Ch. 5 DNA Synthesis, Mitosis, and Meiosis

Question 1

uncontrolled cell division

Answer 1

cancer

Question 2

unregulated cell division that leads to a pileup of cells that form a lump. mass of cells with no apparent function

Answer 2

tumor

Question 3

tumor that stays in one place and doesnt affect surrounding structures

Answer 3

benign tumor

Question 4

tumor that invades surrounding tissue

Answer 4

malignant tumor

Question 5

cells of malignant tumor break away and start new cancers at another location

Answer 5

metastasis

Question 6

produce exact copies of themselves via cell division. offspring identical to parent. single celled organisms

Answer 6

asexual reproduction

Question 7

requires genetic information from 2 parents. egg and sperm combine information at fertilization

Answer 7

sexual reproduction

Question 8

instructions for building the proteins a cell requires. carried on DNA

Answer 8

genes

Question 9

DNA wrapped around proteins. uncondensed before cell division. becomes condensed in short linear form to move easier and prevent getting tangled during division.

Answer 9

chromosomes

Question 10

copy of a replicated chromosome. each is one DNA molecule

Answer 10

sister chromatid

Question 11

where sister chromatid attach to each other. toward middle of chromosome

Answer 11

centromere

Question 12

preceed cell division. double stranded is split and copied. new nucleotides are added to each original strand. creates 2 daughter DNA molecules, each containing a new and original strand

Answer 12

DNA replication

Question 13

each new DNA is 1/2 conserved parental DNA and 1/2 is new

Answer 13

semiconservative DAP replication

Question 14

enzyme that binds nucleotides to each other on new strand, moving along unwound DNA helix. catalyzes covalent bonds between nucleotids

Answer 14

DNA polymerase

Question 15

life cycle of a cell

Answer 15

cell cyle

Question 16

where normal cell spends most time. performs typical functions and produces its specific proteins. time spent in this phase depends on how frequent the cell divides (skin spends less time, nerve cells spend more time)

Answer 16

interphase. has G1, S, and G2

Question 17

first gap of growth. organelles duplicate and cell grows larger.

Answer 17

G1 phase

Question 18

synthesis of DNA and chromosomes replicate

Answer 18

S phase

Question 19

second gap. grows and prepares for division. synthesis of proteins that aid mitosis

Answer 19

G2 phase

Question 20

asexual reproduction. happens in all cells with a nucleus. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokenesis

Answer 20

mitosis

Question 21

replicated chromosomes condense. microtubules forma nd grow, reaching from poles of cell, helping cell expand. nuclear envelope breaks down to give access to chromosomes. centrioles anchor one end of each microtubule to pole

Answer 21

prophase

Question 22

replicated chromosomes line across equator of cell in single file. microtubules attach to chromosomes at centromere

Answer 22

metaphase

Question 23

centromere spilt. motor protein pull sister chromatid to opposite poles.

Answer 23

anaphase

Question 24

nuclear envelope redevelopes around new daughter nuclei. chromosomes uncondense

Answer 24

telophase

Question 25

band of proteins encircle cell at equator and divides cytoplasm. contracts and pinches apart the two new cells. cell re enters interpase

Answer 25

cytokenesis

Question 26

specialized sex cells. products of meiosis. have one chromosome from every pair

Answer 26

gametes

Question 27

highly magnified picture of chromosomes arranged in pairs. usually from nuclei of WBCs stopped at metaphase. composed of sister chromatids and shaped like “X”. paired withmate of same size, shape, and centromere posistion

Answer 27

karyotype

Question 28

22 pairs of nonsec chromosomes. homologous pairs

Answer 28

autosomes

Question 29

one pair. X and Y chromosomes.

Answer 29

sex chromosomes

Question 30

male sex chromosomes

Answer 30

XY

Question 31

female sex chromosomes

Answer 31

XX

Question 32

each member carries same genes along its length. (not same versions of gene)

Answer 32

homologous pairs

Question 33

different versions of the same gene

Answer 33

allele

Question 34

only on member of each pair is present in cell. egg and sperm cells

Answer 34

haploid (n)

Question 35

2 sets of each chromosome is present. zygots and somatic cells

Answer 35

diploid (2n)

Question 36

meiosis interphase

Answer 36

same as mitosis interphase. once DNA is replicated, it enters meiosis 1.

Question 37

same as mitosis but product is 2 haploid daughter cells

Answer 37

meiosis 1

Question 38

same as mitosis but product is 4 haploid daughter cells

Answer 38

meiosis 2

Question 39

durign prophase 1. exchange of portions of chromosomes within homologous pairs. occurs several times on each pair during each meiosis

Answer 39

crossing over

Question 40

2 genes on same chromosome. move together. increases genetic diversity by increasing number of gene combinations

Answer 40

linked gene

Question 41

increases number of genetically distinct gametes. durring metaphase 1. changes way in which chromosomes will end up together in a gamete

Answer 41

random alignment

Question 42

failure of chromosomes to separate. can be autosomes or sex chromosomes

Answer 42

nondisjunction

Question 43

extra chromosme

Answer 43

trisomy

Question 44

absence of chromosome

Answer 44

monosomy

Question 45

down syndrome, patau syndrome, an dedwards syndrome

Answer 45

trisomy of 21, 13, and 18 chromosomes. nondisjunction of autosomes

Question 46

turner syndrome, meta female, kleinfelter syndrome, and XYY

Answer 46

nondisjunction of sex chromosomes.