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Bio 223 > Ch. 6 > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Body support
Organ protection
Body movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell production

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2
Q

What are the four components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones
Cartilage
Tendons
And ligaments

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3
Q

Ligament

A

Short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects 2 bones or cartilages or holds together a joint

Allows for some movement but prevents excessive amount

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4
Q

Tendons

A

Strong bands of connective tissue which attached skeletal muscles to bones

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5
Q

Joints

A

Where 2 or more bones come together, allow movement between bones

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6
Q

What are the principle minerals store in bone?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

Also stores adipose tissue in the form of yellow bone marrow that we use for energy

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7
Q

What tissue is stored in bone cavities?

A

Adipose tissue

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8
Q

How do bones produce blood cells?

A

Many bones are filled with red bone marrow which gives rise to blood cells and platelets

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage

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10
Q

Which cartilage is most intimately associated with bone?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

Why is understanding the structure of hyaline cartilage important when talking about bones?

A

Most bones in body start out as a hyaline cartilage model.

Also bone repair and growth often involves making hyaline cartilage first

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12
Q

Chrondroblasts

A

Cartilage cells which secrete a matrix which surrounds them

Once they secrete enough matrix around themselves and they are housed in their lacuna they become chondrocytes

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13
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Once the matrix surrounds the condor last it becomes a chondrocytes.

Chondrocytes are well rounded cells which occupy a space called the lacunae

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14
Q

What does the matrix of hyaline cartilage contain?

A

Collagen which provides strength

Proteoglycans which make cartilage resilient by trapping water

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15
Q

Perichondrium

A

A protective connective tissue sheath that covers cartilage

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16
Q

Perichondrium has what tissue and cells?

A

Double layer

outer layer is of dense irregular connective tissue and fibroblast

Inner layer is chondroblasts

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17
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, has no perichondrium, blood vessels or nerves

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18
Q

Appositional growth

A

Chonroblasts in perichondrium add new cartilage to the outside edge of the existing cartilage

Getting wider

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19
Q

Interstital growth

A

Chondrocytes in center of tissue divide and add more matrix between them

Getting longer

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20
Q

What is the organic material in bones?

A

Collagen and protoglycans

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21
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone (ossification)

Until they build bone matrix around themselves and are living in a lacuna then they become Osteocytes

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22
Q

Osteocytes

A

Enclose itself in lacunae. Connected to other cells via cytoplasmic extensions called canaliculi

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23
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Type of macrophage - eating cells

Bone destroying cells, Makes acid and enzymes to break down bone to release minerals into the bloodstream

Plays a role in bone remodeling

Massive multinucleated cells

Derived from red bone marrow cells

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24
Q

Ossification

A

The formation of new bone by osteoblasts

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25
Q

Ossification occurs by which type of growth?

A

Appositional growth on the surface of previously existing material

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26
Q

Once Osteoblasts secrete enough bone martix they become?

A

Osteocytes

27
Q

Canaliculi

A

Osteocyte extensions - long narrow spaces

from the lacunae to the osteonic (haversian) canal to provide passageways through the hard matrix

28
Q

What deposits calcium into the bone?

A

Osteoblasts deposit calcium into the bone

29
Q

What releases calcium into the blood stream?

A

​Oseoclasts release calcuim into the bloodstream

30
Q

How do nutrients and gases pass in bone?

A

Through canaliculi and lacunae or from gap junction

31
Q

Bone reabsorption

A
32
Q

What is the bone reaborpion process?

