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Bio 223 > Ch. 8 > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a joint?

A

A place where 2 or more bones come together

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2
Q

What is another name for a joint?

A

Articulation

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3
Q

How are joints named?

A

According to the bones or portion of bones that join together.

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4
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Structurally (Major connective tissue) and functionally (Degree of motion)

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5
Q

How are joints classified structurally?

A

Bony - fibrous joints that have not yet ossified

Fibrous - short collagen fibers

Cartilaginous - hyaline or fibrocartilage

Synovial - has synovial cavity

They are classified according to the major connective tissue type that binds the bones together and whether a fluid filled joint capsule is present.

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6
Q

How are joints classified functionally?

A

Synarthroses - No movement (sutures)

Amphiarthrosis - little movement (Symphyses)

Diarthroses - Freely moveable (Synovial)

They are classified according to their degree of motion.

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7
Q

What does it mean if a joint is Synarthrosis?

A

Non Movable joints

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8
Q

What does it mean if a joint is Amphiarthrosis?

A

Slightly moveable joints

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9
Q

What does it mean if a joint is Diarthroses?

A

Freely movable joints

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10
Q

In general fibrous and cartilage joints have what movement and are functionally classified as?

A

Little or no movement / synarthroses and amphiarthroses

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11
Q

In general synovial joints have what movement and are functionally classified as?

A

Considerable movement and are mostly diarthroses joints

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12
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Connections between 2 bones that are held together by fibrous connective tissue.

They have no joint cavity

Connected by short fibers

Exhibit little or no movement

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13
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses

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14
Q

What is a suture?

A

Seams found only between the bones of the skull

Ossify later in life to become synostoses (bony joints)

Often have interlocking fingerlike processes - adds considerable stability

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15
Q

Where are sutures found and what is the tissue between the bones?

A

Only between the bones of the skull and dense regular collagenous connective tissue

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16
Q

What do the 2 layers of periosteum and dense fibrous connective in between on the skull form?

A

Sutural ligament

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17
Q

Fontanel

A

Membranous area in the sutures of newborn - make skull flexible and allow for growth

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18
Q

Synostosis

A

When a suture becomes fully ossified

Results when 2 bones grow together across a joint to form a sinlge bone

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19
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Slightly movable type of fibrous joint

Longer fibers than suture and gomphoses

Bones are farther apart than a suture and are joined by ligaments

*Occurs in radioulnar syndesmosis

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20
Q

Gomphoses

A

are specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets and are held into place by fine bundles od regular collagenous connective tissue.

**Only gomphoses in human are between teeth and sockets of madible and maxilla

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21
Q

Peridontal ligaments

A

Connective tissue between teeth and their sockets

Allow a slight amount of “give” to the teeth during mastication (chewing)

This movement also allows teeth to be realigned with braces

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22
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

hold 2 bones together by a pad of cartilage

No joint cavity

Exhibit little or no movement

Subdivided into: Synchondroses - hyaline cartilage - little to no movment

Symphyses - fibrocartilage - allows more movement

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23
Q

What 2 groups are cartilagnous Joints subdivided into?

A

Subdivided into: Synchondroses - hyaline cartilage & Symphyses - fibrocartilage

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24
Q

Synchondroses

A

consists of 2 bones joined by hyaline cartilage where little or no movement occurs

*Most synchondroses are temporary

Example - Epiphyseals plates of growing bones

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25
Q

Costochondral joints

A

Between ribs and the coastal cartilages

**Begin as synchondroses but because movement occurs between them and the sternum, all but first usually develop into synovial joints

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26
Q

Symphyses

A

Consists of 2 bones joined by a pad of fibrocartilage

Examples - Intervertebral disks

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27
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Contain synovial fluid and allow considerable movement between articulating bones

*Most joints that unite the bones of appendicular skeleton

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28
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints

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29
Q

Articular disk

A

a flat pad of fibrocartilage in some synovial joints - lies between the articular cartilages of bones

Help adjust the connection between articulating bones, which improves stability and reduces wear

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30
Q

Meniscus

A
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31
Q

Joint cavity

A

Space around the articular surface of bones in synovial joints. Its filled with synovial fluid and surrounded by a joint capsule

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32
Q

Joint capsule

A

Helps hold the bones together while still allowing for movement

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33
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

The outer layer of the joint capsule

Consists of dense irregular connective tissue and is continous with the fibrous layer of periosteum

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34
Q

Synovial membrane

A

inner layer of joint capsule

lines the joint cavity, except over the articular cartilage and articular disks

Consists of a collection of modified connective tissues cells either intermixed with parts of fibrous capsule or seperated from it by a layer of areolar or adipose tissue

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35
Q

Fat pads

A

prominent areas of adipose tissue that lie between the fibrous capsule and synovial fluid

Help protect the articular cartilage by acting as a cushion around the joint

Example, knee and elbow

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36
Q
A
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37
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Viscous lubricating film that covers the surfaces of a joint

Complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, cells from blood fluid and secretions from synovial cells

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38
Q

Bursa

A

a pocket or sac in the synovial membrane in some synovial joints

Contains synovial fluid and provides a cushion between structures that would otherwise rub against eachother

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39
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

Bursa that extend along tendons

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40
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

may cause considerable pain around the joint and restrict movement

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41
Q

How are synovial joints classified?

