Ch. 6 Digestive System Flashcards
The digestive systems primary function
is to break down food, prepare it for absorption, and eliminate waste.
The digestive system is made up of:
GI tract
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
bilirubin
Orange-yellow pigment formed during destruction of erythrocytes that is taken up by liver cells and eventually excreted in the feces
bolus
Mass of masticated food ready for swallowing
exocrine gland definition
Type of gland that secretes products through excretory ducts to surface of organ/tissue or into a vessel
exo-
outside, outward
-crine
secrete
sphincter
Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body
triglycerides
Organic compound, a true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids
bucca
cheeks
The mouth is formed by:
cheeks, lips, teeth, tongue, and hard/soft palates
Upper GI System components:
Mouth (w/ salivary glands)
Pharynx (throat)
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine components
Duodenum (bile from liver then gallbladder and enzymes from pancreas)
Jejunum
Ileum
Large intestine components:
Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Signmoid colon Rectum
Pathway of food through digestive system:
Food enters mouth and rest of upper GI system components (4),
Then to small intestine components (3),
Then to large intestine components (6),
Finally, feces expelled through anus
Function of teeth:
mastication (mechanical break down of food)
Dentin
Main structure of teeth found beneath the enamel.
Pulp
innermost part of tooth containing nerves and blood vessels
Gingiva
gums - fleshy, pink tissue containing teeth
deglutition
swallowing
Functions of tongue:
assists in chewing
speech production
taste
papillae
taste buds
4 basic taste sensations
sweet
sour
salty
bitter
Hard and soft palates:
continuous formation that provides partition between mouth and nasopharynx
uvula
soft, fleshy v-shaped structure that guides food bolus into throat (pharynx)
Function of pharynx:
passageway to respiratory and GI tracts
resonating chamber for speech sounds
The pharynx leads to:
trachea (to lungs)
esophagus (to stomach)
A small flap of cartilage that folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing, forcing food to enter the esophagus.
epiglottis
stomach functions:
food reservoir that continues mechanical and chemical digestion.
the stomach is located:
LUQ
from esophagus to duodenum
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter (terminal portion of esophagus) is composed of:
muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter function:
prevents the stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus
storage areas of stomach:
body and fundus
where most digestion takes place in stomach:
pylorus - funnel-shaped terminal portion
The interior lining of the stomach is composed of:
mucous membranes and contains numerous rugae
rugae
macroscopic longitudinal folds that gradually unfold as the stomach fills
contain digestive glands that produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes
chyme
semiliquid form of broken down bolus
sphincter between stomach and duodenum
pyloric
pyloric sphincter regulates
speed and movement of chyme into the small intestine and prohibits backflow
peristalsis
coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions that propelled food through the entire GI tract
The 20ft coiled small intestine is located between:
the pyloric sphincter and large intestine.
Small intestine consists of:
duodenum (10 inches)
jejunum (8 feet)
ileum (12 feet)
Digestion is completed in the small intestine with the help of:
pancreas (enzymes)
liver (bile secretions)
Villi
microscopic, fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients in chyme (nutrients enter bloodstream and lymphatic system for distribution to the rest of the body)
sphincter at the end of the small intestine
ileocecal valve
ileocecal valve
allows undigested or unabsorbed material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine and eventually be excreted from the body
3 salivary glands:
parotid (upper)
submandibular (back lower mouth)
sublingual (front lower mouth)
Location of 5ft large intestine:
end of ileum to anus
Does digestion happen in the large intestine?
No
Location and purpose of secretion in large intestine:
mucus in colon to lubricate fecal matter
3 main components of large intestine:
cecum
colon
rectum
cecum
first 2 or 3 inches of large intestine a small pouch that hangs inferior to the ileocecal valve
appendix
projecting down from cecum
a small, wormlike structure with no apparent function that can become inflamed (appendicitis) and infected when blocked
Main function of colon:
absorb water and minerals and eliminate undigested material
4 components of colon:
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid portions:
location of ascending colon:
extends from the cecum to the lower border of the liver and turns abruptly to form the hepatic flexure.
location of transverse colon
continues from hepatic flexure across the abdomen to the left side curving beneath the lower end of the spleen to form the splenic flexure.
location of descending colon
as the transverse colon turns downward, the descending colon continues until it forms the sigmoid colon and the rectum.
