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Medical Terminology Systems > Ch. 6 Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The digestive systems primary function

A

is to break down food, prepare it for absorption, and eliminate waste.

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2
Q

The digestive system is made up of:

A

GI tract
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

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3
Q

bilirubin

A

Orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells and eventually excreted in the feces

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4
Q

bolus

A

Mass of masticated food ready for swallowing

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5
Q

exocrine gland definition

A

Type of gland that secretes products through excretory ducts to surface of organ/tissue or into a vessel

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6
Q

exo-

A

outside, outward

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7
Q

-crine

A

secrete

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8
Q

sphincter

A

Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body

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9
Q

triglycerides

A

Organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids

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10
Q

bucca

A

cheeks

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11
Q

The mouth is formed by:

A

cheeks, lips, teeth, tongue, and hard/soft palates

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12
Q

Upper GI System components:

A

Mouth (w/ salivary glands)
Pharynx (throat)
Esophagus
Stomach

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13
Q

Small intestine components

A

Duodenum (bile from liver then gallbladder and enzymes from pancreas)
Jejunum
Ileum

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14
Q

Large intestine components:

A 
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Signmoid colon
Rectum
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15
Q

Pathway of food through digestive system:

A

Food enters mouth and rest of upper GI system components (4),
Then to small intestine components (3),
Then to large intestine components (6),
Finally, feces expelled through anus

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16
Q

Function of teeth:

A

mastication (mechanical break down of food)

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17
Q

Dentin

A

Main structure of teeth found beneath the enamel.

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18
Q

Pulp

A

innermost part of tooth containing nerves and blood vessels

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19
Q

Gingiva

A

gums - fleshy, pink tissue containing teeth

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20
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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21
Q

Functions of tongue:

A

assists in chewing
speech production
taste

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22
Q

papillae

A

taste buds

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23
Q

4 basic taste sensations

A

sweet
sour
salty
bitter

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24
Q

Hard and soft palates:

A

continuous formation that provides partition between mouth and nasopharynx

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25
Q

uvula

A

soft, fleshy v-shaped structure that guides food bolus into throat (pharynx)

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26
Q

Function of pharynx:

A

passageway to respiratory and GI tracts

resonating chamber for speech sounds

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27
Q

The pharynx leads to:

A

trachea (to lungs)

esophagus (to stomach)

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28
Q

A small flap of cartilage that folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus.

A

epiglottis

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29
Q

stomach functions:

A

food reservoir that continues mechanical and chemical digestion.

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30
Q

the stomach is located:

A

LUQ

from esophagus to duodenum

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31
Q

lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter (terminal portion of esophagus) is composed of:

A

muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach

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32
Q

lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter function:

A

prevents the stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus

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33
Q

storage areas of stomach:

A

body and fundus

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34
Q

where most digestion takes place in stomach:

A

pylorus - funnel-shaped terminal portion

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35
Q

The interior lining of the stomach is composed of:

A

mucous membranes and contains numerous rugae

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36
Q

rugae

A

macroscopic longitudinal folds that gradually unfold as the stomach fills
contain digestive glands that produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes

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37
Q

chyme

A

semiliquid form of broken down bolus

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38
Q

sphincter between stomach and duodenum

A

pyloric

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39
Q

pyloric sphincter regulates

A

speed and movement of chyme into the small intestine and prohibits backflow

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40
Q

peristalsis

A

coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions that propelled food through the entire GI tract

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41
Q

The 20ft coiled small intestine is located between:

A

the pyloric sphincter and large intestine.

