Ch. 3 Cells and Metabolism Flashcards
required in large amounts. water, carbs, proteins, fat
macronutrients
carbon bound to as many H+ as possible. solid at room temp
saturated fat
carbon double bond prevents saturation. liquid at room temp
unsaturated fat
many unsaturated fat. kinked structure
polyunsaturated fat
combines H+ gas to increase saturation levels. slows spoiling and solidifies oils
hydrogenated
Straight chain saturated fat rather than cis formation. Non beneficial to body
Trans fat
Required in minute amounts. Neither destroyed nor burned for energy
Micronutrients
No input of energy is required. By way of concentration gradient through plasma membrane. Hydrophobic, CO2, and O2 molecules
Passive transport
movement form higher concentration to lower. continues until equilibrium is met and there is no concentration gradient. type of passive transport
diffusion
proteins in bilayer allow hydrophilic molecules to pass in and out of cell according to concentration gradient. type of passive transport
facilitated diffusion
movement of water across membrane according to concentration gradient. type of passive transport
osmosis
input of energy required. against concentration gradient. uses proteins powered by ATP to pump against gradient
active transport
membrane bound vesicle carrying molecules too large to pass through proteins, fuses with plasma membrane and releases contents into exterior of cell
exocytosis
substance brought inot cell by pinching inward of bilayer, releasing contents into interior of cell
endocytosis
speed at which body breaks down food into their parts. regulated by enzyme that catalyze rate of reactions
metabolism
end in -ase and describe what theyre catalyzing. catalyze by lowering activation energy
enzyme
energy required to start a metabolic reaction
activation energy
chemicals that are metabolized by an enzyme catalyzed retain. enzyme places stress on chemical bonds, decreasing energy need to breack the bonds (activation energy)
substrate
where the substrate binds to the enzyme. has own shape and chemistry
active site
shape chane by enzyme in response to substrate binding. creates stress on substrate bonds and resume shape after reaction
induced fit
result of chape and active site of enzyme. due to differing unique sequences of amino acids and their side group
specificity
enzyme deficiency of lactase. lactic acid is by product of lactose being digested by bacteria in intestine
lactose intolerance
measure of bodys energy use
metabolic rate
resting energy of awake body. average is 70kcal/hr
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
sppeds rate at which fat breaks down, making it necessary to consume more calories than women on average
testosterone
calores to consume
desired weight x 11 + calories burned during exercise