Accessory Organs of Digestion
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
largest glandular organ in the body
liver (3-4lbs)
Location of liver:
beneath diaphragm
RUQ & LUQ
Liver functions:
produce bile
store vitamins
synthesize proteins in the blood
maintain glucose levels
sugar to starch (remove glucose from blood and make/store glycogen)
destroy/transform toxic products into less harmful compounds
destroy old erythrocytes and releasing bilirubin
Location of pancreas:
elongated, somewhat flattened organ that lies posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach
endocrine gland function of pancreas:
secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream to maintain normal blood glucose levels
exocrine gland function of pancreas:
produces digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct
digestive enzymes produced by pancreas:
trypsin (digests proteins)
amylase (digests starch)
lipase (digests triglycerides)
location of pancreatic duct:
extends along the pancreas and, together with the hepatic duct from the liver, enters the duodenum
how do pancreatic enzymes enter the duodenum?
through pancreatic duct
Gallbladder location:
a saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver
Gallbladder functions:
storage and release bile
right and left hepatic ducts
drain bile from liver
eventually form the hepatic duct
cystic duct merges with:
the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, which leads into the duodenum
Bile production is stimulated by
hormone secretions, which are produced in the duodenum as soon as food enters the small intestine.
Without bile….
fat digestion is not possible.
Complete anatomy review (pg 135)
Digestive System
Complete anatomy review (pg 136)
Accessory Organs of Digestion
The main function of the digestive system is:
provide vital nutrients for growth, maintenance, and repair of all organs and body cells.
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune
SUGAR, ACIDS/ENZYMES, VITAMIN K, LYMPHOID
liver regulates blood glucose levels
secretes acids/enzymes to fight pathogens
absorbs vitamin K
lymphoid nodules in intestinal wall protect against pathogen
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Cardiovascular
• The digestive system absorbs nutrients needed by the heart
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Endocrine
- The liver eliminates hormones from the blood to end their activity.
- The pancreas contains hormone-producing cells.
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Female Reproductive
provides nutrition for healthy conception/fetal development
provides nutrients for endometrium repair after period
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Male Reproductive
provides adequate nutrients in the development of viable sperm.
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Integumentary
supplies fats that provide insulation in the dermis/subcutaneous tissue
absorbs nutrients for maintenance, growth, and repair of skin
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Musculoskeletal
ENERGY, CALCIUM, LACTIC ACID
provides the nutrients needed for energy
absorbs calcium needed for bone salts/muscle contraction
liver removes lactic acid (from muscle activity) from blood
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Nervous
supplies nutrients for normal neural functions
liver maintains glucose levels needed for neural function
provides nutrients for synthesis of neurotransmitters/electrolytes
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Respiratory
absorbs nutrients needed by cells in respiratory system
share the pharynx (divides into trachea and esophagus)
Functional relationships between the digestive system and
Urinary
• The liver metabolizes hormones, toxins, and drugs into forms that can be excreted in the urine.
mouth (and associated structures) function
Ingests, chews, and swallows food
Speech production
Taste
Function of Pharynx (Throat)
Upon being swallowed, food passes through this cavity and into the esophagus.
Function of Esophagus
A tubular structure that guides chewed food from the mouth and
pharynx into the stomach.
Functions of stomach
Secretes gastric juices for digestion.
Mixes undigested food with gastric juices to further break down the
food.
Functions of small intestine:
Secretes additional digestive juices.
Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.
Function of large intestine (colon)
Absorbs water from fecal material into the bloodstream.
Functions of rectum and anus
Serves as storage area for the fecal material (rectum).
Allows for elimination of fecal material (anus).
Functions of liver:
Produces bile.
Removes glucose from the blood.