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42
Q

Small intestine consists of:

A

duodenum (10 inches)
jejunum (8 feet)
ileum (12 feet)

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43
Q

Digestion is completed in the small intestine with the help of:

A

pancreas (enzymes)

liver (bile secretions)

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44
Q

Villi

A

microscopic, fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients in chyme (nutrients enter bloodstream and lymphatic system for distribution to the rest of the body)

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45
Q

sphincter at the end of the small intestine

A

ileocecal valve

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46
Q

ileocecal valve

A

allows undigested or unabsorbed material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine and eventually be excreted from the body

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47
Q

3 salivary glands:

A

parotid (upper)
submandibular (back lower mouth)
sublingual (front lower mouth)

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48
Q

Location of 5ft large intestine:

A

end of ileum to anus

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49
Q

Does digestion happen in the large intestine?

A

No

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50
Q

Location and purpose of secretion in large intestine:

A

mucus in colon to lubricate fecal matter

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51
Q

3 main components of large intestine:

A

cecum
colon
rectum

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52
Q

cecum

A

first 2 or 3 inches of large intestine a small pouch that hangs inferior to the ileocecal valve

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53
Q

appendix

A

projecting down from cecum

a small, wormlike structure with no apparent function that can become inflamed (appendicitis) and infected when blocked

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54
Q

Main function of colon:

A

absorb water and minerals and eliminate undigested material

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55
Q

4 components of colon:

A

ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid portions:

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56
Q

location of ascending colon:

A

extends from the cecum to the lower border of the liver and turns abruptly to form the hepatic flexure.

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57
Q

location of transverse colon

A

continues from hepatic flexure across the abdomen to the left side curving beneath the lower end of the spleen to form the splenic flexure.

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58
Q

location of descending colon

A

as the transverse colon turns downward, the descending colon continues until it forms the sigmoid colon and the rectum.

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59
Q

Accessory Organs of Digestion

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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60
Q

largest glandular organ in the body

A

liver (3-4lbs)

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61
Q

Location of liver:

A

beneath diaphragm

RUQ & LUQ

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62
Q

Liver functions:

A

produce bile
store vitamins
synthesize proteins in the blood
maintain glucose levels
sugar to starch (remove glucose from blood and make/store glycogen)
destroy/transform toxic products into less harmful compounds
destroy old erythrocytes and releasing bilirubin

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63
Q

Location of pancreas:

A

elongated, somewhat flattened organ that lies posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach

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64
Q

endocrine gland function of pancreas:

A

secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream to maintain normal blood glucose levels

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65
Q

exocrine gland function of pancreas:

A

produces digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct

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66
Q

digestive enzymes produced by pancreas:

A

trypsin (digests proteins)
amylase (digests starch)
lipase (digests triglycerides)

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67
Q

location of pancreatic duct:

A

extends along the pancreas and, together with the hepatic duct from the liver, enters the duodenum

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68
Q

how do pancreatic enzymes enter the duodenum?

A

through pancreatic duct

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69
Q

Gallbladder location:

A

a saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver

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70
Q

Gallbladder functions:

A

storage and release bile

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71
Q

right and left hepatic ducts

A

drain bile from liver

eventually form the hepatic duct

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72
Q

cystic duct merges with:

A

the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, which leads into the duodenum

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73
Q

Bile production is stimulated by

A

hormone secretions, which are produced in the duodenum as soon as food enters the small intestine.

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74
Q

Without bile….

A

fat digestion is not possible.

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75
Q

Complete anatomy review (pg 135)

A

Digestive System

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76
Q

Complete anatomy review (pg 136)

A

Accessory Organs of Digestion

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77
Q

The main function of the digestive system is:

A

provide vital nutrients for growth, maintenance, and repair of all organs and body cells.

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78
Q

Functional relationships between the digestive system and

Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune

A

SUGAR, ACIDS/ENZYMES, VITAMIN K, LYMPHOID
liver regulates blood glucose levels
secretes acids/enzymes to fight pathogens
absorbs vitamin K
lymphoid nodules in intestinal wall protect against pathogen

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79
Q

Functional relationships between the digestive system and

Cardiovascular

A

• The digestive system absorbs nutrients needed by the heart

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80
Q

Functional relationships between the digestive system and

Endocrine

A
  • The liver eliminates hormones from the blood to end their activity.
  • The pancreas contains hormone-producing cells.
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81
Q

Functional relationships between the digestive system and

Female Reproductive

A

provides nutrition for healthy conception/fetal development

provides nutrients for endometrium repair after period

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82
Q

Functional relationships between the digestive system and

Male Reproductive

A

provides adequate nutrients in the development of viable sperm.

