Ch. 18 Immune System Flashcards

0
Q

Contagious

A

Pathogen can be spread from one organism to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Pathogens

A

Disease causing organisms. Can be viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Infectious

A

Pathogen finds tissue inside the body that will support it’s growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parasites

A

Organisms obtain nutrients and shelter required for growth and development from a different organism without contributing to the survival of the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Microbes

A

Only seen under microscope. Microscopic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bacteria

A

Tiny, prokaryotic, single celled organisms. Can be bacilli (rod shaped), cocci (spherical) or spirochetes (spiral).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bacteria structure

A
Lack nucleus. Nucleoid region has double stranded circular DNA chromosome
Contain plasmids
Surrounded by cell wall
Cell wall surrounded by capsule 
Have flagella and pili
Reproduce by binary fission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Plasmids (bacteria structure)

A

Circular extra chromosomal DNA. Can carry genes that protect bacteria against antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Capsule (bacterial structure)

A

Help bacteria attach to tissues. Protect against immune cell attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Flagella (bacteria structure)

A

Used for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pili (bacteria structure)

A

Used to attach to one another and pass genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Binary fission

A

One parent cell copies DNA and splits into 2 identical daughter cells. Can reproduce rapidly under favorable conditions (double population in 20 mins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bacterial diseases

A

Anthrax, botulism, E. coli, tetanus, and staph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Viruses

A

Not considered living: can’t replicate without host and is not composed of cells.
Once in host cell, virus replicates genome and uses hosts to ribosomes and amino acids to make viral proteins for new capsids and envelopes. Once assembled, daughter viruses leave cel and move to other cells to replicate and spread disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Genome (virus structure)

A

Genetic material can be RNA or DNA, double or single stranded, linear or circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Capsid (virus structure)

A

Protein coat surrounding virus. Removed once inside host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Viral envelope (virus structure)

A

Additional structure outside capsid. Derived from cell membrane of host with its own proteins added. Attached to cells at protein receptors on host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Latent virus

A

Enters state of dormancy and doesn’t reproduce (herpes virus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Viral diseases

A

Common cold, hepatitis, influenza, and west Nile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Eukaryotic pathogens

A

Single celled protozoans. Spread by water or food contaminated with animal feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Eukaryotic diseases

A

Giardiasis, malaria, schistosomiasis, tape worm, athletes foot/jock itch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prions

A

Normal occurring protein produced by brain cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Spongiform encephalopathy

A

Misfolded prions. Nerve cells in brai. Get clogged with these misfolded prions, causing them to misfire and stop functioning. The cell then bursts and frees the misfolded prions. They then find healthy prions and refold them. Causes empty space in brain and produces sponge like characteristic. Have no DNA or RNA and resist degradation. May be spread by eating meat containing misfolded proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Direct contact

