Ch. 13 Male Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
The male reproductive system (function):
A
produces, maintains, and transports sperm
develops & maintains male secondary sex characteristics.
2
Q
gamete
A
Reproductive cell (ovum or sperm) that contains one-half of the chromosomes required to produce an offspring of the species
3
Q
libido
A
Psychological and physical drive for sexual activity
4
Q
semen
A
Fluid containing sperm and secretions from the prostate and other structures of the male reproductive system; also called seminal fluid
5
Q
sphincter
A
Ringlike muscle that opens and closes a body opening to allow or restrict passage through the structure
6
Q
testosterone
A
Androgenic hormone responsible for development of male sex organs (penis, testicles, scrotum, prostate)
7
Q
The primary male reproductive organ (name/location):
A
2 testes (singular, testis) located in scrotum
8
Q
scrotum (location, function):
A
external sac lying behind and below the penis
muscular wall of scrotum controls temperature of testes
9
Q
testes produce:
A
testosterone:
- develops secondary sex characteristics (facial/body hair, deep voice, increased muscle mass)
- plays important role in libido
10
Q
testes contain:
A
seminiferous tubules
11
Q
seminiferous tubules
A
produce sperm
12
Q
epididymis (location, structure, function)
A
- on superior surface of testes
- single, tightly coiled tube
- stores sperm
- contracts during ejaculation, expels sperm into vas deferens
13
Q
vas deferens (AKA, location)
A
- seminal duct/ductus deferens
- narrow tube that passes through the inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity, extends over and down the posterior surface of the bladder, where it joins seminal vesicle.
14
Q
seminal vesicle
A
contains nutrients that support sperm viability and produces approximately 60% of the semen (seminal fluid)
15
Q
ejaculatory duct is formed by:
A
the union of the vas deferens with the duct from the seminal vesicle
16
Q
prostate gland (structure, function)
A
a triple-lobed organ fused to the base of the bladder
secretes a thin, alkaline substance that accounts for about 30% of seminal fluid
17
Q
Where does the ejaculatory duct and urethra join?
A
in the prostate gland
18
Q
What is the significance of the alkalinity that the prostate gland adds to seminal fluid?
A
helps protect sperm from the acidic environments of the male urethra and the female vagina
19
Q
bulbourethral (Cowper) glands (structure, location, function)
A
- pea-shaped
- below prostate, connected to urethra by small duct
- provide additional alkaline fluid to assist in sperm viability
20
Q
penis (function, structure, function)
A
- male sex organ
- cylindrical, made of erectile tissue
- encloses urethra
- becomes rigid/erect upon sexual arousal
21
Q
urethra (function)
A
expels both semen and urine from the body
22
Q
glans penis (structure, contents)
A
- enlarged tip of penis
- contains urethral orifice (meatus) and nerve endings.
- covered by movable hood of skin, the prepuce (foreskin)
23
Q
Review Figure 13-1
A
pg 441
24
Q
Complete Anatomy Review
A
pg 442
25
The main function of the male reproductive systems is to:.
enable sexual reproduction
26
Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
* secretes testosterone into extracellular fluids
| * increased blood to erectile tissue for copulation.
27
Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and
Cardiovascular
* testosterone transported by vascular system.
| * Increased heart rate maintains sexual excitement needed for ejaculation.
28
Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and
Digestive
• continuous supply of food/nourishment support proper function of reproductive organs and sexual behavior.
29
Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and
Endocrine
* testosterone provides feedback to pituitary gland.
| * testosterone produces/regulates development of secondary sex characteristics.
30
Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and
Female Reproductive
* male structures produce/deliver sperm
| * together these systems enable fertilization of ovum.
31
Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and
Integumentary
• Male hormones produce facial and body hair growth consistent with maleness.
32
Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and
Musculoskeletal
• Male hormones produce skeletal and muscular structures consistent with a larger body frame than that normally found in females.
33
Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and
Nervous
* nervous system innervates organs for copulation.
| * activities regulated by emotional aspects of nervous system
34
Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and
Respiratory
* increased respiratory rate supports sexual activity
* O2/Co2 exchange needed for healthy functioning.
* causes laryngeal changes, deepening the voice.
35
Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and
Urinary
* The male reproductive system and the urinary system share common structures.
* Waste substances produced by the male reproductive organs are removed by the urinary system.