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83
Q

Functional relationships between the digestive system and

Integumentary

A

supplies fats that provide insulation in the dermis/subcutaneous tissue

absorbs nutrients for maintenance, growth, and repair of skin

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84
Q

Functional relationships between the digestive system and

Musculoskeletal

A

ENERGY, CALCIUM, LACTIC ACID

provides the nutrients needed for energy
absorbs calcium needed for bone salts/muscle contraction
liver removes lactic acid (from muscle activity) from blood

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85
Q

Functional relationships between the digestive system and

Nervous

A

supplies nutrients for normal neural functions
liver maintains glucose levels needed for neural function
provides nutrients for synthesis of neurotransmitters/electrolytes

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86
Q

Functional relationships between the digestive system and

Respiratory

A

absorbs nutrients needed by cells in respiratory system

share the pharynx (divides into trachea and esophagus)

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87
Q

Functional relationships between the digestive system and

Urinary

A

• The liver metabolizes hormones, toxins, and drugs into forms that can be excreted in the urine.

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88
Q

mouth (and associated structures) function

A

Ingests, chews, and swallows food
Speech production
Taste

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89
Q

Function of Pharynx (Throat)

A

Upon being swallowed, food passes through this cavity and into the esophagus.

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90
Q

Function of Esophagus

A

A tubular structure that guides chewed food from the mouth and
pharynx into the stomach.

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91
Q

Functions of stomach

A

Secretes gastric juices for digestion.
Mixes undigested food with gastric juices to further break down the
food.

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92
Q

Functions of small intestine:

A

Secretes additional digestive juices.

Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.

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93
Q

Function of large intestine (colon)

A

Absorbs water from fecal material into the bloodstream.

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94
Q

Functions of rectum and anus

A

Serves as storage area for the fecal material (rectum).

Allows for elimination of fecal material (anus).

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95
Q

Functions of liver:

A

Produces bile.
Removes glucose from the blood.
Stores certain vitamins.
Breaks down or metabolizes some toxic products.
Maintains normal glucose levels in the blood.
Destroys old red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Releases bilirubin.
Provides various clotting factors

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96
Q

Functions of pancreas:

A

Provides digestive juices (enzymes).

Releases hormones which regulate blood sugar levels.

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97
Q

Function of gallbladder:

A

Serves as a storage area for bile (used in digestion).

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98
Q

or/o

A

mouth

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99
Q

stomat/o

A

mouth

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100
Q

mouth

A

or/o

stomat/o

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101
Q

oral (definition)

A

pertaining to the mouth

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102
Q

stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth

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103
Q

tongue

A

gloss/o

lingu/o

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104
Q

gloss/o

A

tongue

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105
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

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106
Q

glossectomy

A

removal of the tongue

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107
Q

lingual

A

pertaining to the tongue

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108
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

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109
Q

buccal

A

pertaining to the cheek

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110
Q

cheil/o

A

lip

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111
Q

labi/o

A

lip

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112
Q

lip

A

cheil/o

labi/o

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113
Q

cheiloplasty

A

surgical repair of the lip

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114
Q

labial

A

pertaining to the lip

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115
Q

dent/o

A

teeth

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116
Q

odont/o

A

teeth

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117
Q

teeth

A

dent/o

odont/o

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118
Q

gingiv/o

A

gums

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119
Q

dentist

A

specialist of teeth

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120
Q

orthodontist

A

specialist of straight teeth

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121
Q

gingivectomy

A

removal of gum(s)

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122
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary gland