A

Touching infected organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Indirect contact
Contacting contaminated object
25
Vector borne
Transmission through vector
26
Vector
Organisms that carry disease causing microorganisms from one host to another
27
Inhalation
Pathogens breathed in from air
28
Ingestion
Eating contaminated foods
29
First line of defense
Skin and mucous membranes. Nonspecific defense
30
Nonspecific defenses
Don't distinguish one pathogen to another
31
Skin
1st line. Physical barrier. Sheds and takes pathogens with. Low pH to repel microorganisms. Glands in skin secrete enzyme to break down bacteria (tears and saliva)
32
Mucous membranes
1st line. Line resp, dig, ur, and repro tracts. Secrete mucus that traps pathogens and can be sneezed or excreted away
33
Second line defense
WBCs, inflammation, defense proteins, and fever. Nonspecific
34
White blood cells
2nd line. Phagocytes that engulf and digest invaders indiscriminately. Macrophages Natural killer cells
35
Macrophages
Phagocytes that circulate in lymphatic fluid, cleaning up dead and damaged cells. Destroy by extending pseudopodia, grabbing, and engulfing. Enzymes inside break it down and release chems to stimulate production of more WBCs. Mostly occurs in lymph nodes. If invader is too large, other WBCs cluster round and secrete digestive enzymes to irritate or destroy. Often protozoans or worms
36
Natural killer cells
Non soecific WBCs that attack tumor cells and virus invaded body cells. Release chems that break plasma membrane of targets and cause them to burst. Accumulate at site of infection causing pus, if it can't be releived, body walls it off wit tissue and create access
37
Inflammation
2nd line. Reaction that produces redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. Damages cells release chems that stimulate histamines
38
Histamines
Promotes vasodilation near injury. Enables more WBCs to arrive at site for cleanup. Extra blood flow brings O2 and nutrients for healing, but also increases swelling, redness, and warmth.
39
Defense proteins
2nd line. Interferons. Proteins produced by virus infected cells to help uninfected cells stimulate production of proteins that inhibit viral reproduction. Complement proteins
40
Complement proteins
Help other defense mechanisms. Coat surfaces if microbes to aid phagocytes, poke holes on membrane to break them apart, or increase inflammatory response
41
Fever
2nd line. Temp above 97-99F. Macrophages release chem pyrogens as weapons
42
Pyrogens
Increase temp to decease bacterial growth and increase metabolism to e pair quickly and slow pathogen. When infection is controlled, macrophages stop releasing pyrogens and temp returns to normal.
43
Third line of defense
Lymphocytes. Specific defense
44
Specific defense
Attack specific microorganisms
45
Lymphocytes
Travel through blood and attack specific microorganisms. Response triggered by proteins and carbs on surface of pathogens or infected cells. Concentrated in spleen and lymph nodes. Display specificity and recognize through antigen receptors. Produced from stem cells in bone marrow (100 mil/day) B lymphocytes T lymphocytes
46
Antigens
Foreign molecules that stimulate immune response. Triggers enhanced production of B and T cells
47
B lymphocytes (B cells)
Recognize and react to free living organisms like bacteria and their toxins. Secrete antibodies (proteins) that bind to and inactive antigens. Mature in bone marrow.
48
T lymphocytes (T cells)
Recognize and react to body cells gone awry (cancer cells or cells invaded by viruses). Respond to implanted tissue and larger organisms like fungi and worms. Don't produce antibodies, attack directly. Move from bone marrow and mature in thymus
49
Antigen receptors
Presence if proteins that fit perfectly to foreign molecule and binds to it. Can be attached to surface of lymphocyte (t cells and B cells) or secreted by lymphocytes (b cells)
50
Antibodies
Found in lymph, intestines, tissue fluids, and breast milk
51
Passive immunity
Antibodies passed through breast milk from mother to child. Lasts only as long as the antibodies live in blood
52
Active immunity
Production if antibodies to combat infection for lifetime after antigen exposure
53
Allergy
Immune response without presence of a pathogen
54
Antigen diversity
B and T cells rearrange their DNA. Each unique arrangement encodes a different receptor protein. Once synthesized, they move to surface of cell and act as antigen receptors. Gives unlimited variety from small pool of genes
55
Self vs. non self
Lymphocytes are tested to see if they react to self proteins. If they do, they are eliminated, of they don't, they are allowed to mature. Protects against autoimmune disease
56
Autoimmune disease
When self testing fails and lymphocytes have antigen receptors for body's proteins. Causes immune system to attack healthy cells
57
Multiple sclerosis
T cells specific for protein in nerve cells attack brain
58
Insulin dependant diabetes
T and B cells attack cells that produce hormone in pancreas
59
Humoral immunity
Use of memory cells, clinal populations, antibody-antigen complexes, complement proteins, and agglutination. Makes vaccinations possible
60
Memory cell
Exact copy with same antibodies of B cell made after binding to antigen.
61
Clonal population
Lots if memory cells that aid in overcoming the infection. Some remain and recognize antigen in future.
62
Antibody-antigen complex
When antibody binds to antigen. Marks pathogen for phagocytes and degradation by complete proteins causing lysis of foreign cells
63
Compliment proteins
Circulate body inactive until they bind to surface of microorganisms and become active
64
Agglutinate
When pathogens and attached antibodies clump together making them unable to infect other cells.
65
Vaccination
Injections of components of disease causing organisms. Creates clonal population for specific pathogen that will be prepare for a real infection
66
Cell mediated immunity
T cells respond to infection by directly attacking and undergoing rapid cell division to produce memory cells. Cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells
67
Cytotoxic T Cells
Stack and kill cells infected with virus. Recognize the viruses proteins as foreign, bind, and destroy entire cell. Done by releasing chem to break down plasma membrane then break cel down before the virus replicates
68
Helper T Cells
Also called T4 cells. Boosters. Detect invaders and alert b and T cells that infection is occurring. Secrete interleukin 2
69
Interleukin 2
Increases level of cytotoxic T cell response
70
AIDS
Caused by HIV. HIV kills or disables helper T cells and causes deficient immune response . Patients often become ill from opportunistic infections
71
Opportunistic infections
Only occur when opportunity arises die to weakened immune response
72
No immune response to prions
Because they are refolded versions of the normal protein. Body still recognizes as self.
73
Preventing misfolded prions and spongiform encephalopathy
Can't feed meat and bone meal. No John risk materials used in food or cosmetic products