A

according to the shape of adjoining articular surfaces

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42
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A
  1. Plane
  2. Saddle
  3. Hinge
  4. Pivot
  5. Ball and Socket
  6. Ellipsoid
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43
Q

How are movements at synovial joints describes?

A

Uniaxial - occuring around 1 axis
Biaxial - occuring around 2 axises, situated at right angles to each other
Multiaxial - occuring around several axes

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44
Q

Plane joint / Gliding joint

A

Consists of 2 flat bone surfaces of about equal size between which a slight gliding motions can occur

Uniaxial

Ex. Articular processes between vertebrae

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45
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Consists of 2 saddle shaped articulating surfaces orientated at right angles to each other so their complementary surfaces articulate

Biaxial

Ex. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

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46
Q

Hinge joint

A

Cylinder in one boneis aplied to a corresponding concavity in the other bone

Uniaxial

Ex. Elbow and knee joints

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47
Q

Pivot joint

A

Restricts movement to rotation around a single axis. Consists of relatively cylindrical bony process that rotates with in a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament

uniaxial

Ex. articulation of head of radius and proximal end of ulna

48
Q

Ball and Socket

A

Ball (head) at the end of one bone and socket in adjacent bones into which a portion of the ball fits.

Multiaxial

Ex. Shoulder and hip

49
Q

Ellipsoid joint

A

Modified ball and socket joint - Articular surfaces are elliposid in shape rather than spherical

Biaxial

Ex. atlantoccipital joint of neck

50
Q

What are the 3 general types of movement?

A

Gliding, angular and circular

51
Q

Gliding movements

A

Simplests of all movements

Occur on plane joints between to flat or nearly flat surfaces that slide or glide over eachother

Only allow slight movement

52
Q

Angular movements

A

Involve chnages in the angle between the bones at joint

Flexion and extension & Abduction and Adduction

53
Q

Flexion and Extension

Hyperexension

A

Felxion - bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating bones closer together

Extension - straightening movement that increases the angle of joint to straighten articulating bones

Hyperextension - extension of joint beyond anatomical position.

54
Q

What are the special cases of flexion when describing the movement of the foot?

A

Plantar flexion - foot toward shin

Dorisflexion - walking on heels

55
Q

Abduction and adduction

A

Abduction is movement away from midline

Adduction is movment toward midline

56
Q

Lateral Flexion

A

moving/tilting neck or waist from one side to the other

57
Q

What are the circular movments?

A

Rotation
Pronation
Supination
Circumduction

58
Q

Rotation

A

Turning of a structure around its long axis

Ex, Rotating the head to shake NO

59
Q

Pronation and Supination

A

Unique rotation of the forearm

Pronation is rotation of forearm so palm faces posteriorly

Supination is rotation of forearm so plam faces anteriorly

60
Q

Circumduction

A

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

Occurs in freely movable joints, such as shoulder

61
Q

What are the special movements

A

Elevation- moves superiorly

Depression- moves inferiorly

Protraction- Gliding motion that moves it anteriorly

Retraction- gliding motion that moves is posteriorly

Excursion-lateral moves the mandible to either left or right of midline & medial returns mandible to midline

Opposition - movement unique to thumb - when thumb and tip of finger are brought toward eachother on same hand

Reposition- Returns thumb to neutral

Inversion- turns ankle so plantar surface of foot faces medially, toward opposite foot, with weight on outside edge of foot

Eversion- turns ankle so plantar surface faces laterally, with weight on inside of foot

62
Q

Range of motion

A

describes the amount of mobility that can be demonstraed in a given joint

63
Q

Active range of motion

A

amount of movement that can be accomplished by contracting the muscles normally across a joint

64
Q

Passive range of motion

A

amount of movement that can be accomplished when the structures that meet at the joint are moved by outside force

65
Q

Dislocation / luxation

A

occurs when articulaing surfaces of bones are moved out of proper alignment

Subluxation - partial dislocation

66
Q

Sprain

A

occurs when ligaments are damaged

67
Q

Shoulder joint / glenohumeral joint

A

ball and socket joint that has less stabiliy and more mobility than other ball and socket joints

68
Q

Glenoid labrum

A

fibrocartilage ring to which the joint capsule is attached on the shoulder joint

69
Q

What are the 2 bursa on the shoulder joint?