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123
Q

sialolith

A

stone composed of saliva or in salivary gland

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124
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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125
Q

esophagoscope

A

instrument for examining the esophagus

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126
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx (throat)

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127
Q

pharyngotonsillitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils

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128
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

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129
Q

gastralgia

A

pain of the stomach

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130
Q

pylor/o

A

pylorus

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131
Q

pylorospasm

A

involuntary contraction/ twitching of the pylorus

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132
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum (first part of the stomach)

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133
Q

duodenoscopy

A

visual examination of the duodenum

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134
Q

enter/o

A

intestine (usually small intestine)

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135
Q

enteropathy

A

disease of the (small) intestine

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136
Q

ile/o

A

ileum (3rd part of the small intestine)

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137
Q

ileostomy

A

forming an opening in the ileum

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138
Q

append/o

A

appendix

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139
Q

appendectomy

A

removal of the appendix

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140
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

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141
Q

appendic/o

A

appendix

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142
Q

appendix

A

append/o

appendic/o

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143
Q

col/o

A

colon

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144
Q

colon/o

A

colon

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145
Q

colon

A

col/o

colon/o

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146
Q

colostomy

A

forming an opening in the colon

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147
Q

colonoscopy

A

visual examination of the colon

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148
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

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149
Q

sigmoidotomy

A

incision of the sigmoid colon

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150
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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151
Q

rectocele

A

hernia, swelling of the rectum

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152
Q

proct/o

A

anus, rectum

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153
Q

proctologist

A

specialist in the study of the anus and rectum

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154
Q

an/o

A

anus

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155
Q

perianal

A

pertaining to around the anus

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156
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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157
Q

hepatomegaly

A

enlargement of the liver

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158
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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159
Q

pancreatolysis

A

separation, destruction, loosening of the pancreas

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160
Q

cholangi/o

A

bile vessel

161
Q

cholangiole

A

small, minute bile vessel

162
Q

chol/e

A

bile, gall

163
Q

cholelith

A

calculus or stone made of bile

164
Q

When the suffix -stomy is used with a combining form that denotes an organ, it refers to

A

a surgical opening to the outside of the body.

165
Q

The e in chol/e is an

A

exception to the rule of using the connecting vowel o.

166
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

167
Q

cholecystectomy

A

removal of the gallbladder

168
Q

choledoch/o

A

bile duct

169
Q

choledochoplasty

A

surgical repair of a bile duct

170
Q

-emesis

A

vomit

171
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition (produced by something specific)

172
Q

hyperemesis

A

excessive, above normal vomitting

173
Q

cholelithiasis

A

abnormal condition of gallstones

174
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

175
Q

hepatomegaly

A

enlargement of the liver

176
Q

-orexia

A

appetite

177
Q

anorexia

A

without appitite

178
Q

-pepsia

A

digestion

179
Q

dyspepsia

A

bad, painful, difficult digestion

180
Q

-phagia

A

swallowing, eating

181
Q

aerophagia

A

swallowing air

182
Q

-prandial

A

meal

183
Q

postprandial

A

after a meal

184
Q

-rrhea

A

discharge, flow

185
Q

steatorrhea

A

discharge, flow of fat

186
Q

aer/o

A

air

187
Q

steat/o

A

fat

188
Q

dia-

A

through, across

189
Q

diarrhea

A

discharge/ flow through/across

190
Q

peri-

A

around

191
Q

periodontitis

A

inflammation around the teeth

192
Q

sub-

A

under, below

193
Q

sublingual

A

pertaining to below the tongue

194
Q

inflammation of the gums

A

gingivitis

195
Q

visual examination of the colon

A

colonoscopy

196
Q

surgical repair of the stomach

A

gastroplasty

197
Q

pertaining to under or below the stomach

A

hypogastric

198
Q

bad, painful, or difficult digestion

A

dyspepsia

199
Q

calculus in a salivary gland or duct

A

sialolith

200
Q

disease of the mouth

A

stomatopathy

201
Q

pertaining to around the anus

A

perianal

202
Q

suture of the jejunum (second part of the small intestine)

