Ch. 4 Body Structure Flashcards
chromatin
Structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins
Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
chromosome
Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded in genes
Each sperm or egg has 23 unpaired chromosomes. After fertilization, each cell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). In each pair of chromosomes, one chromosome is provided by the father and the other by the mother.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides
metabolism
Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism
Metabolism includes the building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) of body constituents.
organelle
Cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion)
The membranes of many organelles act as sites of chemical reactions.
Five levels of organization are relevant to understanding anatomy, physiology, and pathology:
the cells, tissues, organs, systems, and organism.
The cell is the ______ structural and functional unit of life
smallest
Cells share three main structures:
cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
cytology
study of the body at the cellular level
Jelly-like matrix inside of cell membrane:
cytoplasm
largest cell organelle
nucleus
The nucleus is responsible for
metabolism, growth, and reproduction
histology
study of tissue
Four types of tissues:
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
Epithelial tissue
covers surfaces of organs
lines cavities and canals
forms tubes and ducts
provides the secreting portions of glands
makes up the outer layer (epidermis) of the skin.
It is composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers.
Connective tissue
cartilage adipose (fat) bone elastic fiber, blood
Muscle tissue
provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement.
Nervous tissue
transmits electrical impulses
as it relays information throughout the entire body
body structures that perform specialized functions
organs
composed of varying numbers of organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions.
body system
- highest level of organization
- complete living entity capable of independent existence.
organism
Anatomical position:
standard body position used for reference
plane:
an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections
Three common planes:
coronal (frontal)
transverse (horizontal)
midsagittal (median)
coronal (frontal) plane divides the body into:
an anterior and posterior section
transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into:
top and bottom sections
midsagittal plane divides the body into:
right and left halves
directional terms help indicate:
the position of structures, surfaces, and regions of the body
Abduction
Movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts
Adduction
Movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body
Medial
Pertaining to the midline of the body or structure
Lateral
Pertaining to a side
Superior (cephalad)
Toward the head or upper portion of a structure
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure
Proximal
Nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body
Distal
Further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body
Anterior (ventral)
Front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
Back of the body
Parietal
Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
Visceral
Pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs
Prone
Lying on the abdomen, face down
Supine
Lying horizontally on the back, face up
Inversion
Turning inward or inside out
Eversion
Turning outward
Palmar
Pertaining to the palm of the hand
Plantar
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body (external)
Deep
Away from the surface of the body (internal)
Body cavities:
are spaces within the body that hold, protect, separate, and support internal organs
two main cavities:
- the dorsal cavity, located on the back of the body (posterior)
- the ventral cavity, located on the front of the body (anterior).
dorsal cavity is divided into:
the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
cranial cavity:
-formed by the skull, contains the brain
meninges;
membranes that line body cavities and also cover the brain and spinal cord
Is the dorsal cavity continuous?
Yes, there are no walls or structures separating the cranial cavity from the spinal cavity
ventral cavity is divided into:
the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
ventral cavity is divided by the:
diaphragm
thoracic cavity contains:
the lungs and heart
abdominal pelvic cavity is divided into:
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity contains
the liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys
pelvic cavity contains:
urinary bladder and reproductive organs
two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller areas:
quadrants and regions
Right upper Quadrant (RUQ) includes:
Right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines
Left upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines
Right lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Part of the small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ovary, the right fallopian tube, and the right ureter
Left lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Part of the small and large intestines, the left ovary, the left fallopian tube, and the left ureter
Right hypochondriac
Upper right lateral region beneath the ribs
Epigastric
Upper middle region
Left hypochondriac
Upper left lateral region beneath the ribs
Right lumbar
Middle right lateral region
Umbilical
Region of the navel
Left lumbar
Middle left lateral region
Right inguinal (iliac)
Lower right lateral region
Hypogastric
Lower middle region
Left inguinal (iliac)
Lower left lateral region
Complete diagram of planes and directional terms
page 52 in e-text
two additional terms for “spine”
vertebral column
backbone
The spine is composed of __ vertebrae
26
The spine is divided into these sections:
- Cervical (neck)
- Thoracic (chest)
- Lumbar (loin)
- Sacral (lower back)
- Coccyx (tailbone)
pertaining to the sole of the foot
plantar
tailbone
coccyx
Which of the ventral cavities contains the heart, lungs, and associated structures?