36
andr/o
male
37
andr/o/gen/ic
pertaining to maleness
38
balan/o
glans penis
39
balan/o/plasty
surgical repair of the glans penis
40
crypt/o
hidden
41
crypt/orchid/ism
condition of hidden testis
42
epididym/o
epididymis
43
epididym/o/tomy
incision of the epididymis
44
genit/o
genitalia
45
genit/o/urin/ary
pertaining to genitalia and urinary tract
46
gonad/o
gonads, sex glands
47
gonad/o/pathy
disease of the gonads, sex glands
48
gon/o
seed (ovum or spermatozoon)
49
gon/o/rrhea
discharge of the seed (ovum or spermatozoon)
50
olig/o
scanty
51
olig/o/sperm/ia
condition of scanty sperm
52
orch/o
testis (plural, testes)
53
orchi/o
testis (plural, testes)
54
orchid/o
testis (plural, testes)
55
test/o
testis (plural, testes)
56
testis (plural, testes)
orch/o
orchi/o
orchid/o
test/o
57
orch/itis
inflammation of testis
58
orchi/algia
pain of testis
59
orchid/o/rrhaphy
suture of testis
60
test/algia
pain of testis
61
perine/o
perineum (area between scrotum [or vulva in the female] and anus)
62
perine/al
pertaining to perineum (area between scrotum [or vulva in the female] and anus)
63
prostat/o
prostate gland
64
prostat/o/megaly
enlargement of the prostate gland
65
spermat/o
spermatozoa, sperm cells
66
sperm/o
spermatozoa, sperm cells
67
spermatozoa, sperm cells
spermat/o
| sperm/o
68
spermat/o/cele
hernia or swelling of sperm cells
69
sperm/ic
pertaining to sperm
70
varic/o
dilated vein
71
varic/o/cele
hernia or swelling of dilated vein
72
vas/o
vessel; vas deferens; duct
73
vas/ectomy
removal of vessel or duct
74
vesicul/o
seminal vesicle
75
vesicul/itis
inflammation of seminal vesicle
76
-cide
killing
77
sperm/i/cide
killing of sperm
78
spermat/o/genesis
forming/producing/origin of sperm
79
an/orch/ism
condition without testis
80
-spadias
slit, fissure
81
hypo/spadias
slit/fissure under or below
82
brachy-
short
83
brachy/therapy
treatment of short
84
epi-
above, upon
85
epi/spadias
slit/fissure above or upon
86
Complete Learning Activity 13-1
pg 460
87
Complete Learning Activity 13-2
pg 461
88
Urology:
is the branch of medicine concerned with the male reproductive system and urinary disorders in males and females.
89
urologist
physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary disorders
90
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) (AKA, define)
AKA sexually transmitted diseases
| any contagious disease acquired during sexual activity with an infected partner
91
STIs (examples)
```
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
Syphilis
Genital Herpes
Genital Warts
Trichomoniasis
```
92
Gonorrhea (caused by, anatomical affects, causes)
caused bacteria
affects mucosal surface of genitourinary tract, rectum, pharynx
causes infertility in men/women and blindness in babies
93
Chlamydia
caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
most prevalent and one of the most damaging STIs
causes irreversible damage to reproductive organs and conjunctivitis and pneumonia in babies men/women
94
Syphilis
caused by the bacteria (pallidum)
causes chronic, infectious, multisystemic disease
could cause death if untreated
95
chancre
a painless sore caused by syphilis
96
Genital Herpes
causes red, blisterlike, painful lesions in the genital area that closely resemble fever blisters or cold sores that appear on the lips and around the mouth.
Fluid in the blisters in genital herpes is highly infectious and contains the active virus
97
Genital warts (AKAs, caused by, causes)
(condylomata, condylomas)
caused by HPV, skin-to-skin contact (not just sex)
associated with cancers
98
Trichomoniasis
caused by parasite
irritation/inflammation of genitals
mild - extreme discharge (yellow, odor)
burning/discomfort during urination/sex
99
Cancer of the Male Reproductive System:
Prostate Cancer
100
radical prostatectomy
surgery that removes the entire prostate, seminal vesicles, and surrounding lymph nodes
101
androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is helpful in treating prostate cancer because:
the growth of prostate cancer is fueled by testosterone
102
bilateral orchiectomy, castration
removal of both testes
103
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP)
Enlargement of prostate, usually as part of the aging process that constricts the urethra, causing urinary symptoms including frequency, hesitancy, nocturia, and urinary retention (See Fig. 13-2.)