A

jejunorrhaphy

203
Q

inflammation of the pharynx

A

pharyngitis

204
Q

instrument to examine the esophagus

A

esophagoscope

205
Q

without an appetite

A

anorexia

206
Q

vomiting blood

A

hematemesis

207
Q

pertaining to the teeth

A

dental

208
Q

bad, painful, or difficult swallowing or eating

A

dysphagia

209
Q

pain in the esophagus

A

esophagodynia or esophagalgia

210
Q

spasm of the esophagus

A

esophagospasm

211
Q

stricture or narrowing of the esophagus

A

esophagostenosis

212
Q

inflammation of the stomach

A

gastritis

213
Q

pain in the stomach

A

gastrodynia or gastralgia

214
Q

disease of the stomach

A

gastropathy

215
Q

excision of all or part of the jejunum

A

jejunectomy

216
Q

relating to the duodenum

A

duodenal

217
Q

inflammation of the ileum

A

ileitis

218
Q

pertaining to the jejunum and ileum

A

jejunoileal

219
Q

inflammation of the small intestine

A

enteritis

220
Q

disease of the small intestine

A

enteropathy

221
Q

inflammation of the small intestine and colon

A

enterocolitis

222
Q

inflammation of the colon

A

colitis

223
Q

pertaining to the colon and rectum

A

colorectal

224
Q

prolapse or downward displacement of the colon

A

coloptosis

225
Q

disease of the colon

A

colopathy

226
Q

narrowing or constriction of the rectum

A

proctostenosis or rectostenosis

227
Q

herniation of the rectum

A

rectocele or proctocele

228
Q

paralysis of the anus (anal muscles)

A

proctoplegia or proctoparalysis

229
Q

inflammation of the gallbladder

A

cholecystitis

230
Q

abnormal condition of a gallstone

A

cholelithiasis

231
Q

tumor of the liver

A

hepatoma

232
Q

enlargement of the liver

A

hepatomegaly

233
Q

inflammation of the pancreas

A

pancreatitis

234
Q

excision of gums (tissue)

A

gingivectomy

235
Q

partial or complete excision of the tongue

A

glossectomy

236
Q

repair of the esophagus

A

esophagoplasty

237
Q

removal of part or all of the stomach

A

gastrectomy

238
Q

forming an opening between the stomach and jejunum

A

gastrojejunostomy

239
Q

excision of (part of) the esophagus

A

esophagectomy

240
Q

forming an opening between the stomach, small intestine, and colon

A

gastroenterocolostomy

241
Q

surgical repair of the small intestine

A

enteroplasty

242
Q

fixation of the small intestine (to the abdominal wall)

A

enteropexy

243
Q

suture of the bile duct

A

choledochorrhaphy

244
Q

forming an opening into the colon

A

colostomy

245
Q

fixation of a movable liver (to the abdominal wall)

A

hepatopexy

246
Q

surgical repair of the anus or rectum

A

proctoplasty or rectoplasty

247
Q

removal of the gallbladder

A

cholecystectomy

248
Q

surgical repair of a bile duct

A

choledochoplasty

249
Q

Gastroenterology

A

branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases.

250
Q

gastroenterologist

A

physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive disorder

251
Q

ulcer

A

circumscribed open sore on skin or mucous membranes

252
Q

most common ulcer types that occur in the digestive system

A

peptic ulcer

253
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease cause:

A

erosion of mucous membrane by infection Helicobacter pylori bacteria

253
Q

A hernia is:

A

protrusion of organ, tissue, or structure through wall of cavity in which it is naturally contained
protrusions of abdominal organs (viscera) through the abdominal wall.

254
Q

inguinal hernia develops in the

A

groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs

255
Q

strangulated hernia

A

the blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure leading to necrosis with gangrene

256
Q

umbilical hernia

A

is a protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel.