Stores certain vitamins.
Breaks down or metabolizes some toxic products.
Maintains normal glucose levels in the blood.
Destroys old red blood cells (erythrocytes).
Releases bilirubin.
Provides various clotting factors
Functions of pancreas:
Provides digestive juices (enzymes).
Releases hormones which regulate blood sugar levels.
Function of gallbladder:
Serves as a storage area for bile (used in digestion).
or/o
mouth
stomat/o
mouth
mouth
or/o
stomat/o
oral (definition)
pertaining to the mouth
stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth
tongue
gloss/o
lingu/o
gloss/o
tongue
lingu/o
tongue
glossectomy
removal of the tongue
lingual
pertaining to the tongue
bucc/o
cheek
buccal
pertaining to the cheek
cheil/o
lip
labi/o
lip
lip
cheil/o
labi/o
cheiloplasty
surgical repair of the lip
labial
pertaining to the lip
dent/o
teeth
odont/o
teeth
teeth
dent/o
odont/o
gingiv/o
gums
dentist
specialist of teeth
orthodontist
specialist of straight teeth
gingivectomy
removal of gum(s)
sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
sialolith
stone composed of saliva or in salivary gland
esophag/o
esophagus
esophagoscope
instrument for examining the esophagus
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
pharyngotonsillitis
inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils
gastr/o
stomach
gastralgia
pain of the stomach
pylor/o
pylorus
pylorospasm
involuntary contraction/ twitching of the pylorus
duoden/o
duodenum (first part of the stomach)
duodenoscopy
visual examination of the duodenum
enter/o
intestine (usually small intestine)
enteropathy
disease of the (small) intestine
ile/o
ileum (3rd part of the small intestine)
ileostomy
forming an opening in the ileum
append/o
appendix
appendectomy
removal of the appendix
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
appendic/o
appendix
appendix
append/o
appendic/o
col/o
colon
colon/o
colon
colon
col/o
colon/o
colostomy
forming an opening in the colon
colonoscopy
visual examination of the colon
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
sigmoidotomy
incision of the sigmoid colon
rect/o
rectum
rectocele
hernia, swelling of the rectum
proct/o
anus, rectum
proctologist
specialist in the study of the anus and rectum
an/o
anus
perianal
pertaining to around the anus
hepat/o
liver
hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver
pancreat/o
pancreas
pancreatolysis
separation, destruction, loosening of the pancreas
cholangi/o
bile vessel
cholangiole
small, minute bile vessel
chol/e
bile, gall
cholelith
calculus or stone made of bile
When the suffix -stomy is used with a combining form that denotes an organ, it refers to
a surgical opening to the outside of the body.
The e in chol/e is an
exception to the rule of using the connecting vowel o.
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
cholecystectomy
removal of the gallbladder
choledoch/o
bile duct
choledochoplasty
surgical repair of a bile duct
-emesis
vomit
-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specific)
hyperemesis
excessive, above normal vomitting
cholelithiasis
abnormal condition of gallstones
-megaly
enlargement
hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver
-orexia
appetite
anorexia
without appitite
-pepsia
digestion
dyspepsia
bad, painful, difficult digestion
-phagia
swallowing, eating
aerophagia
swallowing air
-prandial
meal
postprandial
after a meal
-rrhea
discharge, flow
steatorrhea
discharge, flow of fat
aer/o
air
steat/o
fat
dia-
through, across
diarrhea
discharge/ flow through/across
peri-
around
periodontitis
inflammation around the teeth
sub-
under, below
sublingual
pertaining to below the tongue
inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
visual examination of the colon
colonoscopy
surgical repair of the stomach
gastroplasty
pertaining to under or below the stomach
hypogastric
bad, painful, or difficult digestion
dyspepsia
calculus in a salivary gland or duct
sialolith
disease of the mouth
stomatopathy
pertaining to around the anus
perianal
suture of the jejunum (second part of the small intestine)
jejunorrhaphy
inflammation of the pharynx
pharyngitis
instrument to examine the esophagus
esophagoscope
without an appetite
