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Medical Terminology Systems > Ch. 4 Body Structure > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Body Structure Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

chromatin

A

Structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

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2
Q

chromosome

A

Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded in genes

Each sperm or egg has 23 unpaired chromosomes. After fertilization, each cell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). In each pair of chromosomes, one chromosome is provided by the father and the other by the mother.

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3
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides

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4
Q

metabolism

A

Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism

Metabolism includes the building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) of body constituents.

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5
Q

organelle

A

Cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion)

The membranes of many organelles act as sites of chemical reactions.

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6
Q

Five levels of organization are relevant to understanding anatomy, physiology, and pathology:

A

the cells, tissues, organs, systems, and organism.

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7
Q

The cell is the ______ structural and functional unit of life

A

smallest

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8
Q

Cells share three main structures:

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

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9
Q

cytology

A

study of the body at the cellular level

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10
Q

Jelly-like matrix inside of cell membrane:

A

cytoplasm

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11
Q

largest cell organelle

A

nucleus

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12
Q

The nucleus is responsible for

A

metabolism, growth, and reproduction

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13
Q

histology

A

study of tissue

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14
Q

Four types of tissues:

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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15
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers surfaces of organs
lines cavities and canals
forms tubes and ducts
provides the secreting portions of glands
makes up the outer layer (epidermis) of the skin.

It is composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers.

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16
Q

Connective tissue

A 
cartilage
adipose (fat)
bone
elastic fiber,
blood
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17
Q

Muscle tissue

A

provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement.

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18
Q

Nervous tissue

A

transmits electrical impulses

as it relays information throughout the entire body

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19
Q

body structures that perform specialized functions

A

organs

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20
Q

composed of varying numbers of organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions.

A

body system

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21
Q
  • highest level of organization

- complete living entity capable of independent existence.

A

organism

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22
Q

Anatomical position:

A

standard body position used for reference

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23
Q

plane:

A

an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections

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24
Q

Three common planes:

A

coronal (frontal)
transverse (horizontal)
midsagittal (median)

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25
Q

coronal (frontal) plane divides the body into:

A

an anterior and posterior section

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26
Q

transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into:

A

top and bottom sections

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27
Q

midsagittal plane divides the body into:

A

right and left halves

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28
Q

directional terms help indicate:

A

the position of structures, surfaces, and regions of the body

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29
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts

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30
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body

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31
Q

Medial

A

Pertaining to the midline of the body or structure

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32
Q

Lateral

A

Pertaining to a side

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33
Q

Superior (cephalad)

A

Toward the head or upper portion of a structure

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34
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure

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35
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body

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36
Q

Distal

A

Further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body

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37
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Front of the body

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38
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Back of the body

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39
Q

Parietal

A

Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

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40
Q

Visceral

A

Pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs

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41
Q

Prone

A

Lying on the abdomen, face down

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42
Q

Supine

A

Lying horizontally on the back, face up

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43
Q

Inversion

A

Turning inward or inside out

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44
Q

Eversion

A

Turning outward

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45
Q

Palmar

A

Pertaining to the palm of the hand

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46
Q

Plantar

A

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

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47
Q

Superficial

A

Toward the surface of the body (external)

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48
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body (internal)

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49
Q

Body cavities:

A

are spaces within the body that hold, protect, separate, and support internal organs

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50
Q

two main cavities:

A
  • the dorsal cavity, located on the back of the body (posterior)
  • the ventral cavity, located on the front of the body (anterior).
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51
Q

dorsal cavity is divided into:

A

the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity

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52
Q

cranial cavity:

A

-formed by the skull, contains the brain

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53
Q

meninges;

A

membranes that line body cavities and also cover the brain and spinal cord

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54
Q

Is the dorsal cavity continuous?

A

Yes, there are no walls or structures separating the cranial cavity from the spinal cavity

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55
Q

ventral cavity is divided into:

A

the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

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56
Q

ventral cavity is divided by the:

A

diaphragm

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57
Q

thoracic cavity contains:

A

the lungs and heart

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58
Q

abdominal pelvic cavity is divided into:

A

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

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59
Q

abdominal cavity contains

A

the liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys

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60
Q

pelvic cavity contains:

A

urinary bladder and reproductive organs

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61
Q

two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller areas:

A

quadrants and regions

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62
Q

Right upper Quadrant (RUQ) includes:

A

Right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines

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63
Q

Left upper Quadrant (LUQ)

A

Left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the small and large intestines

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64
Q

Right lower Quadrant (RLQ)

A

Part of the small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ovary, the right fallopian tube, and the right ureter

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65
Q

Left lower Quadrant (LLQ)

A

Part of the small and large intestines, the left ovary, the left fallopian tube, and the left ureter

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66
Q

Right hypochondriac

A

Upper right lateral region beneath the ribs

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67
Q

Epigastric

A

Upper middle region

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68
Q

Left hypochondriac

A

Upper left lateral region beneath the ribs

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69
Q

Right lumbar

A

Middle right lateral region

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70
Q

Umbilical

A

Region of the navel

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71
Q

Left lumbar

A

Middle left lateral region

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72
Q

Right inguinal (iliac)

A

Lower right lateral region

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73
Q

Hypogastric

A

Lower middle region

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74
Q

Left inguinal (iliac)

A

Lower left lateral region

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75
Q

Complete diagram of planes and directional terms

A

page 52 in e-text

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76
Q

two additional terms for “spine”

A

vertebral column

backbone

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77
Q

The spine is composed of __ vertebrae

A

26

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78
Q

The spine is divided into these sections:

A
  • Cervical (neck)
  • Thoracic (chest)
  • Lumbar (loin)
  • Sacral (lower back)
  • Coccyx (tailbone)
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79
Q

pertaining to the sole of the foot

A

plantar

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80
Q

tailbone

A

coccyx

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81
Q

Which of the ventral cavities contains the heart, lungs, and associated structures?