257
Q

2 types of hernias in the diaphram

A

diaphragmatic and hiatal

258
Q

diaphragmatic hernia

A

congenital disorder

259
Q

hiatal hernia

A

lower part of esophagus and top of stomach slide through opening (hiatus) in diaphragm into thorax (stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, causing heartburn, chest pain, and swallowing difficulty)

260
Q

cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

prolonged hiatal hernias

261
Q

Cause of hepatitis, an inflammatory condition of the liver.

A

toxic substances; obstructions in bile ducts; metabolic diseases; autoimmune diseases; and bacterial or viral infections

262
Q

3 common forms of hepatitis:

A 
hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis)
hepatitis B (serum hepatitis)
hepatitis C
263
Q

How types of hepatitis are transmitted:

A

A - contaminated food, water, milk

B (curable), C (noncurable) - mouth, sexual contact

264
Q

bilirubin

A

yellow compound formed during the destruction of erythrocytes

265
Q

Diverticulosis

A

small, blisterlike pockets (diverticula) develop in lining of large intestine -may balloon through intestinal wall.

266
Q

Diverticulosis is most common in this location:

A

sigmoid colon

267
Q

Types of stomach cancer:

A

esophageal,
gastric adeno-,
hepatocellular,
pancreatic

carcinomas.

268
Q

Colorectal cancer

A

common type of intestinal cancer in the US

originates in the epithelial lining of the colon or rectum and can occur anywhere in the large intestine.

269
Q

anorexia

A

Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat

270
Q

appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by obstruction or infection

271
Q

ascites

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of chronic liver disease, a neoplasm, or an inflammatory disorder in the abdomen

272
Q

borborygmus

A

Loud rumbling/gurgling noises, caused by passage of gas through liquid contents of the intestine

273
Q

cachexia

A

WASTING SYNDROME

Physical wasting associated with AIDS and cancer

274
Q

Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder

A

cholelithiasis

275
Q

cirrhosis

A

Scarring/dysfunction of liver caused by chronic liver disease

276
Q

Crohn disease

A

REGIONAL ENTERITIS

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually ileum but could affect any portion of the intestinal tract

277
Q

dysentery

A

Inflammation of intestine (colon)/bloody diarrhea

from ingesting water/food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites

278
Q

flatus

A

Gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus

279
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

Backflow into esophagus from malfunction of sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus

280
Q

halitosis

A

Foul-smelling breath

281
Q

hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

282
Q

hemorrhoids

A

Swollen varicose veins in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal

283
Q

intestinal obstruction

A

Mechanical/functional blockage of intestines where intestinal contents can’t move forward due to partial/complete blockage of bowel

284
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

abdominal pain/altered bowel function (constipation, diarrhea, or alternating)
no organic cause
Aka also spastic colon

285
Q

malabsorption syndrome

A

Impaired villi - unable to transfer nutrients, minerals or fluid to blood and lymph

286
Q

melena

A

Dark, tarlike feces that contain digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach

287
Q

obesity

A

Excessive accumulation of fat
exceeds skeletal/physical standards
20%+ above ideal body weight

288
Q

morbid

A

Obesity in which body mass index (BMI) is greater than 40, and generally 100 lb or more over ideal body weight

289
Q

obstipation

A

Severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction

290
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation

291
Q

pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

292
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

Stricture/narrowing of pyloric sphincter causing obstruction that blocks flow of food

293
Q

regurgitation

A

A backward flow, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach

294
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

Chronic inflammatory disease of colon

starts in rectum/sigmoid colon, extending upward into rest of colon

295
Q

vomiting blood

A

hematemesis

296
Q

difficulty swallowing or inability to swallow

A

dysphagia

297
Q

varicose veins in the rectal area

A

hemorrhoids

298
Q

foul-smelling breath

A

halitosis

299
Q

loss of appetite

A

anorexia

300
Q

dark, tarry stools caused by presence of blood in the GI tract

A

melena

301
Q

yellowing of the skin caused by liver disease

A

cirrhosis

302
Q

state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting

A

cachexia

303
Q

intractable constipation

A

obstipation

304
Q

gurgling audible noises caused by pass of gas through the liquid contents of the stomach