anorexia
vomiting blood
hematemesis
pertaining to the teeth
dental
bad, painful, or difficult swallowing or eating
dysphagia
pain in the esophagus
esophagodynia or esophagalgia
spasm of the esophagus
esophagospasm
stricture or narrowing of the esophagus
esophagostenosis
inflammation of the stomach
gastritis
pain in the stomach
gastrodynia or gastralgia
disease of the stomach
gastropathy
excision of all or part of the jejunum
jejunectomy
relating to the duodenum
duodenal
inflammation of the ileum
ileitis
pertaining to the jejunum and ileum
jejunoileal
inflammation of the small intestine
enteritis
disease of the small intestine
enteropathy
inflammation of the small intestine and colon
enterocolitis
inflammation of the colon
colitis
pertaining to the colon and rectum
colorectal
prolapse or downward displacement of the colon
coloptosis
disease of the colon
colopathy
narrowing or constriction of the rectum
proctostenosis or rectostenosis
herniation of the rectum
rectocele or proctocele
paralysis of the anus (anal muscles)
proctoplegia or proctoparalysis
inflammation of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
abnormal condition of a gallstone
cholelithiasis
tumor of the liver
hepatoma
enlargement of the liver
hepatomegaly
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
excision of gums (tissue)
gingivectomy
partial or complete excision of the tongue
glossectomy
repair of the esophagus
esophagoplasty
removal of part or all of the stomach
gastrectomy
forming an opening between the stomach and jejunum
gastrojejunostomy
excision of (part of) the esophagus
esophagectomy
forming an opening between the stomach, small intestine, and colon
gastroenterocolostomy
surgical repair of the small intestine
enteroplasty
fixation of the small intestine (to the abdominal wall)
enteropexy
suture of the bile duct
choledochorrhaphy
forming an opening into the colon
colostomy
fixation of a movable liver (to the abdominal wall)
hepatopexy
surgical repair of the anus or rectum
proctoplasty or rectoplasty
removal of the gallbladder
cholecystectomy
surgical repair of a bile duct
choledochoplasty
Gastroenterology
branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases.
gastroenterologist
physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive disorder
ulcer
circumscribed open sore on skin or mucous membranes
most common ulcer types that occur in the digestive system
peptic ulcer
Peptic Ulcer Disease cause:
erosion of mucous membrane by infection Helicobacter pylori bacteria
A hernia is:
protrusion of organ, tissue, or structure through wall of cavity in which it is naturally contained
protrusions of abdominal organs (viscera) through the abdominal wall.
inguinal hernia develops in the
groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs
strangulated hernia
the blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure leading to necrosis with gangrene
umbilical hernia
is a protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel.
2 types of hernias in the diaphram
diaphragmatic and hiatal
diaphragmatic hernia
congenital disorder
hiatal hernia
lower part of esophagus and top of stomach slide through opening (hiatus) in diaphragm into thorax (stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, causing heartburn, chest pain, and swallowing difficulty)
cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
prolonged hiatal hernias
Cause of hepatitis, an inflammatory condition of the liver.
toxic substances; obstructions in bile ducts; metabolic diseases; autoimmune diseases; and bacterial or viral infections
3 common forms of hepatitis:
hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis) hepatitis B (serum hepatitis) hepatitis C
How types of hepatitis are transmitted:
A - contaminated food, water, milk
B (curable), C (noncurable) - mouth, sexual contact
bilirubin
yellow compound formed during the destruction of erythrocytes
Diverticulosis
small, blisterlike pockets (diverticula) develop in lining of large intestine -may balloon through intestinal wall.
Diverticulosis is most common in this location:
sigmoid colon
Types of stomach cancer:
esophageal,
gastric adeno-,
hepatocellular,
pancreatic
carcinomas.
