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Bio 223 > Ch. 11 > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Action potentials

A

The electrical signals produced by the nervous system

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2
Q

Membrane potential

A

a measure of the electrical properties of the cell membrane

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3
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

acively pump K+ againsts its concentration gradient into the cell while at the same time, they pump Na+ againsts its concentration gradient out of the cell.

3 Na+ are transported out of the cell while 2 K+ are transported into the cell for every 1 ATP used

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4
Q

What are the 2 major types of ion leak channels ?

A

Leak ION channels
Gated ION channels

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5
Q

Leak ion channels

A

Nongated ion channels

Always open and responsible for the permeability of the plasma membrane to ions when the plasma membrane is at rest

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6
Q

Gated ion channels

A

Closed until opened by specific signals, by opening and closing these channels can change the permeability of the plasma membrane

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of gated ion channels

A
  1. Ligand-gated ion channels
  2. Voltage gated ion channels
  3. Other gated ion channels
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8
Q

Ligand gated ion channels

A

are stimulated to open by the binding of a specific molecule to the receptor site of the ion channel

Exist for Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl-

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9
Q

Voltage gated ion channels

A

Open and close in response to a specific, small voltage change across the plasma membrane

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10
Q

Other gated ion channels

A

Gated ion channels that respond to stimuli other than ligands or voltage changes

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11
Q

Polarized

A

Opposite charges or poles across membrane

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12
Q

Potential difference

A

The electrical charge difference across plasma membrane

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13
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

The potential difference in a resting cell

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14
Q

Depolarization

A

Occurs when the inside of the cell becomes more positive

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15
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Occurs when the inside of the cell becomes even more negative compared to the outside

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16
Q

What is the most common way neurons become depolarized?

A

Na+ entry

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17
Q

What is the primary way neurons become hyperpolarized?

A

By the exit of K+ ions

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18
Q

Neurons

A

Electrically excitable cells of the nervous system

Consists of a cell body with several processes

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19
Q

Axon

A

long extensions on neurons
How neurons send electrical signals to each other

20
Q

Nerve

A

a collection of many axons bundled together outside of the brain and the spinal cord

21
Q

What are the 2 main cells of nervous tissue?

A

Neurons & Glial cells

22
Q

Plexus

A

a bundle of nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

23
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

Maintain homeostasis, receive sensory input, integrating information, controlling muscles and glands, establishing and maintaining mental activity

24
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Supportive cells that serve many functions for neurons

25
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

26
Q

What does the central nervous system do?

A

Receives information from and sends information to the body.

27
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system do?

A

Responsible for detecting stimuli in and around the body and sending that info to the CNS and then communicating info from CNS to body

28
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

29
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

All the nervous tissue outside the CNS which includes nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors

30
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory division and motor division

31
Q

What does the sensory division do?

A

Transmits electrical signals from specialized receptors in the body toward the CNS. AKA

Afferent division (Afferent = toward)

32
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Detect stimuli and send input along nerves, which extend from the receptor to brain or spinal cord. Sensory receptors are located all throughout the body, within muscles, skin, joints, eyes, ears etc - constantly monitoring bodys conditions and communicate information

33
Q

What does the motor division do?

A

Transmits electrical signals from the CNS to the effector organs. AKA efferent division

(efferent = away)

34
Q

What 2 branches make up the motor division?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

35
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

The voluntary division of the motor division.

Allows you to decide to move your skeletal muscles. Cell bodies are located in CNS and axons extend by way of nerves to control skeletal muscles.

36
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

The involuntary division of the motor division, regulates activities without our conscious control, such as contractions of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and secretion from glands

37
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.

38
Q

What is the sympathetic division?

A

Readies the body for physical activity - fight or flight

39
Q

What is the parasympathetic division?

A

Regulates resting functions, such as digesting food or slowing heart rate.

40
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

3rd division of the nervous system. Consists of neuronal networks within the wall of the digestive tract.

41
Q

What is a dendritic spine ?

A

where axons from other neurons form connections, axon and synaptic knobs

42
Q

What is inside the Cell body of a neuron?

A

with nucleus and nucleolus and extensive ER called Nissl Bodies

43
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons ( conduct action potentials toward CNS)

Motor neurons (conduct action potentials away from CNS)

Interneurons (conduct action potentials within CNS from neuron to neuron)

44
Q

What are the 4 major structural categories of a neuron?

A

Multipolar (many dendrites and a single axon) most of the neurons in the CNS and motor neurons of PNS

Bipolar (one dendrite & one axon) located in some sensory organs such as retina of eye and nasal cavity

Pseudopolar (appears to have an axon and no dendrites)

Anaxonic (no axons only dendrites) Found within brain and retina, communicate with only graded potentials and not action potentials

45
Q

What is a chemical gradient?

A

Refers to the concentration gradient of an ion or molecule. The concentration gradient may exist across a biological membrane, where the concentration is higher on one side of the membrane compared to the other side

46
Q

What is an electrical gradient?

A

the electrical potential that acts on an ion to drive the movement of the ion in one or another direction

**Opposites attract // same expel

Bio 223 (37 decks)

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