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Medical Terminology Systems > Ch. 13 Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Ch. 13 Male Reproductive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The male reproductive system (function):

A

produces, maintains, and transports sperm

develops & maintains male secondary sex characteristics.

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2
Q

gamete

A

Reproductive cell (ovum or sperm) that contains one-half of the chromosomes required to produce an offspring of the species

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3
Q

libido

A

Psychological and physical drive for sexual activity

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4
Q

semen

A

Fluid containing sperm and secretions from the prostate and other structures of the male reproductive system; also called seminal fluid

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5
Q

sphincter

A

Ringlike muscle that opens and closes a body opening to allow or restrict passage through the structure

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6
Q

testosterone

A

Androgenic hormone responsible for development of male sex organs (penis, testicles, scrotum, prostate)

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7
Q

The primary male reproductive organ (name/location):

A 
2 testes (singular, testis) 
located in scrotum
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8
Q

scrotum (location, function):

A

external sac lying behind and below the penis

muscular wall of scrotum controls temperature of testes

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9
Q

testes produce:

A

testosterone:

  • develops secondary sex characteristics (facial/body hair, deep voice, increased muscle mass)
  • plays important role in libido
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10
Q

testes contain:

A

seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

produce sperm

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12
Q

epididymis (location, structure, function)

A
  • on superior surface of testes
  • single, tightly coiled tube
  • stores sperm
  • contracts during ejaculation, expels sperm into vas deferens
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13
Q

vas deferens (AKA, location)

A
  • seminal duct/ductus deferens
  • narrow tube that passes through the inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity, extends over and down the posterior surface of the bladder, where it joins seminal vesicle.
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14
Q

seminal vesicle

A

contains nutrients that support sperm viability and produces approximately 60% of the semen (seminal fluid)

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15
Q

ejaculatory duct is formed by:

A

the union of the vas deferens with the duct from the seminal vesicle

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16
Q

prostate gland (structure, function)

A

a triple-lobed organ fused to the base of the bladder

secretes a thin, alkaline substance that accounts for about 30% of seminal fluid

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17
Q

Where does the ejaculatory duct and urethra join?

A

in the prostate gland

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18
Q

What is the significance of the alkalinity that the prostate gland adds to seminal fluid?

A

helps protect sperm from the acidic environments of the male urethra and the female vagina

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19
Q

bulbourethral (Cowper) glands (structure, location, function)

A
  • pea-shaped
  • below prostate, connected to urethra by small duct
  • provide additional alkaline fluid to assist in sperm viability
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20
Q

penis (function, structure, function)

A
  • male sex organ
  • cylindrical, made of erectile tissue
  • encloses urethra
  • becomes rigid/erect upon sexual arousal
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21
Q

urethra (function)

A

expels both semen and urine from the body

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22
Q

glans penis (structure, contents)

A
  • enlarged tip of penis
  • contains urethral orifice (meatus) and nerve endings.
  • covered by movable hood of skin, the prepuce (foreskin)
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23
Q

Review Figure 13-1

A

pg 441

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24
Q

Complete Anatomy Review

A

pg 442

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25
Q

The main function of the male reproductive systems is to:.

A

enable sexual reproduction

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26
Q

Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and

Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune

A
  • secretes testosterone into extracellular fluids

* increased blood to erectile tissue for copulation.

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27
Q

Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and

Cardiovascular

A
  • testosterone transported by vascular system.

* Increased heart rate maintains sexual excitement needed for ejaculation.

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28
Q

Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and

Digestive

A

• continuous supply of food/nourishment support proper function of reproductive organs and sexual behavior.

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29
Q

Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and

Endocrine

A
  • testosterone provides feedback to pituitary gland.

* testosterone produces/regulates development of secondary sex characteristics.

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30
Q

Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and

Female Reproductive

A
  • male structures produce/deliver sperm

* together these systems enable fertilization of ovum.

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31
Q

Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and

Integumentary

A

• Male hormones produce facial and body hair growth consistent with maleness.

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32
Q

Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and

Musculoskeletal

A

• Male hormones produce skeletal and muscular structures consistent with a larger body frame than that normally found in females.

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33
Q

Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and

Nervous

A
  • nervous system innervates organs for copulation.

* activities regulated by emotional aspects of nervous system

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34
Q

Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and

Respiratory

A
  • increased respiratory rate supports sexual activity
  • O2/Co2 exchange needed for healthy functioning.
  • causes laryngeal changes, deepening the voice.
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35
Q

Functional relationships between the male reproductive system and

Urinary

A
  • The male reproductive system and the urinary system share common structures.
  • Waste substances produced by the male reproductive organs are removed by the urinary system.
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36
Q

andr/o

A

male

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37
Q

andr/o/gen/ic

A

pertaining to maleness

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38
Q

balan/o

A

glans penis

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39
Q

balan/o/plasty

A

surgical repair of the glans penis

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40
Q

crypt/o

A

hidden

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41
Q

crypt/orchid/ism

A

condition of hidden testis

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42
Q

epididym/o

A

epididymis

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43
Q

epididym/o/tomy

A

incision of the epididymis

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44
Q

genit/o

A

genitalia

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45
Q

genit/o/urin/ary

A

pertaining to genitalia and urinary tract

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46
Q

gonad/o

A

gonads, sex glands

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47
Q

gonad/o/pathy

A

disease of the gonads, sex glands

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48
Q

gon/o

A

seed (ovum or spermatozoon)