A

borborygmus

305
Q

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

A

ascites

306
Q

form of inflammatory bowel disease, usually of the ileum

A

Crohn disease

307
Q

passage of fat in large amounts in the feces

A

steatorrhea

308
Q

formation of white patches on the mucous membrane of the cheek

A

leukoplakia

309
Q

gas in the gastrointestinal tract

A

flatus

310
Q

gastrointestinal endoscopy

A

Visual examination of GI tract using endoscope* to identify abnormalities (bleeding, ulcerations, and tumors)

*flexible fiberoptic instrument w/ magnifying lens/light

311
Q

hepatitis panel

A

Panel of blood tests that identifies the specific strain of HIV by testing serum using antibodies to each HIV antigen

312
Q

liver function tests (LFTs)

A

Blood tests that evaluate liver injury/function/conditions associated with biliary tract

313
Q

serum bilirubin

A

Measurement of bilirubin level in blood

314
Q

stool culture

A

Test to identify microorganisms/parasites in feces causing gastrointestinal infection

315
Q

stool guaiac

A

Test that applies guaiac to stool sample to detect presence of hidden* blood in feces

aka Hemoccult
*occult

316
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

Imaging technique where xray is rotated around area to measure intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

317
Q

lower gastrointestinal series

A

Radiographic images of rectum/colon after insertion of barium
AKA: GI series, barium enema

318
Q

oral cholecystography (OCG)

A

Radiographic images of gallbladder after administration of contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet

319
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Radio waves and strong magnetic field used to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues

320
Q

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

A

Special MRI technique that produces detailed images of hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems

321
Q

ultrasonography (US)

A

ULTRASOUND

high-frequency sound waves directed at soft tissue, “echoes” produce image

322
Q

abdominal (ultrasound)

A

Ultrasound visualization of abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder

323
Q

endoscopic (ultrasound)

A

endoscopy/ultrasound to examine/obtain images of digestive tract and surroundings

324
Q

upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS)

A

Radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium; also called barium swallow

325
Q

anastomosis

A

Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

326
Q

ileorectal

A

Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis

327
Q

intestinal (surgery)

A

Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines

328
Q

appendectomy

A

Excision of a diseased appendix using an open or laparoscopic procedure

329
Q

open (appendectomy)

A

Excision of a diseased appendix through a 2” to 3” incision in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen

330
Q

laparoscopic (appendectomy)

A

Minimally invasive appendectomy using three small abdominal incisions while monitoring an enlarged image of the surgical site projected on a monitor

331
Q

bariatric surgery

A

Group of procedures that treat morbid obesity

332
Q

vertical banded gastroplasty

A

(Bariatric surgery)
vertical stapling of upper stomach near esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness

333
Q

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)

A

(Bariatric surgery) stapling the stomach to decrease size, shortening jejunum and connecting it to small stomach,
(causes base of duodenum to form a Y configuration),
decreases pathway of food through intestine, reducing absorption of calories and fats;
also called gastric bypass with gastroenterostomy

334
Q

colostomy

A

Surgical procedure in which a surgeon forms an opening (stoma) by drawing the healthy end of the colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place

335
Q

lithotripsy

A

Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves

336
Q

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

Use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts

337
Q

paracentesis

A

remove fluid from abdomen using a long, thin needle into the belly
aka abdominocentesis

338
Q

polypectomy

A

Excision of a polyp

339
Q

nasogastric intubation

A

Insertion of nasogastric tube through nose into stomach to:

  • removing gas, food, or gastric secretions;
  • instill medication, food, or fluids;
  • obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis
340
Q

antacids

A

Counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach

341
Q

antidiarrheals

A

Control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract

342
Q

antiemetics

A

Control nausea/vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to brain (some speed up movement of food through the digestive tract)

343
Q

antispasmodics

A

Decrease GI spasms by SLOWING PERISTALSIS

treat IBS, spastic colon, and diverticulitis.

