Ch. 8 Gene Expression

Question 1

process of using instructions carried by a gene to build a particular protein

Answer 1

protein synthesis

Question 2

coping of DNA into RNA. happens inside nucleus

Answer 2

transcription

Question 3

enzyme that binds to promoter to begin transcription. unzips DNA to make RNA template. creates complementary messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 3

RNA polymerase

Question 4

mRNA is blueprint for protein. happens in cytoplasm

Answer 4

translation

Question 5

made of rRNA. large and small subunit come together and mRNA is threaded between them

Answer 5

ribosome

Question 6

carries specific amino acid on the anticodon

Answer 6

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 7

3 nucleotides long and encode a particular amino acid on the mRNA

Answer 7

codon

Question 8

3 nucleotides long. bind to codon if match. complementary to codon. adds amino acid to growing polypeptide

Answer 8

anticodon

Question 9

codon that does not code for an amino acid. growing protein is then released and folds upon itself and moves to required location within cell

Answer 9

stop codon

Question 10

determines which mRNA codons code for which amino acids

Answer 10

genetic code

Question 11

AUG

Answer 11

start codon

Question 12

UAA, UAG, UGA

Answer 12

stop codon

Question 13

changes to DNA sequence

Answer 13

mutations

Question 14

mutation has no effect on protein

Answer 14

neutral mutation

Question 15

insertion or deletion of nucleotides shifts the reading frame

Answer 15

frameshift mutation

Question 16

triplet groupings of nucleotides

Answer 16

reading frame

Question 17

turning a gene on or off in response to cells needs

Answer 17

regulating gene expression

Question 18

undifferentiated and do not perform a specific function

Answer 18

stem cells

Question 19

using stem cells to produce healthy tissues to replace damaged tissues

Answer 19

therapeutic cloning

Question 20

stem cells are able to become any other cell

Answer 20

totipotent

Question 21

determining nucleotide base sequence for the entire human genome and the location of each of the genes

Answer 21

human genome project

Question 22

important genes are often common in many organisms other than humans

Answer 22

model organism

Question 23

replacing defective genes with functional genes

Answer 23

gene therapy

Question 24

supplying embryo with normal versions of defective gene to be replicated. making most cells carry the functioning gene

Answer 24

germ-line gene therapy

Question 25

fix or replace defective protein in only affected cells. introduce functional version to individual defective cell in lab. allow it to reproduce and the place copies of healthy cell in decreased person

Answer 25

somatic cell gene therapy

Question 26

genetic mutation that results in absence of important enzymes and severley weakens immune system. any infection or exposure can kill or disable affected person

Answer 26

sever combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Question 27

making an exact copy of an entire organsim

Answer 27

cloning

Question 28

removing nucleus of egg cell and fusing the cell to another cell of another organism. treated egg cells are then placed in a uterus to develop

Answer 28

nuclear transfer