Ch. 20 Reproductive and Developmental Biology

Question 1

penis

Answer 1

delivers sperm to female reproductive tract during sex. composed of spongy erectile tissue, that during arousal, fills with blood. the pressure from increased volume seals off veins that drain the blood and makes it erect

Question 2

urethra

Answer 2

tube inside penis that lets sperm and urine outside the body

Question 3

glans penis

Answer 3

head that consists of very sensitive skin, covered by foreskin

Question 4

scrotum

Answer 4

pouch that contains testicles. thin with no fatty tissue. underlying is involuntary muscle that regulates position of testes to ensure optimum temperature for sperm production

Question 5

testicles

Answer 5

produce sperm and androgens. contains seminiferous tubules

Question 6

seminiferous tubules

Answer 6

highly coiled tubes inside testicles where sperm are produced. held in place by connective tissue rich in leydig cells

Question 7

leydig cells

Answer 7

hormone producing cells

Question 8

epididymis

Answer 8

6m coiled tube that rests on top of each teste. takes 20 days for sperm to travle through

Question 9

vas deferens

Answer 9

sperm carrying ducts from which ejaculated sperm goes through. surrounded by smooth muscles capable of peristalic contractions

Question 10

seminal vesicles

Answer 10

glands secrete mucus and fructose for energy for sperm

Question 11

prostate

Answer 11

gland secretes thin, milky white fluid into urethra. nutrients for sperm.

Question 12

bulbourethral glands

Answer 12

between prostate and penis. secretes clear mucus just before ejaculation that neutralizes any acidic urine in urethra

Question 13

semen

Answer 13

sperm, mucus/fructose, white fluid from prostate, and neutralizing mucus

Question 14

vulva

Answer 14

2 sets of labia. majora and minora

Question 15

ovaries

Answer 15

female gonads. produce gametes and sex hormones. size of walnut. contain 2 milion eggs at birth

Question 16

follicle

Answer 16

fluid filled sac containing mature eggs, release them during menstrual cycle. secretes estrogen. ruptures to release egg

Question 17

corpus luteum

Answer 17

remnant of follicle after rupture. releases hormones estrogen and progesterone

Question 18

vagina

Answer 18

muscular organ. passageway to uterus

Question 19

uterus

Answer 19

size of fist. wall is thick (1cm) contract during labor. inner surface is endometrium

Question 20

cervix

Answer 20

narrow lower 1/3 of uterus

Question 21

oviducts

Answer 21

extension of top of uterus. tubes that connect uterus to ovaries. dont touch ovaries. move over surface and suck up eggs.

Question 22

infertility

Answer 22

failure to acheive pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected sex. can be caused by STDs, endocrine disruptors, and problems in reproductive anatomy

Question 23

gametogenesis

Answer 23

process of producing sex cells. involves meiosis (2n=46 to n=23 chromosomes)

Question 24

spermatogenesis

Answer 24

begins in testes at puberty

Question 25

primary spermatocyte

Answer 25

diploid cell that begins meisosis. each parent cell first divides by mitosis

Question 26

secondary spermatocyte

Answer 26

cell after first meiotic division of primary. 23 duplicated unpaired chromosomes. haploid

Question 27

spermatids

Answer 27

secondary after meiosis 2. 23 unduplicated unpaired chromosomes. haploid

Question 28

steroli cells

Answer 28

aid in developing sperm. secrete substance that converts spermatids to spermatazoa by removing excess cytoplasm.

Question 29

spermatazoa

Answer 29

mature sperm. composed of small head with DNA, middle piece with mitochondria, and a flagellum (tail)

Question 30

acrosome

Answer 30

tip of sperms head. contains digestive enzymes to help gain access to egg

Question 31

track sperm through anatomy

Answer 31

seminiferous tubules->epididymis to mature and store->vas deferens->seminal vesicles to make semen and mix it with sperm

Question 32

oogenesis

Answer 32

unequal meisosis.

Question 33

oogonium

Answer 33

parent cell divides by mitosis

Question 34

primary oocyte

Answer 34

46 chromosomes. diploid

Question 35

secondary oocyte

Answer 35

23 duplicated unpaired chromosomes. haploid. and a polar body after meiosis 1

Question 36

ovum

Answer 36

after meiosis 2 and ovulation. 23 single unpaired chromosomes and 3 polar bodies.

Question 37

polar body

Answer 37

degenerates. not used in oogenesis and fertilization

Question 38

zygote

Answer 38

diploid cell from joined sperm and egg. undergoes multiple mitotic divisions

Question 39

fetus

Answer 39

developing human

Question 40

oxytocin

Answer 40

hormone secreted by uterus to start contractions

Question 41

blastocyte

Answer 41

hollow ball several days after fertilization

Question 42

gastrula

Answer 42

3 layers of cells in a ball. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Question 43

ectoderm

Answer 43

outer layer of gastrula. makes skin, nervous system, and sense organs

Question 44

mesoderm

Answer 44

middle layer of gastrula. makes muscles, excretory organs, circulatory organs, gonads, and skeleton

Question 45

endoderm

Answer 45

inner layer of gastrula. makes digestive and respiratory organs