A

Subscapular bursa- opens to joint cavity
Subacromial bursa - near joint cavity but seperated

70
Q

Rotator cuff

A

4 muscles of shoulder joint

holds he humeral head tighly within glenoid cavity

71
Q

Elbow Joint / Cubital joint

A

Compound hinge joint

Consists of humeroulnar joint, between the humerus and ulna and humeroradial joint between the humerus and radius

Elbow has 2 types of movement - Flexion/Extension and pronation/supination

72
Q

Ulnar collateral ligament

A

reinforces the humeroulnar joint

73
Q

Radial collateral ligament & radial annular ligament

A

reinforces humeroradial and proximal radioulnar joints

74
Q

Olecranon bursa

A

covers proximal and posterior surfaces of olecranon process

75
Q

Olecranon bursitis

A

inflammation of the olecranon bursa

caused by excessive pressure of the elbow against a hard surface and sometimes referred to as students elbow

76
Q

Hip Joint / coxal joint

A

Femoral head articulates with the relatively deep, concave actabulum of the hip bone

77
Q

Actabular labrum

A

lip of fibrocartilage which is incomplete inferiorly

78
Q

Transverse acetabular ligament

A

deepens and strengthens acetabulum

79
Q

Iliofemoral ligament

A

strong joint capsule, reinforced by several ligaments

extends from rim of acetabulum to the neck of the femur

80
Q

Ligament of the head of the femur

A

located inside the hip joint between fermoral head and acetabulum

Carries small nutrient artery to the head of femur in about 80% of population

81
Q

Knee joint

A

complex ellipsoid joint that allows flexion, extension and a small amount of rotation of the leg

82
Q

Cruciate ligaments

A

extended between the intercondylar eminence of the tibia and the fossa of femur

83
Q

What are the 4 major ligaments that provide knee joint stability?

A

Anterior cruciate
posterior cruciate
Medial collateral
Laterial collateral

84
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament

A

prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur

85
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament

A

prevents posterior displacement of tibia

86
Q

Medial and lateral collaeral ligaments

A

stabilize the medial and lateral sides of the knee

87
Q

Suprapatellar bursa

A

largest bursa

Around the knee, a superior extension of the joint capsule that allows the anterior thigh muscles to move over the distal end of femur

88
Q

Ankle joint / talocrural

A

Highly modified hinge joint fromed by 2 articulations between the distal tibia and fibula with the talus in one joint capsule

89
Q

Flat feet

A

fallen arches

medial longitudinal arch is depressed or collapsed

90
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

Inflammation of the plantar fascia

91
Q

What is an example of a Suture and are they movable?

A

Coronal - no

92
Q

What is an example of a syndesmoses and are they moveable?

A

Raduis & ulna - Slight

Tibia & fibula - slight

93
Q

What is an example of a gomphoses and are they moveable?

A

Tooth and alverlor process - slight

94
Q

What is an example of synchondroses and what type of movement?

A

Most are temporary. Ex. Epiphyseal plates of growing bones.

Synchondroses that turn into synovial joints - Ex. Costochondral joints between ribs and coastal cartilages

95
Q

What is an example of symohyses?

A

Intervertebral disks, mandible and sternum, pubic symphsis - slightly movable

96
Q

What is a Plane joint / Gliding joint, give an example and is it uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial?

A

2 flat bone surfaces which sliding motion can occur

Intervertebral - Uniaxial

97
Q

Saddle joint

A

2 saddle shaped orientated at right angles

Carpometacarpal - thumb - biaxial

98
Q

Hinge joint

A

A cylinder in one joint meets a u shape in the other

Knee, elbow, ankle - uniaxial

99
Q

Pivot joint

A

Restricts movement to rotation around a single axis

Atlas and axis - uniaxial

100
Q

Ball and Socket joint

A

Head of one and socket of other

Hip, shoulder - multiaxial

101
Q

What is a ellipsoid joint, give an example and is it uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial?

A

Modified ball and socket

Atlas and occipital - biaxial

102
Q

What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?

A

Fibrous joint

Suture

No movement

103
Q

What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?

A

Fibrous joint

Syndesmoses

Radioulnar

Slight

104
Q

What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?

A

Fibrous joint

Gomphoses

Tooth and alvelor process

Slight movement

105
Q

What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?

A

Cartilaginous Joint - Synchondrosis -Hyaline cartilage

Epiphyseal plate

No movement

106
Q

What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?

A

Cartilaginous joint - Fibrocartilage - Symphyses

Intervertebral

Slight movement

107
Q

What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?

A

Synovial Joint

Plane

Intervertebral

Uniaxial - slight

108
Q

What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?

A

Synovial Joint

Saddle

Carpometacarpo

Biaxial

109
Q

What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?

A

Synovial Joint

Hinge

Elbow

uniaxial

110
Q

What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?

A

Synovial joint

pivot

Proximal radioulnar

Uniaxial

111
Q

What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?

A

Synovial Joint

Ball and Socket

Glenohumeral - Shoulder

Multiaxial

112
Q

What is the class and example of joint and what type of movment?

A

Synovial

Ellipsoid

Atlantooccipital

biaxial

113
Q

What are the 4 ligaments of the shoulder joint?

A

Glenohumeral, transverse humeral, coracohumeral, coracoacromial

114
Q

What are the 2 bursa in the shoulder joint?

A

Subscapular bursa and subacrominal bursa

115
Q

What kind of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

Ball and socket

116
Q

What movements can the shoulder joint do?

A

Flexion/Extension, abduction/adduction, rotation & circumduciton.

Bio 223 (37 decks)

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