in the lens, cornea, or shape of the eyeball; also called error of refraction (See Fig. 16-6.)
astigmatism (Ast)
Distorted vision resulting from a defective curvature of the cornea or lens causing light rays to diffuse over a large area of the retina rather than being sharply focused
hyperopia
Visual defect in which the eyeball is too short, and the image falls behind the retina; also called farsightedness
myopia
Visual defect in which the eyeball is too long, and the image falls in front of the retina; also called nearsightedness
cataract
Opacity that forms on the lens and impairs vision, caused by proteins that slowly build up over time
chalazion
Small, hard tumor developing on the eyelid, somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst; also called meibomian cyst
conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva and inner eyelids with vascular congestion; also called pinkeye
drusen
Small yellowish deposits composed of retinal pigment cells that develop under the retina and are associated with an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration
ectropion
Eversion, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, causing it to pull away from the eye, generally associated with aging and weakness of the small muscles around the eyelid
entropion
Inversion, or inward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid, commonly causing friction as the eyelashes and outer eyelid rub against the surface of the eye
epiphora
Abnormal overflow of tears
hordeolum
Localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid; also called stye
metamorphopsia
Visual distortion of objects
nyctalopia
Impaired vision in dim light; also called night blindness
nystagmus
Type of involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious conditions that limit vision
papilledema
Swelling and hyperemia of the optic disc, usually associated with increased intracranial pressure; also called choked disc
photophobia
Unusual intolerance of and sensitivity to light
retinopathy
Any disorder of retinal blood vessels
strabismus
Misalignment of the eyes so that they do not focus on the same object at the same time, sending two different images to the brain; also called heterotropia or tropia (See Fig. 16-7.)
trachoma
Chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis that typically leads to blindness
anacusis
Complete deafness; also called anacusia
conduction impairment
Blocking of sound waves as they pass through the external and middle ear (conduction pathway)
labyrinthitis
Inflammation of the inner ear that usually results from an acute viral disease, such as mumps, measles, or influenza
Ménière disease
Increased fluid pressure of the endolymphatic system that leads to progressive loss of hearing; also called endolymphatic/labyrinthine hydrops
noise-induced hearing loss
Condition caused by the destruction of hair cells, the organs responsible for hearing, as a result of sounds that are “too long, too loud, or too close”
otitis externa
Infection of the external auditory canal
presbyacusis
Impairment of hearing resulting from old age; also called presbyacusia
tinnitus
Perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present
vertigo
Sensation of a spinning motion of oneself or of the surroundings
Glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure (IOP) caused by failure of aqueous humor to drain from the eye through a tiny duct called the canal of Schlemm
Macular degeneration
is a deterioration of the macula, the most sensitive portion of the retina.
Otitis media (OM)
is an inflammation of the middle ear.
Otosclerosis
is a disorder characterized by an abnormal stiffness (ankylosis) and immobilization of bones of the middle ear that causes hearing loss.
Oncological disorders of the eye:
retinoblastoma
melanoma
Melanoma
may occur in the orbit, the bony cavity of the eyeball, the iris, or the ciliary body, but it arises most commonly in the pigmented cells of the choroid.
primarily in adults
retinoblastoma
, found primarily in children,
Most retinoblastomas tend to be familial. The cell involved is the retinal neuron. Vision is impaired, and in about 30% of patients, the disease is found in both eyes (bilateral)
oncological disorders of the ear:
basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
, which usually occurs on the top of the pinna as the result of sun exposure
Squamous cell carcinoma
, on the other hand, is much more invasive. However, it is a very rare type of ear tumor.
