Ch. 19 Endocrine, Skeletal, And Muscular System

Question 1

Endocrine system

Answer 1

Internal system or regulation and communication involving hormones, the glands that secrete them, and target cells

Question 2

Hormones

Answer 2

Chemicals that travel trough blood and act as signals to elicit a response from target cells by:
1. Binding to receptors on target cells surface and trigger response inside cell
2. Diffuse across cell membrane and bind to receptors inside cell for response
Protein hormones
Steroid hormones

Question 3

Protein hormones

Answer 3

Bind to receptor on surface and start signal transduction

Question 4

Signal transduction

Answer 4

Chain reaction within cell that relays signal from outside cell

Question 5

Steroid hormones

Answer 5

Fat soluble and can cross membrane to bind to receptors inside cell
Sex hormones

Question 6

Sex hormones

Answer 6

Most involved in anatomical sex differences. Include testosterone and estrogen. Once inside cell, hormone and receptor bind to DNA to enhance or inhibit expression of genes

Question 7

Endocrine glands

Answer 7

Group of cells or organs that secrete hormones

Hypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, adrenals, gonads, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, thymus

Question 8

Hypothalamus

Answer 8

Located in brain. Regulates body temp, affect hunger, thirst, and reproduction

Question 9

Pituitary

Answer 9

Water reabsorption by kidneys, breast milk release and production, uterine contractions, increases tabloid activities, egg and Soren production, bone growth, protein synthesis, and cell division

Question 10

Pancreas

Answer 10

Insulin and glucagon, controls blood glucose levels

Question 11

Adrenals

Answer 11

Blood glucose levels, increase fat breakdown, suppresses inflammation, ^BG, ^HR, ^resp, and regulates vasodilation, promoted and maintains sex specific characteristics. Secrete epinephrine, estrogen, and testosterone. Secreted a little of each on both sexes

Question 12

Gonads

Answer 12

Promotes development of sexual organs
Testes
Ovaries

Question 13

Testes

Answer 13

Secrete testosterone, aid in sperm production, hair thickness and distribution, ^muscle mass, voice deepening. Sperm production most efficient at temp lower than body temp

Question 14

Ovaries

Answer 14

Produce and secrete estrogen. Regulates menstruation, maturation if eggs, breast development, pregnancy, and menopause

Question 15

Thyroid

Answer 15

Increase metabolism, helps lower calcium levels

Question 16

Parathyroid

Answer 16

Acts on bones, digestive tract, and kidneys to raise blood calcium levels

Question 17

Pineal

Answer 17

Regulates sleep

Question 18

Thymus

Answer 18

Helps T cells mature, especially in children

Question 19

Skeleton

Answer 19

206 bones. Support, protect, movement, and storage.

Question 20

Axial skeleton

Answer 20

Bones of spine and skull

Question 21

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 21

Bones if hip, shoulder, and limbs

Question 22

Ball and socket joint

Answer 22

3D movement. Hip and shoulder

Question 23

Hinge joint

Answer 23

Back and forth movement. Knee and elbow

Question 24

Pivot joint

Answer 24

Side to side movement. Head on neck

Question 25

Compact bone

Answer 25

Hard outer shell of bone

Question 26

Spongy bone

Answer 26

Porous inner bone containing bone marrow

Question 27

Osteoblasts

Answer 27

Regenerates bone tissue. Stimulated when blood calcium is high

Question 28

Osteoclasts

Answer 28

Breakdown and reabsorption bone tissue. Stimulates when blood calcium is low

Question 29

Calcitonin

Answer 29

Lower Ca concentration in blood when levels are high

Question 30

Calcium

Answer 30

Must be maintained for blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and enzyme activity

Question 31

Sexual differences in skeleton

Answer 31

Mandible, temporal bone, frontal bone, and ossa coaxe of pelvis.
Q angle: angle between kneecap and femur, and line between tendon from kneecap to shinbone. Larger in women

Question 32

Antagonistic pairs

Answer 32

Muscle is paired with muscle if opposite effect (bicep and tricep)

Question 33

muscle fibers

Answer 33

each fiber is single cell. grouped in parallel bundles. within each fiber is a myofibril

Question 34

myofibril

Answer 34

parallel threadlike filaments. gives striated characteristic. linear arrangement of sarcomeres.

Question 35

sarcomere

Answer 35

unit of contraction. composed of actin and myosin filaments. region between z disks in myofibril

Question 36

actin

Answer 36

thin filaments of protein

Question 37

myosin

Answer 37

thick filaments of proetin

Question 38

sliding filament

Answer 38

actin filaments are attached at z disks and myosin are stationary in between and parallel. ATP causes myosin heads to cock and attach to actin and draw toward center, shortening the sarcomere and causing a contraction

Question 39

muscular sex differences

Answer 39

muscle fibers contain testosterone receptors in cytoplasm that stimulate cells to increase mass

Question 40

sex differences and athleticism

Answer 40

men have lower body fat, but women use glucose more efficiently and increase endurance