344
Q

histamine-2 (H2) blockers

A

Block secretion of stomach acid by blocking H2 receptor

-treats acid reflux and gastric/duodenal ulcers.

345
Q

laxatives

A

Treat constipation by INCREASING PERISTALSIS or INCREASING WATER/ELECTROLYTE secretion to induce defecation

346
Q

proton pump inhibitors

A

Suppress basal and stimulated acid production by inhibiting the acid pump in the gastric cells

347
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

348
Q

Ba

A

barium

349
Q

BaE, BE

A

barium enema

350
Q

BM

A

bowel movement

351
Q

BMI

A

body mass index

352
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

353
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

354
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

355
Q

EUS

A

endoscopic ultrasonography (x-ray studies)

356
Q

GBS

A

gallbladder series

357
Q

GER

A

gastroesophageal reflux

358
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

359
Q

OCG

A

oral cholecystography

360
Q

PE

A

physical examination; pulmonary embolism; pressure-equalizing (tube)

361
Q

PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease

362
Q

R/O

A

rule out

363
Q

GI

A

gastrointestinal

364
Q

HAV

A

hepatitis A virus

365
Q

HBV

A

hepatitis B virus

366
Q

HCV

A

hepatitis C virus

367
Q

HDV

A

hepatitis D virus

368
Q

HEV

A

hepatitis E virus

369
Q

IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome

370
Q

LFT

A

liver function test

371
Q

LUQ

A

left upper quadrant

372
Q

MRCP

A

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

373
Q

NG

A

nasogastric

374
Q

NSAID

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

375
Q

RGB

A

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

376
Q

RUQ

A

right upper quandrant

377
Q

UGIS

A

upper gastrointestinal series

378
Q

US

A

ultrasound; ultrasonography

379
Q

procedure to visualize biliary and pancreatic ducts by using magnetic resonance imaging

A

MRCP

380
Q
  1. procedure in which shock waves break up calculi in the biliary ducts
A

ESWL

381
Q
  1. disorder that affects the colon and causes constipation and diarrhea; also called spastic colon
A

IBS

382
Q
  1. agents that alleviate muscle spasms
A

antispasmodics

383
Q
  1. surgical reconstruction of a bile duct
A

choledochoplasty

384
Q
  1. administration of a barium enema while a series of radiographs is taken of the colon
A

lower GI series

385
Q
  1. visual examination of the stomach
A

gastroscopy

386
Q
  1. agents that control nausea and vomiting
A

antiemetics

387
Q
  1. insertion of a tube into any hollow organ
A

intubation

388
Q
  1. surgical formation of a passage or opening between two hollow viscera or vessels
A

anastomosis

389
Q
  1. detects presence of blood in the feces; also called Hemoccult
A

stool guaiac

390
Q
  1. visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument
A

endoscopy

391
Q
  1. used to treat constipation
A

laxatives

392
Q
  1. neutralize excess acid in the stomach and help to relieve gastritis and ulcer pain
A

antacids

393
Q
  1. test to identify microorganisms present in feces
A

stool culture

394
Q
  1. measures the levels of certain enzymes, bilirubin, and various proteins
A

liver function tests

395
Q
  1. surgery that treats morbid obesity
A

bariatric

396
Q
  1. immediately
A

stat.

397
Q
  1. endoscopic procedure for visualization of the rectosigmoid colon
A

proctosigmoidoscopy

398
Q
  1. radiographic imaging of the esophagus, duodenum, and stomach after ingestion of barium
A

upper GI series

Medical Terminology Systems (16 decks)

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