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49
Q

gon/o/rrhea

A

discharge of the seed (ovum or spermatozoon)

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50
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

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51
Q

olig/o/sperm/ia

A

condition of scanty sperm

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52
Q

orch/o

A

testis (plural, testes)

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53
Q

orchi/o

A

testis (plural, testes)

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54
Q

orchid/o

A

testis (plural, testes)

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55
Q

test/o

A

testis (plural, testes)

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56
Q

testis (plural, testes)

A

orch/o
orchi/o
orchid/o
test/o

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57
Q

orch/itis

A

inflammation of testis

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58
Q

orchi/algia

A

pain of testis

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59
Q

orchid/o/rrhaphy

A

suture of testis

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60
Q

test/algia

A

pain of testis

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61
Q

perine/o

A

perineum (area between scrotum [or vulva in the female] and anus)

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62
Q

perine/al

A

pertaining to perineum (area between scrotum [or vulva in the female] and anus)

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63
Q

prostat/o

A

prostate gland

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64
Q

prostat/o/megaly

A

enlargement of the prostate gland

65
Q

spermat/o

A

spermatozoa, sperm cells

66
Q

sperm/o

A

spermatozoa, sperm cells

67
Q

spermatozoa, sperm cells

A

spermat/o

sperm/o

68
Q

spermat/o/cele

A

hernia or swelling of sperm cells

69
Q

sperm/ic

A

pertaining to sperm

70
Q

varic/o

A

dilated vein

71
Q

varic/o/cele

A

hernia or swelling of dilated vein

72
Q

vas/o

A

vessel; vas deferens; duct

73
Q

vas/ectomy

A

removal of vessel or duct

74
Q

vesicul/o

A

seminal vesicle

75
Q

vesicul/itis

A

inflammation of seminal vesicle

76
Q

-cide

A

killing

77
Q

sperm/i/cide

A

killing of sperm

78
Q

spermat/o/genesis

A

forming/producing/origin of sperm

79
Q

an/orch/ism

A

condition without testis

80
Q

-spadias

A

slit, fissure

81
Q

hypo/spadias

A

slit/fissure under or below

82
Q

brachy-

A

short

83
Q

brachy/therapy

A

treatment of short

84
Q

epi-

A

above, upon

85
Q

epi/spadias

A

slit/fissure above or upon

86
Q

Complete Learning Activity 13-1

A

pg 460

87
Q

Complete Learning Activity 13-2

A

pg 461

88
Q

Urology:

A

is the branch of medicine concerned with the male reproductive system and urinary disorders in males and females.

89
Q

urologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary disorders

90
Q

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) (AKA, define)

A

AKA sexually transmitted diseases

any contagious disease acquired during sexual activity with an infected partner

91
Q

STIs (examples)

A 
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
Syphilis
Genital Herpes
Genital Warts
Trichomoniasis
92
Q

Gonorrhea (caused by, anatomical affects, causes)

A

caused bacteria

affects mucosal surface of genitourinary tract, rectum, pharynx

causes infertility in men/women and blindness in babies

93
Q

Chlamydia

A

caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
most prevalent and one of the most damaging STIs
causes irreversible damage to reproductive organs and conjunctivitis and pneumonia in babies men/women

94
Q

Syphilis

A

caused by the bacteria (pallidum)
causes chronic, infectious, multisystemic disease
could cause death if untreated

95
Q

chancre

A

a painless sore caused by syphilis

96
Q

Genital Herpes

A

causes red, blisterlike, painful lesions in the genital area that closely resemble fever blisters or cold sores that appear on the lips and around the mouth.

Fluid in the blisters in genital herpes is highly infectious and contains the active virus

97
Q

Genital warts (AKAs, caused by, causes)

A

(condylomata, condylomas)

caused by HPV, skin-to-skin contact (not just sex)

associated with cancers

98
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

caused by parasite

irritation/inflammation of genitals
mild - extreme discharge (yellow, odor)
burning/discomfort during urination/sex

99
Q

Cancer of the Male Reproductive System:

A

Prostate Cancer

100
Q

radical prostatectomy

A

surgery that removes the entire prostate, seminal vesicles, and surrounding lymph nodes

101
Q

androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is helpful in treating prostate cancer because:

A

the growth of prostate cancer is fueled by testosterone

102
Q

bilateral orchiectomy, castration

A

removal of both testes

103
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BHP)

A

Enlargement of prostate, usually as part of the aging process that constricts the urethra, causing urinary symptoms including frequency, hesitancy, nocturia, and urinary retention (See Fig. 13-2.)

