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Human Biology > Ch. 2 Water, Biochemistry, and Cells > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Water, Biochemistry, and Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

life

A

growth, movement, reproduction, repose to external and internal stimuli, and can maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

universal solvent, polar

A

water

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3
Q

polarity

A

poles have different charges.

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4
Q

electronegative

A

more attractive to electrons. O2 is more so and pulls electrons closer when bonded to H2. creates partial charges. (O2 partially negative and H2 partially positive

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5
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak bond between adjacent water molecules from partial charges

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6
Q

cohesion

A

tendancy for molecules to stick together. reason water is so difficult to heat.

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7
Q

reaction of an acid and a base

A

salts

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8
Q

hydrophobic

A

non polar

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9
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar

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10
Q

measure of acidity or basic. determined by concentration of H+ ions

A

pH scale

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11
Q

different energy levels based on distance from nucleus

A

electron cloud

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12
Q

electron shell

A

1st level. can hold 2 electrons

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13
Q

2nd and 3rd energy shell

A

can hold 8 electrons each

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14
Q

outermost energy level. where bonding occurrs. atoms with same number electrons in this show similar chemical behavior

A

valence shell

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15
Q

atoms share electrons. usually atoms with 4-5 e-

A

covalent bond

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16
Q

atoms take/receive e-. usually atoms with 1-3 and 6-7 e-. creates positive and negative charged ions

A

ionic bond

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17
Q

CH2O ratio. mono, dia, and polysaccharides

A

carbohydrates. mono and diasaccharides=simple sugars (glucose and sucrose)
polysaccharides=complex sugars (fructose)

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18
Q

chains of amino acids. 50% dry weight of cells

A

protein

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19
Q

carboxy grou, side croup, and amino group

A

amino acid

20
Q

bond between amino acids

A

peptide bond

21
Q

fold upon themselves to create protein with specialized properties

A

polypeptide chain

22
Q

primarily hydrocarbons. partially or entirely hydrophobic

A

lipids

23
Q

3 carbon glycerol molecule with up to 3 hydrocarbon chains. energy storage

A

fat

24
Q

4 carbon rings. cholesterol. maintain fluidity of membranes

A

steroids

25
Q

glycerol with only 2 tails. 3rd bond is to phosphate head. head hydrophilic, tail hydrophobic

A

phospholipid

26
Q

monomers of nucleotides. sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen containing base

A

nucleic acid

27
Q

helps cells synthesize protein

A

RNA

28
Q

primary storage of genetic info. deoxyribose sugar

A

DNA

29
Q

adenine guanine thymine and cytosine

A

nitrogenous base

30
Q

complementary base pairs

A

adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine

31
Q

A and G. 2 ring structures

A

purine

32
Q

T and C. single ring structures

A

pyrimidine

33
Q

single celled bacteria with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryotic

34
Q

nucleus and organelles with membranes. single and multi celled

A

eukaryotic

35
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer. fluid mosaic (lipids and proteinsmove freely and different regions ahve different lipids and proteins

36
Q

nucleus

A

houses chromatin (DNA and proteins). studded with nuclear pores to regulate traffic

37
Q

cytosol

A

watery matrix that houses organelles

38
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol and organelles

39
Q

organelles

A

covered in membranes

40
Q

mitochondria

A

convert food to ATP. inner membrane involved in production of ATP, matrix is location of cellular respiration

41
Q

lysosomes

A

break down substances before mitochondria. roam cell

42
Q

ER

A

endoplasmic reticulum. rough: synthesizes protein. ribosomes attached. smooth: detoxifies substances

43
Q

vesicles

A

transport to golgi or plasma membrane

44
Q

ribosomes

A

built in nucleus and sent to cutoplasm. protein synthesis

45
Q

centrioles

A

microtubules that move chromosomes when cell divides

Human Biology (19 decks)

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