A

thoracic

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82
Q

toward the surface of the body (external)

A

superficial

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83
Q

lying horizontal with face downward

A

prone

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84
Q

turning outward

A

eversion

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85
Q

nearer to the center (trunk of the body)

A

proximal

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86
Q

ventral cavity that contains digestive, reproductive, and excretory structures

A

abdominopelvic

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87
Q

turning inward or inside out

A

inversion

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88
Q

part of the spine known as the neck

A

cervical

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89
Q

movement toward the median plane

A

adduction

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90
Q

away from the head; toward the tail or lower part of a structure

A

inferior (caudal)

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91
Q

away from the surface of the body (internal)

A

deep

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92
Q

part of the spine known as the loin

A

lumbar

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93
Q

near the back of the body

A

posterior (dorsal)

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94
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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95
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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96
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

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97
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

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98
Q

nucleus

A

kary/o

nucle/o

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99
Q

-logist

A

specialist in the study of

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100
Q

-logy

A

study of

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101
Q

anter/o

A

anterior, front

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102
Q

-ior

A

pertaining to

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103
Q

caud/o

A

tail

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104
Q

ad-

A

toward

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105
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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106
Q

dist/o

A

far, farthest

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107
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

108
Q

dors/o

A

back (of body)

109
Q

infer/o

A

lower, below

110
Q

later/o

A

side, to one side

111
Q

medi/o

A

middle

112
Q

poster/o

A

back (of body), behind, posterior

113
Q

proxim/o

A

near, nearest

114
Q

ventr/o

A

belly, belly side

115
Q

albin/o

A

white

116
Q

-ism

A

condition

117
Q

leuk/o

A

white

118
Q

white

A

albin/o

leuk/o

119
Q

chrom/o

A

colour

120
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

121
Q

cirrh/o

A

yellow

122
Q

jaund/o

A

yellow

123
Q

xanth/o

A

yellow

124
Q

yellow

A

cirrh/o
jaund/o
xanth/o

125
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition; increase

126
Q

-ice

A

suffix used as noun ending

127
Q

-oma

A

tumor

128
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

129
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

130
Q

erythr/o

A

red

131
Q

melan/o

A

black

132
Q

poli/o

A

gray; gray matter

133
Q

myel

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

134
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

135
Q

radi/o

A

radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)

136
Q

tom/o

A

to cut

137
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

138
Q

viscer/o

A

internal organs

139
Q

lumb/o

A

loins; lower back

140
Q

epi-

A

above, upon

141
Q

son/o

A

sound

142
Q

infra-

A

below, under

143
Q

cost

A

ribs

144
Q

peri-

A

around

145
Q

umbilic

A

umbilicus, navel

146
Q

super-

A

upper, above

147
Q

ultra-

A

excess, beyond

148
Q

pertaining to the front (of the body)

A

anterior

149
Q

toward the head

A

cephalad

150
Q

pertaining to the back (of the body)

A

dorsal

151
Q

pertaining to the belly side (front of the body)

A

ventral

152
Q

abnormal condition of yellow (ing)

A

cirrhosis

153
Q

cell that is red

A

erythrocyte

154
Q

tumor that is black

A

melanoma

155
Q

specialist in the study of radiation or x-rays

A

radiologist

156
Q

pertaining to above the (area of the) stomach

A

epigastric

157
Q

pertaining to under or below the (area of the) stomach

A

hypogastric

158
Q

specialist in the study of cells

A

cytologist

159
Q

study of cells

A

cytology

160
Q

red cell

A

erythrocyte

161
Q

white cell

A

leukocyte

162
Q

black cell

A

melanocyte

163
Q

belly or belly side

A

ventral

164
Q

nearest (point of attachment)

A

proximal

165
Q

middle

A

medial

166
Q

farthest (point of attachment)

A

distal

167
Q

side, to one side

A

lateral

168
Q

homeostasis

A

stable internal environment

169
Q

condition caused by disruption in homeostasis

A

disease

170
Q

signs

A

objective indicators that are observable

e.g. rash, tissue redness, and swelling are examples of signs

171
Q

symptoms (Sx)

A

subjective indicator of disease. As such, only the patient can experience it.

e.g. dizziness, pain, and nausea are examples of symptoms.