thoracic
toward the surface of the body (external)
superficial
lying horizontal with face downward
prone
turning outward
eversion
nearer to the center (trunk of the body)
proximal
ventral cavity that contains digestive, reproductive, and excretory structures
abdominopelvic
turning inward or inside out
inversion
part of the spine known as the neck
cervical
movement toward the median plane
adduction
away from the head; toward the tail or lower part of a structure
inferior (caudal)
away from the surface of the body (internal)
deep
part of the spine known as the loin
lumbar
near the back of the body
posterior (dorsal)
cyt/o
cell
hist/o
tissue
kary/o
nucleus
nucle/o
nucleus
nucleus
kary/o
nucle/o
-logist
specialist in the study of
-logy
study of
anter/o
anterior, front
-ior
pertaining to
caud/o
tail
ad-
toward
cephal/o
head
dist/o
far, farthest
-al
pertaining to
dors/o
back (of body)
infer/o
lower, below
later/o
side, to one side
medi/o
middle
poster/o
back (of body), behind, posterior
proxim/o
near, nearest
ventr/o
belly, belly side
albin/o
white
-ism
condition
leuk/o
white
white
albin/o
leuk/o
chrom/o
colour
-ic
pertaining to
cirrh/o
yellow
jaund/o
yellow
xanth/o
yellow
yellow
cirrh/o
jaund/o
xanth/o
-osis
abnormal condition; increase
-ice
suffix used as noun ending
-oma
tumor
cyan/o
blue
-tic
pertaining to
erythr/o
red
melan/o
black
poli/o
gray; gray matter
myel
bone marrow; spinal cord
-itis
inflammation
radi/o
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)
tom/o
to cut
-graphy
process of recording
viscer/o
internal organs
lumb/o
loins; lower back
epi-
above, upon
son/o
sound
infra-
below, under
cost
ribs
peri-
around
umbilic
umbilicus, navel
super-
upper, above
ultra-
excess, beyond
pertaining to the front (of the body)
anterior
toward the head
cephalad
pertaining to the back (of the body)
dorsal
pertaining to the belly side (front of the body)
ventral
abnormal condition of yellow (ing)
cirrhosis
cell that is red
erythrocyte
tumor that is black
melanoma
specialist in the study of radiation or x-rays
radiologist
pertaining to above the (area of the) stomach
epigastric
pertaining to under or below the (area of the) stomach
hypogastric
specialist in the study of cells
cytologist
study of cells
cytology
red cell
erythrocyte
white cell
leukocyte
black cell
melanocyte
belly or belly side
ventral
nearest (point of attachment)
proximal
middle
medial
farthest (point of attachment)
distal
side, to one side
lateral
homeostasis
stable internal environment
condition caused by disruption in homeostasis
disease
signs
objective indicators that are observable
e.g. rash, tissue redness, and swelling are examples of signs
symptoms (Sx)
subjective indicator of disease. As such, only the patient can experience it.
e.g. dizziness, pain, and nausea are examples of symptoms.
diagnosis (Dx)
the cause and nature of a disease
prognosis
prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome
idiopathic disease
cause is unknown or exists without any connection with a known cause
adhesion
Abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated
edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces as a result of systemic disease or failure of the lymphatic system to drain tissue fluid from the site
febrile
Having or showing symptoms of a fever
gangrene
Death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection
hernia
Protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
inflammation (definition)
Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, sometimes with loss of function
mycosis
Any fungal infection in or on the body
myc-
fungus
perforation
Hole that completely penetrates a structure
peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs, usually caused by bacteria or fungi
periton
peritoneum
rupture
Sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
septicemia
Severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood; also called sepsis or blood poisoning
suppuration
Process of forming pus
establishing the cause and nature of a disease
diagnosis
fibrous band that binds together tissues that are normally separated
adhesion
death and decay of soft tissue
gangrene
protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
hernia
inflammation of the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity
peritonitis
severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood
septicemia
producing or forming pus
suppuration
prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome
prognosis
sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
rupture
subjective indicator of a disease
symptom
abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces
edema
hole that forms through a structure or a body part
perforation
fungal infection in or on the body
mycosis
body defense against injury, infection, or allergy, marked by redness, heat, pain, and swelling
inflammation
characterized by an elevated body temperature
febrile
assessment techniques
Sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient
auscultation
Listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds
inspection
General observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas
palpation
Gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures
percussion
Tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids within the underlying structure
endoscopy
Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
blood chemistry analysis
Laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions
complete blood count (CBC)
Broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases
computed tomography (CT)
rotates x-ray emitter around area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
fluoroscopy
x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion
fluor/o
luminous, fluorescent
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
radio waves and a strong magnetic field produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues
nuclear scan
Radioactive “tracers” introduced to body and “gamma” camera produces images of organs and structures
positron emission tomography (PET)
CT records the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease
radiography
X-rays are passed through the body and captured on a film to generate an image; also called x-ray
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs
ultrasonography (US)
High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
biopsy (bx)
Removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis
excisional
Biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed
incisional
Biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed
ablation
Removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)
anastomosis
Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
curettage
Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet)
electrocauterization
Use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue
incision and drainage (I&D)
Incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity
laser surgery
Use of a high-intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, to stop bleeding, or for cosmetic purposes
revision
Surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery
AP
anteroposterior
BX, Bx
biopsy
CBC
complete blood count
CT
computed tomography
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
Dx
diagnosis
I&D
incision and drainage
LAT, lat
lateral
LLQ
left lower quadrant
LUQ
left upper quadrant
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
PET
positron emission tomography
RF
rheumatoid factor; radio frequency
RLQ
right lower quadrant
RUQ
right upper quadrant
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
Sx
symptom
Tx
treatment
U&L, U/L
upper and lower
US
ultrasound, ultrasonography
assessment technique that involves the gentle tapping of a structure
percussion
scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument
curettage
panel of blood tests used as a broad screening test for anemias, infections, and other diseases
CBC
removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, or other techniques
ablation
visual examination of a cavity or canal using a special lighted instrument
endoscopy
imaging technique that directs x-rays to a fluorescent screen and displays “live” images on a monitor
fluoroscopy
establishing the nature and cause of a disease
Dx
use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue
electrocautery
surgery to compensate for or correct a previously performed surgery
revision
imaging procedure that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce images
MRI
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments
anastomosis
imaging procedure that uses a radioactive material introduced into the body to produce
nuclear scan
gentle application of hands to evaluate a specific structure of the body
palpation
incision that allows a free flow of fluids or pus from a wound
incision and drainage (I&D)
imaging procedure that generates detailed cross-sectional images that appear as a slice
computed tomography
the spinal cavity
-formed by the backbone (spine), contains the spinal cord.