104
balanitis
Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis, caused by bacteria, fungi, or a virus
105
erectile dysfunction (ED)
Repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse
106
hypogonadism
Decrease or lack of hormones normally produced by the gonads
107
hypospadias
Congenital abnormality in which the opening of the male urethra is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
108
phimosis
Stenosis or narrowing of foreskin so that it cannot be retracted over the glans penis
109
phim:
muzzle
110
priapism
Prolonged, commonly painful erection of the penis, which occurs without sexual stimulation
111
prostatitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate
112
sterility
Inability to produce offspring
113
testicular abnormalities
Any of the various disorders that affect the testes (See Fig. 13-3.)
114
anorchism
Absence of one or both testicles; also called anorchia or anorchidism
115
epididymitis
Inflammation of the epididymis (See Fig. 13-3A.)
116
hydrocele
Swelling of the sac surrounding the testes that is typically harmless (See Fig. 13-3B.)
117
orchitis
Painful swelling of one or both testes commonly associated with mumps that develop after puberty (See Fig. 13-3C.)
118
spermatocele
Abnormal, fluid-filled sac that develops in the epididymis and may or may not contain sperm; also called spermatic cyst (See Fig. 13-3D.)
119
testicular mass
New tissue growth that appears on one or both testes and may be malignant or benign (See Fig. 13-3E.)
120
testicular torsion
Spontaneous twisting of a testicle within the scrotum, leading to a decrease in blood flow to the affected testicle (See Fig. 13-3F.)
121
testicular cancer
Malignancy that develops in one or both testes, commonly presenting as a small lump or tenderness on the testicle, swelling in the scrotum and, occasionally, enlargement of breast tissue (gynecomastia)
122
varicocele
Swelling and distention of veins of the spermatic cord, somewhat resembling varicose veins of the legs (See Fig. 13-3G.)
123
Complete Learning Activity 13-3
pg 462
124
digital rectal examination (DRE)
Screening test in males that evaluates the size and consistency of the prostate (See Fig. 13-4.)
125
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, especially prostate cancer; also called tumor marker test
126
semen analysis
Test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after a vasectomy
127
scrotal ultrasound (US)
Imaging procedure using sound waves to assess the contents of the scrotum, including the testicles, epididymis, and vas deferens; also called testicular ultrasound
128
transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy of the prostate
Imaging procedure using soundwaves emitted by a probe inserted through the rectum to serve as a guide for biopsy of the prostate when PSA and DRE are abnormal (See Fig. 13-5.)
129
circumcision
Removal of the foreskin, or fold of skin covering the tip (glans) of the penis
130
orchiopexy
Fixation of the testes in the scrotum
131
prostatectomy
Removal of all or part of the prostate
132
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
Excision of prostate tissue by inserting a special endoscope (resectoscope) through the urethra and into the bladder to remove small pieces of tissue from the prostate gland (See Fig. 13-6.)
133
urethroplasty
Reconstruction of the urethra to relieve stricture or narrowing
134
vasectomy
Removal of all or a segment of the vas deferens for male sterilization
135
brachytherapy of the prostate
Radiation oncology procedure where radioactive “seeds” are placed directly within or near a tumor in the prostate to destroy malignant cells (See Fig. 13-8.)
136
cryotherapy of the prostate
Freezing of the prostate, causing cancer cells to die (See Fig. 13-9.)
137
external beam radiation therapy (EBRT)
Procedure in which the patient is positioned at a distance from the radiation source, which is then directed at the prostate; also called external beam radiation (EBT) or teletherapy
138
alpha-1 blockers
Block alpha-1 receptors in the prostate and bladder, relaxing muscles and improving urine flow in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
139
androgens
Increase testosterone levels
140
antiandrogens
Suppress the production of androgen
141
anti-impotence agents
Treat erectile dysfunction (impotence) by increasing blood flow to the penis, resulting in an erection
142
antivirals
Treat viral disorders by inhibiting the development of the offending virus
143
ADT
androgen deprivation therapy
144
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic hypertrophy
145
DRE
digital rectal examination
146
HSV
herpes simplex virus
147
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
148
STD
sexually transmitted disease
149
EBRT
external beam radiation therapy
150
STI
sexually transmitted infection
151
EBT
external beam therapy
152
TRUS
transrectal ultrasound
153
ED
erectile dysfunction; emergency department
154
TSE
testicular self-examination
155
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
156
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate
157
HPV
human papillomavirus
158
US
ultrasound; ultrasonography
159
Complete Learning Activity 13-4
pg 463