172
Q

diagnosis (Dx)

A

the cause and nature of a disease

173
Q

prognosis

A

prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome

174
Q

idiopathic disease

A

cause is unknown or exists without any connection with a known cause

175
Q

adhesion

A

Abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated

176
Q

edema

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces as a result of systemic disease or failure of the lymphatic system to drain tissue fluid from the site

177
Q

febrile

A

Having or showing symptoms of a fever

178
Q

gangrene

A

Death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection

179
Q

hernia

A

Protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it

180
Q

inflammation (definition)

A

Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, sometimes with loss of function

181
Q

mycosis

A

Any fungal infection in or on the body

182
Q

myc-

A

fungus

183
Q

perforation

A

Hole that completely penetrates a structure

184
Q

peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs, usually caused by bacteria or fungi

185
Q

periton

A

peritoneum

186
Q

rupture

A

Sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ

187
Q

septicemia

A

Severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood; also called sepsis or blood poisoning

188
Q

suppuration

A

Process of forming pus

189
Q

establishing the cause and nature of a disease

A

diagnosis

190
Q

fibrous band that binds together tissues that are normally separated

A

adhesion

191
Q

death and decay of soft tissue

A

gangrene

192
Q

protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it

A

hernia

193
Q

inflammation of the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity

A

peritonitis

194
Q

severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood

A

septicemia

195
Q

producing or forming pus

A

suppuration

196
Q

prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome

A

prognosis

197
Q

sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ

A

rupture

198
Q

subjective indicator of a disease

A

symptom

199
Q

abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces

A

edema

200
Q

hole that forms through a structure or a body part

A

perforation

201
Q

fungal infection in or on the body

A

mycosis

202
Q

body defense against injury, infection, or allergy, marked by redness, heat, pain, and swelling

A

inflammation

203
Q

characterized by an elevated body temperature

A

febrile

204
Q

assessment techniques

A

Sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient

205
Q

auscultation

A

Listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds

206
Q

inspection

A

General observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas

207
Q

palpation

A

Gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures

208
Q

percussion

A

Tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids within the underlying structure

209
Q

endoscopy

A

Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

210
Q

blood chemistry analysis

A

Laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions

211
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

Broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases

212
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

rotates x-ray emitter around area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

213
Q

fluoroscopy

A

x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion

214
Q

fluor/o

A

luminous, fluorescent

215
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

radio waves and a strong magnetic field produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues

216
Q

nuclear scan

A

Radioactive “tracers” introduced to body and “gamma” camera produces images of organs and structures

217
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

CT records the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease

218
Q

radiography

A

X-rays are passed through the body and captured on a film to generate an image; also called x-ray

219
Q

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

Radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs

220
Q

ultrasonography (US)

A

High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo

221
Q

biopsy (bx)

A

Removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis

222
Q

excisional

A

Biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed

223
Q

incisional

A

Biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed

224
Q

ablation

A

Removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)

225
Q

anastomosis

A

Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

226
Q

curettage

A

Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet)

227
Q

electrocauterization

A

Use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue

228
Q

incision and drainage (I&D)

A

Incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity

229
Q

laser surgery

A

Use of a high-intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, to stop bleeding, or for cosmetic purposes

230
Q

revision

A

Surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery

231
Q

AP

A

anteroposterior

232
Q

BX, Bx

A

biopsy

233
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

234
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

235
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

236
Q

Dx

A

diagnosis

237
Q

I&D

A

incision and drainage

238
Q

LAT, lat

A

lateral

239
Q

LLQ

A

left lower quadrant

240
Q

LUQ

A

left upper quadrant

241
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

242
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

243
Q

RF

A

rheumatoid factor; radio frequency

244
Q

RLQ

A

right lower quadrant

245
Q

RUQ

A

right upper quadrant

246
Q

SPECT

A

single-photon emission computed tomography

247
Q

Sx

A

symptom

248
Q

Tx

A

treatment

249
Q

U&L, U/L

A

upper and lower

250
Q

US

A

ultrasound, ultrasonography

251
Q

assessment technique that involves the gentle tapping of a structure

A

percussion

252
Q

scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument

A

curettage

253
Q

panel of blood tests used as a broad screening test for anemias, infections, and other diseases

A

CBC

254
Q

removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, or other techniques

A

ablation

255
Q

visual examination of a cavity or canal using a special lighted instrument

A

endoscopy

256
Q

imaging technique that directs x-rays to a fluorescent screen and displays “live” images on a monitor

A

fluoroscopy

257
Q

establishing the nature and cause of a disease

A

Dx

258
Q

use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue

A

electrocautery

259
Q

surgery to compensate for or correct a previously performed surgery

A

revision

260
Q

imaging procedure that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce images

A

MRI

261
Q

surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments

A

anastomosis

262
Q

imaging procedure that uses a radioactive material introduced into the body to produce

A

nuclear scan

263
Q

gentle application of hands to evaluate a specific structure of the body

A

palpation

264
Q

incision that allows a free flow of fluids or pus from a wound

A

incision and drainage (I&D)

265
Q

imaging procedure that generates detailed cross-sectional images that appear as a slice

A

computed tomography

266
Q

the spinal cavity

A

-formed by the backbone (spine), contains the spinal cord.

Medical Terminology Systems (16 decks)

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