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Human Biology > Ch 11. Species and Races > Flashcards

Ch 11. Species and Races Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

species

A

group whose members have the greatest resemblance. each has 2 part name

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2
Q

2 part name of species

A

1st: indicates genus, a broader group
2nd: specific to species within genus

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3
Q

biological species

A

consistent definition to determine differences between species

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4
Q

reproductively isolated

A

can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, but cant reproduce with other species

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5
Q

gene pool

A

sum total of all alleles within a species. makes an impermeable container for gene pool. change in frequency can only happen within a species

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6
Q

prefertilization barriers

A

failure to mate/produce an embryo

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7
Q

spatial isolation

A

prefert. different species dont come in contact

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8
Q

behavioral isolation

A

prefert. ritual mating behaviors differ

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9
Q

mechanical isolation

A

prefert. incompatible sex organs

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10
Q

temporal isolation

A

prefert. timing of readiness to reproduce is diferent

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11
Q

gamete incompatibility

A

prefert. proteins on egg that allow sperm to bind dont work for another species

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12
Q

postfertilization barriers

A

fertilization occurs, but hybrid cant reproduce

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13
Q

hybrid inviability

A

postfert. zygote cant complete development because genetic instructions incomplete

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14
Q

hybrid sterility

A

postfert. hybrid cant produce offspring because chromosome number is odd. (mule)

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15
Q

speciation

A

evolution of species from an ancestral form. isolated population diverge in traits. divergance can lead to reproductive isolationa nd formation of a new species. 3 steps necessary

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16
Q

3 necessary steps for speciation

A
  1. isolation of gene polls of subgroups/populations of the species
  2. evolutionary changes in gene pools of 1 or both of isolated population
  3. evolution of reproductive isolation between population, preventing future gene flow
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17
Q

founder hypothesis

A

diversity of unique species on oceanic islands and isolated bogs, caves, and lakes resulted from colonization by 1 species that rapidly speciated, taking advantage of many different resources. allopatric or sympatric.

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18
Q

allopatric

A

isolation due to geographic barrier

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19
Q

sympatric

A

separation of gene pool even when near each other

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20
Q

polyploidy

A

process of chromosome duplication. if occurs in hybrid, fertility may be possible again. mostly in plant and some insects and frogs.

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21
Q

instantaneous speciation

A

hybrids from polyploidy may produce offspring and are immediately creating a new species (can’t reproduce with parental species) due to genetic incompatability (polyploidy creates double the genes as the parents)

22
Q

gradualism

A

speciation occurring over millions of years with tiny changes accumulating

23
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

dramatic changes in few thousand years, followed by many thousands or millions of years of little changes

24
Q

biological race

A

populations of a single species that have diverged. little gene flow between them, evolutionary changes differ between populations

25
Q

geneological species concept

A

species is smallest group of reproductively compatible organisms containing all known descendants of a common ancestor. emphasizes unique evolutionary lineages, increasing number of identifiable species

26
Q

human races

A

white, black, pacific islander, asian, australian, aborigine, and native american. physical differences used to define are skin color, hair texture, eye, skull, and nose shape

27
Q

morphological species concept

A

individuals of same species look alike (similar morphology). correlated with isolation of gene pools. mostly used by paleontologists

28
Q

out-of-africa concept

A

homio sapiens evolved once in africa from homo erectus. most supportive data

29
Q

multiregional hypothesis

A

homo sapiens evolved throughout range of homo erectus

30
Q

hybridization-and-assimilation hypothesis

A

homo sapiens evolved out of africa and migrated and hybridized with homo erectus in different areas of globe

31
Q

allel frequency

A

trait in one population is more common than in the other. result of evolution.

32
Q

2 traits of isolated race

A
  1. unique alleles specific to race

2. differences in allele frequency for some genes relative to other races

33
Q

hardy-weinberg theorem

A

allele frequency remains stable in large populations that randomly mate and experience no migration or natural selection. forms basis of modern science of population genetics. describes relationship between allele frequency and genotype frequency for a gene with 2 alleles in a stable population.

34
Q

hardy- weinberg cont.

A

frequency is written ‘p’ and ‘q’. each gamete carries one copy of each gene (frequency of gametes=frequency of alleles). assume every member has equal chance of mating with any member of opposite sex (like lottery drawing). drawn like punnet square, including frequency. equation: (pxp)+2pq+(qxq)=1

35
Q

HW#1: p=80% dominant(A) q=20% recessive(a). what are the frequencies?

A

anser: AA=0.64, Aa=0.32. aa=0.04 0.64+0.32+0.04=1
work: pxp+2pq+qxq
0. 8x0.8+2(0.8x0.2)+0.2x0.2

36
Q

human race

A

NOT biological groups. no race-specific alleles. (sickle cell not a black disease, cystic fibrosis not a white disease). hypothesis that human races represent independant evolutionary groups isn’t supported by observations.

37
Q

why is human race not a true race?

A

morphological characteristics (skin, hair, eye shape, etc) used to classify race are determined by multiple genes, therefore those genes should be specific to certain gene pools. no clear boundaries for gene pool. ‘mixing’ for thousands of years. races fail to meet criteria for identifying populations as isolated from each other

38
Q

why do human groups differ?

A

natural selection. ex1: sickle cell anemia is an adaptation that increases fitness in malaria prone areas ex2: nose shape is adaptation to climate. long and narrow for dry climates, short and wide for tropical climates

39
Q

convergent evolution

A

traits shared by unrelated populations due to similarities in environments. cause of skin color (exposure to UV light)

40
Q

Dark skin and UV light

A

absorbs less UV light. UV interferes with storing folate which inturn causes birth defects, and low sperm production

41
Q

light skin and UV light

A

allows for more vit D absorption from sun in darker environments

42
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequency due to chance. 3 types, founder effect, bottleneck population, and small populations

43
Q

founder effect

A

genetic drift. small population of larger population leave and establish new population. small populations gene pool is poor reflection of larger gene pool. genetic diseases is more common due to small gene pool with some individuals carrying recessive genes in high frequency

44
Q

sampling error

A

small population gives poor reflection of larger populations gene pool

45
Q

bottleneck population

A

genetic drift. dramatic, short lived reduction in population size (i.e. natural disaster). new population differs in gene frequency because survivors have ‘sampling error’ and gene pool isnt exact match as before

46
Q

small populations

A

genetic drift. allele frequency more apt to change in chance events. frequency may substantially change after a few generations. can lead to extinction in plants and animals.

47
Q

sexual selection

A

trait that influences the likelihood of mating

48
Q

assortive mating

A

choosing a mate based on attractive traits. exaggerates physical differences between populations

49
Q

race in human society

A

social structure in humans, no biological meaning

50
Q

racism

A

idea that some groups of people are naturally superior that others

Human Biology (19 decks)

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