Colorectal cancer
common type of intestinal cancer in the US
originates in the epithelial lining of the colon or rectum and can occur anywhere in the large intestine.
anorexia
Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix, usually caused by obstruction or infection
ascites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually as a result of chronic liver disease, a neoplasm, or an inflammatory disorder in the abdomen
borborygmus
Loud rumbling/gurgling noises, caused by passage of gas through liquid contents of the intestine
cachexia
WASTING SYNDROME
Physical wasting associated with AIDS and cancer
Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder
cholelithiasis
cirrhosis
Scarring/dysfunction of liver caused by chronic liver disease
Crohn disease
REGIONAL ENTERITIS
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), usually ileum but could affect any portion of the intestinal tract
dysentery
Inflammation of intestine (colon)/bloody diarrhea
from ingesting water/food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites
flatus
Gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Backflow into esophagus from malfunction of sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus
halitosis
Foul-smelling breath
hematemesis
Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
hemorrhoids
Swollen varicose veins in the anorectal region categorized as external or internal
intestinal obstruction
Mechanical/functional blockage of intestines where intestinal contents can’t move forward due to partial/complete blockage of bowel
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
abdominal pain/altered bowel function (constipation, diarrhea, or alternating)
no organic cause
Aka also spastic colon
malabsorption syndrome
Impaired villi - unable to transfer nutrients, minerals or fluid to blood and lymph
melena
Dark, tarlike feces that contain digested blood from bleeding in the esophagus or stomach
obesity
Excessive accumulation of fat
exceeds skeletal/physical standards
20%+ above ideal body weight
morbid
Obesity in which body mass index (BMI) is greater than 40, and generally 100 lb or more over ideal body weight
obstipation
Severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction
oral leukoplakia
Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
pyloric stenosis
Stricture/narrowing of pyloric sphincter causing obstruction that blocks flow of food
regurgitation
A backward flow, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach
ulcerative colitis
Chronic inflammatory disease of colon
starts in rectum/sigmoid colon, extending upward into rest of colon
vomiting blood
hematemesis
difficulty swallowing or inability to swallow
dysphagia
varicose veins in the rectal area
hemorrhoids
foul-smelling breath
halitosis
loss of appetite
anorexia
dark, tarry stools caused by presence of blood in the GI tract
melena
yellowing of the skin caused by liver disease
cirrhosis
state of ill health, malnutrition, and wasting
cachexia
intractable constipation
obstipation
gurgling audible noises caused by pass of gas through the liquid contents of the stomach
borborygmus
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
ascites
form of inflammatory bowel disease, usually of the ileum
Crohn disease
passage of fat in large amounts in the feces
steatorrhea
formation of white patches on the mucous membrane of the cheek
leukoplakia
gas in the gastrointestinal tract
flatus
gastrointestinal endoscopy
Visual examination of GI tract using endoscope* to identify abnormalities (bleeding, ulcerations, and tumors)
*flexible fiberoptic instrument w/ magnifying lens/light
hepatitis panel
Panel of blood tests that identifies the specific strain of HIV by testing serum using antibodies to each HIV antigen
liver function tests (LFTs)
Blood tests that evaluate liver injury/function/conditions associated with biliary tract
serum bilirubin
Measurement of bilirubin level in blood
stool culture
Test to identify microorganisms/parasites in feces causing gastrointestinal infection
stool guaiac
Test that applies guaiac to stool sample to detect presence of hidden* blood in feces
aka Hemoccult
*occult
computed tomography (CT)
Imaging technique where xray is rotated around area to measure intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
lower gastrointestinal series
Radiographic images of rectum/colon after insertion of barium
AKA: GI series, barium enema
oral cholecystography (OCG)
Radiographic images of gallbladder after administration of contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Radio waves and strong magnetic field used to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues
magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
Special MRI technique that produces detailed images of hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems
ultrasonography (US)
ULTRASOUND
high-frequency sound waves directed at soft tissue, “echoes” produce image
abdominal (ultrasound)
Ultrasound visualization of abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder
endoscopic (ultrasound)
endoscopy/ultrasound to examine/obtain images of digestive tract and surroundings
upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS)
Radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium; also called barium swallow
anastomosis
Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
ileorectal
Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
intestinal (surgery)
Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines
appendectomy
Excision of a diseased appendix using an open or laparoscopic procedure
open (appendectomy)
Excision of a diseased appendix through a 2” to 3” incision in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen
laparoscopic (appendectomy)
Minimally invasive appendectomy using three small abdominal incisions while monitoring an enlarged image of the surgical site projected on a monitor
bariatric surgery
Group of procedures that treat morbid obesity
vertical banded gastroplasty
(Bariatric surgery)
vertical stapling of upper stomach near esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)
(Bariatric surgery) stapling the stomach to decrease size, shortening jejunum and connecting it to small stomach,
(causes base of duodenum to form a Y configuration),
decreases pathway of food through intestine, reducing absorption of calories and fats;
also called gastric bypass with gastroenterostomy
colostomy
Surgical procedure in which a surgeon forms an opening (stoma) by drawing the healthy end of the colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place
lithotripsy
Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts
paracentesis
remove fluid from abdomen using a long, thin needle into the belly
aka abdominocentesis
polypectomy
Excision of a polyp
nasogastric intubation
Insertion of nasogastric tube through nose into stomach to:
- removing gas, food, or gastric secretions;
- instill medication, food, or fluids;
- obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis
antacids
Counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach
antidiarrheals
Control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract
antiemetics
Control nausea/vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to brain (some speed up movement of food through the digestive tract)
antispasmodics
Decrease GI spasms by SLOWING PERISTALSIS
treat IBS, spastic colon, and diverticulitis.
histamine-2 (H2) blockers
Block secretion of stomach acid by blocking H2 receptor
-treats acid reflux and gastric/duodenal ulcers.
laxatives
Treat constipation by INCREASING PERISTALSIS or INCREASING WATER/ELECTROLYTE secretion to induce defecation
proton pump inhibitors
Suppress basal and stimulated acid production by inhibiting the acid pump in the gastric cells
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Ba
barium
BaE, BE
barium enema
BM
bowel movement
BMI
body mass index
CT
computed tomography
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
ESWL
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
EUS
endoscopic ultrasonography (x-ray studies)
GBS
gallbladder series
GER
gastroesophageal reflux
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
OCG
oral cholecystography
PE
physical examination; pulmonary embolism; pressure-equalizing (tube)
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
R/O
rule out
GI
gastrointestinal
HAV
hepatitis A virus
HBV
hepatitis B virus
HCV
hepatitis C virus
HDV
hepatitis D virus
HEV
hepatitis E virus
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
LFT
liver function test
LUQ
left upper quadrant
MRCP
magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
NG
nasogastric
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
RGB
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
RUQ
right upper quandrant
UGIS
upper gastrointestinal series
US
ultrasound; ultrasonography
procedure to visualize biliary and pancreatic ducts by using magnetic resonance imaging
MRCP
- procedure in which shock waves break up calculi in the biliary ducts
ESWL
- disorder that affects the colon and causes constipation and diarrhea; also called spastic colon
IBS
- agents that alleviate muscle spasms
antispasmodics
- surgical reconstruction of a bile duct
choledochoplasty
- administration of a barium enema while a series of radiographs is taken of the colon
lower GI series
- visual examination of the stomach
gastroscopy
- agents that control nausea and vomiting
antiemetics
- insertion of a tube into any hollow organ
intubation
- surgical formation of a passage or opening between two hollow viscera or vessels
anastomosis
- detects presence of blood in the feces; also called Hemoccult
stool guaiac
- visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument
endoscopy
- used to treat constipation
laxatives
- neutralize excess acid in the stomach and help to relieve gastritis and ulcer pain
antacids
- test to identify microorganisms present in feces
stool culture
- measures the levels of certain enzymes, bilirubin, and various proteins
liver function tests
- surgery that treats morbid obesity
bariatric
- immediately
stat.
- endoscopic procedure for visualization of the rectosigmoid colon
proctosigmoidoscopy
- radiographic imaging of the esophagus, duodenum, and stomach after ingestion of barium
upper GI series