104
Q

balanitis

A

Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis, caused by bacteria, fungi, or a virus

105
Q

erectile dysfunction (ED)

A

Repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse

106
Q

hypogonadism

A

Decrease or lack of hormones normally produced by the gonads

107
Q

hypospadias

A

Congenital abnormality in which the opening of the male urethra is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip

108
Q

phimosis

A

Stenosis or narrowing of foreskin so that it cannot be retracted over the glans penis

109
Q

phim:

A

muzzle

110
Q

priapism

A

Prolonged, commonly painful erection of the penis, which occurs without sexual stimulation

111
Q

prostatitis

A

Acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate

112
Q

sterility

A

Inability to produce offspring

113
Q

testicular abnormalities

A

Any of the various disorders that affect the testes (See Fig. 13-3.)

114
Q

anorchism

A

Absence of one or both testicles; also called anorchia or anorchidism

115
Q

epididymitis

A

Inflammation of the epididymis (See Fig. 13-3A.)

116
Q

hydrocele

A

Swelling of the sac surrounding the testes that is typically harmless (See Fig. 13-3B.)

117
Q

orchitis

A

Painful swelling of one or both testes commonly associated with mumps that develop after puberty (See Fig. 13-3C.)

118
Q

spermatocele

A

Abnormal, fluid-filled sac that develops in the epididymis and may or may not contain sperm; also called spermatic cyst (See Fig. 13-3D.)

119
Q

testicular mass

A

New tissue growth that appears on one or both testes and may be malignant or benign (See Fig. 13-3E.)

120
Q

testicular torsion

A

Spontaneous twisting of a testicle within the scrotum, leading to a decrease in blood flow to the affected testicle (See Fig. 13-3F.)

121
Q

testicular cancer

A

Malignancy that develops in one or both testes, commonly presenting as a small lump or tenderness on the testicle, swelling in the scrotum and, occasionally, enlargement of breast tissue (gynecomastia)

122
Q

varicocele

A

Swelling and distention of veins of the spermatic cord, somewhat resembling varicose veins of the legs (See Fig. 13-3G.)

123
Q

Complete Learning Activity 13-3

A

pg 462

124
Q

digital rectal examination (DRE)

A

Screening test in males that evaluates the size and consistency of the prostate (See Fig. 13-4.)

125
Q

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

A

Blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, especially prostate cancer; also called tumor marker test

126
Q

semen analysis

A

Test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after a vasectomy

127
Q

scrotal ultrasound (US)

A

Imaging procedure using sound waves to assess the contents of the scrotum, including the testicles, epididymis, and vas deferens; also called testicular ultrasound

128
Q

transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy of the prostate

A

Imaging procedure using soundwaves emitted by a probe inserted through the rectum to serve as a guide for biopsy of the prostate when PSA and DRE are abnormal (See Fig. 13-5.)

129
Q

circumcision

A

Removal of the foreskin, or fold of skin covering the tip (glans) of the penis

130
Q

orchiopexy

A

Fixation of the testes in the scrotum

131
Q

prostatectomy

A

Removal of all or part of the prostate

132
Q

transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

A

Excision of prostate tissue by inserting a special endoscope (resectoscope) through the urethra and into the bladder to remove small pieces of tissue from the prostate gland (See Fig. 13-6.)

133
Q

urethroplasty

A

Reconstruction of the urethra to relieve stricture or narrowing

134
Q

vasectomy

A

Removal of all or a segment of the vas deferens for male sterilization

135
Q

brachytherapy of the prostate

A

Radiation oncology procedure where radioactive “seeds” are placed directly within or near a tumor in the prostate to destroy malignant cells (See Fig. 13-8.)

136
Q

cryotherapy of the prostate

A

Freezing of the prostate, causing cancer cells to die (See Fig. 13-9.)

137
Q

external beam radiation therapy (EBRT)

A

Procedure in which the patient is positioned at a distance from the radiation source, which is then directed at the prostate; also called external beam radiation (EBT) or teletherapy

138
Q

alpha-1 blockers

A

Block alpha-1 receptors in the prostate and bladder, relaxing muscles and improving urine flow in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

139
Q

androgens

A

Increase testosterone levels

140
Q

antiandrogens

A

Suppress the production of androgen

141
Q

anti-impotence agents

A

Treat erectile dysfunction (impotence) by increasing blood flow to the penis, resulting in an erection

142
Q

antivirals

A

Treat viral disorders by inhibiting the development of the offending virus

143
Q

ADT

A

androgen deprivation therapy

144
Q

BPH

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic hypertrophy

145
Q

DRE

A

digital rectal examination

146
Q

HSV

A

herpes simplex virus

147
Q

PSA

A

prostate-specific antigen

148
Q

STD

A

sexually transmitted disease

149
Q

EBRT

A

external beam radiation therapy

150
Q

STI

A

sexually transmitted infection

151
Q

EBT

A

external beam therapy

152
Q

TRUS

A

transrectal ultrasound

153
Q

ED

A

erectile dysfunction; emergency department

154
Q

TSE

A

testicular self-examination

155
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

156
Q

TURP

A

transurethral resection of the prostate

157
Q

HPV

A

human papillomavirus

158
Q

US

A

ultrasound; ultrasonography

159
Q

Complete Learning Activity 13-4

A

pg 463

Medical Terminology Systems (16 decks)

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