Ch. 2 Water, Biochemistry, and Cells Flashcards
life
growth, movement, reproduction, repose to external and internal stimuli, and can maintain homeostasis
universal solvent, polar
water
polarity
poles have different charges.
electronegative
more attractive to electrons. O2 is more so and pulls electrons closer when bonded to H2. creates partial charges. (O2 partially negative and H2 partially positive
hydrogen bond
weak bond between adjacent water molecules from partial charges
cohesion
tendancy for molecules to stick together. reason water is so difficult to heat.
reaction of an acid and a base
salts
hydrophobic
non polar
hydrophilic
polar
measure of acidity or basic. determined by concentration of H+ ions
pH scale
different energy levels based on distance from nucleus
electron cloud
electron shell
1st level. can hold 2 electrons
2nd and 3rd energy shell
can hold 8 electrons each
outermost energy level. where bonding occurrs. atoms with same number electrons in this show similar chemical behavior
valence shell
atoms share electrons. usually atoms with 4-5 e-
covalent bond
atoms take/receive e-. usually atoms with 1-3 and 6-7 e-. creates positive and negative charged ions
ionic bond
CH2O ratio. mono, dia, and polysaccharides
carbohydrates. mono and diasaccharides=simple sugars (glucose and sucrose)
polysaccharides=complex sugars (fructose)
chains of amino acids. 50% dry weight of cells
protein
carboxy grou, side croup, and amino group
amino acid
bond between amino acids
peptide bond
fold upon themselves to create protein with specialized properties
polypeptide chain
primarily hydrocarbons. partially or entirely hydrophobic
lipids
3 carbon glycerol molecule with up to 3 hydrocarbon chains. energy storage
fat
4 carbon rings. cholesterol. maintain fluidity of membranes
steroids
glycerol with only 2 tails. 3rd bond is to phosphate head. head hydrophilic, tail hydrophobic
phospholipid
monomers of nucleotides. sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen containing base
nucleic acid
helps cells synthesize protein
RNA
primary storage of genetic info. deoxyribose sugar
DNA
adenine guanine thymine and cytosine
nitrogenous base
complementary base pairs
adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine
A and G. 2 ring structures
purine
T and C. single ring structures
pyrimidine
single celled bacteria with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
prokaryotic
nucleus and organelles with membranes. single and multi celled
eukaryotic
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer. fluid mosaic (lipids and proteinsmove freely and different regions ahve different lipids and proteins
nucleus
houses chromatin (DNA and proteins). studded with nuclear pores to regulate traffic
cytosol
watery matrix that houses organelles
cytoplasm
cytosol and organelles
organelles
covered in membranes
mitochondria
convert food to ATP. inner membrane involved in production of ATP, matrix is location of cellular respiration
lysosomes
break down substances before mitochondria. roam cell
ER
endoplasmic reticulum. rough: synthesizes protein. ribosomes attached. smooth: detoxifies substances
vesicles
transport to golgi or plasma membrane
ribosomes
built in nucleus and sent to cutoplasm. protein synthesis
centrioles
microtubules that move chromosomes when cell divides