Complete Learning Activity 16-3
pg 593
audiometry
Measurement of hearing acuity at differing sound-wave frequencies and volumes to detect the various types of hearing impairment
caloric stimulation test
Test that uses different water temperatures to assess the vestibular portion of the nerve of the inner ear (acoustic nerve) to determine whether nerve damage is the cause of vertigo
electronystagmography (ENG)
Method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles
gonioscopy
Examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to determine ocular motility and rotation and diagnose and manage glaucoma
ophthalmodynamometry
Measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels
ophthalmoscopy
Visual examination of the interior of the eye using a handheld instrument called an ophthalmoscope, which has various adjustable lenses for magnification and a light source to illuminate the interior of the eye
otoscopy
Visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope
pneumatic
Otoscopic procedure that assesses the ability of the tympanic membrane to move in response to a change in air pressure
retinoscopy
Evaluation of refractive errors of the eye by projecting a light into the eyes and determining the movement of reflected light rays
slit-lamp examination (SLE)
Stereoscopic magnified view of the anterior eye structures in detail, which includes the cornea, lens, iris, sclera, and vitreous humor
tonometry
Evaluation of intraocular pressure by measuring the resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force
tuning fork tests
Hearing tests using a vibrating tuning fork to determine type of hearing loss
Rinne
Tuning fork test that evaluates unilateral hearing loss by comparing sound though bone conduction (BC) versus air conduction (AC); also called air and bone conduction hearing test
Weber
Tuning fork test that determines whether hearing loss occurs in the middle ear (conductive hearing loss) or in the auditory nerves or hair cells of the inner ear (sensorineural); also called conductive and sensorineural hearing loss test
visual acuity (VA) test
Part of an eye examination that determines the smallest letters that can be read on a standardized chart at a distance of 20 feet and commonly expressed as a fraction
dacryocystography
Radiographic imaging procedure of the nasolacrimal (tear) glands and ducts
fluorescein angiography
Evaluation of blood vessels and their leakage in and beneath the retina after injection of fluorescein dye, which circulates while photographs of the vessels within the eye are obtained
blepharoplasty
Cosmetic surgery that removes fatty tissue above and below the eyes that commonly forms as a result of the aging process or excessive exposure to the sun
cochlear implant insertion
Placement of an artificial hearing device that produces hearing sensations by electrically stimulating nerves inside the inner ear; also called bionic ear
cyclodialysis
Formation of an opening between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space for the draining of aqueous humor in glaucoma
enucleation
Removal of the eyeball from the orbit
evisceration
Removal of the contents of the eye while leaving the sclera and cornea intact
LASIK surgery
Procedure using a specialized laser passed through a temporary flap made in the cornea to reshape underlying corneal tissue
otoplasty
Corrective surgery for a deformed or excessively large or small pinna
phacoemulsification with lens implant
Ultrasonic destruction and removal of a cloudy lens and replacement with a new, clear artificial lens; also called phaco (See Fig. 16-9.)
pressure-equalizing (PE) tube placement
Insertion of tubes through the tympanic membrane, commonly used to treat chronic otitis media; also called tympanostomy tubes or ventilation tubes
sclerostomy
Surgical formation of an opening in the sclera
tympanoplasty
Reconstruction of the eardrum, commonly as a result of perforation; also called myringoplasty
ear irrigation
Flushing of the ear canal with water or saline to dislodge foreign bodies or impacted cerumen (earwax)
eye refraction test
Visual acuity test to determine the prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses if required
retinal photocoagulation
Technique that uses light energy in the form of a laser beam to seal or cauterize retinal tissue; also called laser photocoagulation (See Fig. 16-11.)
antibiotics,
ophthalmic
Inhibit growth of microorganisms that infect the eye
antiglaucoma agents
Increase aqueous humor outflow or decrease its production, resulting in decreased intraocular pressure
anti-inflammatory, ophthalmics
Reduce inflammation after corneal injury or ophthalmic surgery or in chronic inflammatory eye conditions
artificial tears
Soothe eyes that are dry because of environmental irritants and allergens
mydriatics
Disrupt parasympathetic nerve supply to the eye or stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing the pupil to dilate
decongestants,
ophthalmic
Constrict the small arterioles of the eye,
decreasing redness and relieving conjunctival congestion
antiemetics
Treat and prevent nausea, vomiting,
dizziness, and vertigo by reducing the
sensitivity of the inner ear to motion or inhibiting stimuli from reaching the part of the brain that triggers nausea and vomiting
otic analgesics
Provide temporary relief from pain
and inflammation associated with otic disorders
wax emulsifiers
Loosen and help remove impacted
cerumen (ear wax)