A
  1. Osteoclasts must access the bone matrix
  2. Osteoclasts form attachement structures called integrins
  3. Structures call podosomes develop and form a sealed compartment under the osteoclasts
  4. The osteoclast plasma membrane further differentiates into a highly folded form called ruffled border
  5. Acidic vesicle fuse with the membrane of ruffled border, while enzymes are inserted into the membrane.
  6. The acidic environment causes decalcification of the bone matrix.
  7. The enzymes digest organic protien component of bone
  8. The degradation products are secreted into the exracellular space enter the blood and are used elsewhere in the body.
33
Q

Stem cells

A

are the body’s raw materials — cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated

34
Q

Osteochondral pregenitor cells

A

Stem cells that become osteblasts or chondroblasts

35
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Disordered woven bone is remodeled based on stress applied to bone

36
Q

Lamellar bone

A

Mature bone organized into thin concentric layers called lamelle

organized into rings

37
Q
A
38
Q

Woven bone

A

Is the first type of bone formed during ossification

Fairly weak

39
Q

What are the 2 types of bone formed during ossification?

A

Woven bone and lamellar bone

40
Q

Lamellar Bone

A

Is mature bone

Organized into thin circles called Lamellae

41
Q

Lamellae

A

a thin layer, membrane, or plate of tissue

Made of collagen and hydroiapitite

42
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Forms the inner layer of all bones

Interlocking rods or plates of bone called trabeculae. In between the trabeculae are spaces that are filled with bone marrow and blood vessels

Trabeculae consists of several lamellae with osteocytes in lacunae between the lamellae. The osteocytes associate with other osteocytes through canaliculi

43
Q

Trabeculae

A

Thin and consists of several lamellae with osteocytes in lacunae between the lamellae.

Trabeculae are orientated along the lines of stress within a bone, if the force of the bones changes the trabecular pattern realigns with the new lines of stress

44
Q

Compact Bone

A

Solid outer layer surrounding each bone

Has more matrix and fewer pores than spongy bone

Blood vessels enter the substance of the bone itself and the lamellae are primarily orientaed around those blood vessels.

45
Q

Osteon

A

Functional unit of compact bone

composed of rings of matrix which surround a central tunnel and contain osetocytes

46
Q

Concentric Lamellae

A

Layers of compact bone arranged concentrically around blood vessels in the Haversian canal

Each osteon has 4-20 concerntric lamellae

47
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Form the outer surfaces of compact bone

48
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Remnants of concentric or circumferenial lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling

49
Q

How many types of lamellae are there and where are they?

A

Concentric lamellae - rings of bone matrix, In an osteon surrounding central canal

Circumferential lamellae - form outer surfaces of compact bone

Interstitial Lamellae - remnants of concentric or circumfrential lamellae that were partially removed during bone remodeling

50
Q

Perforating canals

A

Deliver blood to the central canals of the osteons

Run perpendicular to the length of the bone

Contain blood vessels from periosteum or medullary cavity

51
Q

Diaphysis

A

Center portion of long bone

Composed primarily of compact bone

52
Q

Medullary cavity

A

is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored

AKA marrow cavity.

Some spongy bone can be found lining the medullary cavity

53
Q

Epiphyses

A

Ends of long bone

Mostly spongy bone, with an outer layer of compact bone

Develops from its own center of ossification

54
Q

Articular cartilage

A

smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints.

55
Q

Each long bone of the foot or hand has one epiphysis, which end of the bone is it located?

A

Proxmial or distal end

56
Q

Epiphyseal plate or growth plate

A

located between the epiphysis and the disphysis

Where growth in bone length happens

When bone growth stops epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and becomes epiphyseal line

57
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

When bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified

58
Q

What is in the cavity of spongy bone and the medullary cavity?

A

Marrow

59
Q

Red marrow

A

The site of blood cell formation

60
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

mostly adipose tissue

61
Q

What type of marrow is found in fetus?

A

Red marrow

The conversion of Red to Yellow marrow begins just before birth and continues to adulthoos

62
Q

Periosteum

A

connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone

The outer fibrous layer is dense irregular connective tissues that contains blood vessels and nerves.

The inner layer is a single layer of bone cells

63
Q

Perforating fibers

A

bundles of collagen fibers from tendons or ligaments that penetrate the periosteum into the outer part of the bone

64
Q

Endosteum

A

a single cell layer of connective tisse that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities with in bones, such as medullary cavity

Includes: Osteoblasts, osetoclasts, and esteochondral progenitor cells

Bio 223 (37 decks)

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