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Human Biology > Ch. 21 Brain Structure and Function > Flashcards

Ch. 21 Brain Structure and Function Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nervous system

A

receives and interprets messages and decides how to respond

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2
Q

neurons

A

carry electrical and chemical messages. bundles into nerves

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3
Q

effectors

A

responsive tissue to nerve impulses

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4
Q

nerve impulse

A

chemical changes as ion concentrations change to pass message

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5
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released from nerve cell

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6
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry info to CNS. input detected by sensory receptors

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7
Q

sensory receptors

A

neurons or other cells that communicate with sensory neaurons. when stimulated, signals are generated and carried to brain.

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8
Q

general senses

A

temperature, pain, pressure, and body position. proprioception. scattered in body

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9
Q

special senses

A

smell, taste, equilibrium, hearing, and vision. gound in sense organs in head

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10
Q

motor neurons

A

carry info away from CNS to effector tissues

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11
Q

interneurons

A

between sensory and motor neurons

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12
Q

spinal cord

A

main nerve pathway. contains reflex arc

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13
Q

reflex

A

automatic response to stimuli

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14
Q

reflex arc

A

prewired circuit of neurons to allow quick reactions to dangerous stimuli

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15
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

network of nerves outside brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

glial cells

A

10x more than neurons in brain. dont carry messages. supply nutrients to neurons, help them repair, and attack invading bacteria

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17
Q

cerebrum

A

fills whole upper skull. 2 hemispheres, each with 4 lobes.

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18
Q

temporal lobe

A

processes auditory and olfactory information. important for memory and emotion

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19
Q

occipital lobe

A

processes visual information from eyes

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20
Q

parietal lobe

A

processes touch and involved in self awareness

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21
Q

frontal lobe

A

processes voluntary movements. planning and organizing future expressive behavior

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22
Q

cerebral cortex

A

wrinkled outer surface of cerebrum

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23
Q

corpus callosum

A

bundle of nerve fibers that communicates between hemispheres

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24
Q

caudate nuclei

A

paired structures in each hemisphere. part of pathway coordinating movement

25
Q

thalamus

A

relays info between cerebrum and spinal cord. first to receive messages signaling sensations. thalamus suppresses some and enhances others, then are relayed to cerebrum where is processes signals and responds. located between hemispheres

26
Q

hypothalamus

A

located under thalamus. control center for sex drive, pleasure, pain, hunger, thirst, BP, temp. releases hormaones that regulate sperm and egg production and menstrual cycle

27
Q

cerebellum

A

controls balance, muscle movement, coordination. ensures smooth contractions and relaxations. under hemispheres of cerebrum. has hemispheres as well

28
Q

brain stem

A

below thalamus and hypothalamus. governs reflexes and spontaneous functions like heartbeat, resp, swallowing, and coughing

29
Q

midbrain

A

adjusts sensitivity of eyes to light and ears to sound

30
Q

pons

A

bridge. allows messages to travel between cord and brain

31
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls heart rate. conveys info from cord to parts of brain

32
Q

left hemisphere

A

controls right side of body, speech, reading, and ability to solve math problems

33
Q

right hemisphere

A

controls left side of body, spatial perception (understanding shape and form), and musical and artistic creations

34
Q

reticular formation

A

in medulla. network of neurons radiating toward cerebral cortex. function as filter for sensory input. decides what stimuli require response. prevents brain from reacting to repetitive stimuli (traffic sounds or music while sleeping)

35
Q

dendrites

A

branches off of neuron cell body

36
Q

neuron cell body

A

contains nucleus

37
Q

terminal boutons

A

knobby structures at end of neuron

38
Q

axon

A

long wire like. protected by myelin sheath

39
Q

myelin sheath

A

formed by schwann cells. mostly lipids

40
Q

white matter

A

brain tissue composed of myelinated cells

41
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

small patches uncovered by myelin in between schwann cells. impulse jumps from node to node and 200 mph

42
Q

gray matter

A

brain tissue of unmyelinated cells

43
Q

action potential

A

transmitting signal through breif reversal of electrical charge of nerve cell membrane. wave of electrical current through neuron

44
Q

polarization

A

resting neuron has different charge accross membrane. higher K+ inside than Na+ on outside

45
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

uses ATP to move 3 Na+ out of cell for every 2 K+ put back inside. returns potassium into cell to maintain gradient

46
Q

depolarization

A

decrease of charge difference. activates Na+ channels and lets Na+ enter cel and lowers negative state of polarization. if a critical point is reached, channels open completely and Na+ rushes into cell, eliminating charge difference.

47
Q

repolarization

A

Na+ channels close and K+ channel open, allowing K+ out of cell, making inside of cell more negative than outside

48
Q

synapse

A

space between neurons

49
Q

vesicles

A

sacs at end of terminal boutons filled with neurotransmitters

50
Q

synaptic transmission

A

when signal reaches end of presynaptic neuron, wesicle releases neurotransmitters that diffuse across synapse to specific receptors on membrane of postsynaptic neuron.
once across synapse and in receptor, stimulates rapid change in uptake of Na+ causing depolarization and generating an action potential
cycle occurs until signal reaches effector tissue

51
Q

reuptake

A

reabsorption of neurotransmitters. presynaptic cell allows reentry and reuses them

52
Q

neurotransmitters after signal has passed

A

broken down by enzymes in synapse or taken up by presynaptic cell through reuptake to ensure stimulation stops on postsynaptic cell

53
Q

alzheimers

A

impaired function of neurotransmitter acetylcholine in some neurons

54
Q

depression

A

thought to be imbalance of neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

55
Q

parkinson’s

A

malfunctioning of neurons that produce dopamine. loss of dopamine causes cells to fire without regulation

56
Q

ADD

A

decreased dopamine levels. dopamine suppresses responsiveness to new stimuli. may also have increased number of reuptake receptors on presynaptic neuron and remove dopamine quickly

57
Q

ritalin

A

decreases impact of reuptake receptors, letting dopamine stay in synapse longer

58
Q

Adderall and dexedrine

A

increase levels of dopamine

Human Biology (19 decks)

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