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Bio 223 > Ch. 5 > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Integumentary system

A

Consists of skin and accessory structures, such as hair, glands and nails.

FUNCTIONS:

  1. Protection
  2. Sensation
  3. Temperature regulation
  4. Vitamin D production
  5. Excretion
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2
Q

What are the 2 major tissue layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis & Dermis

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial layer of the skin

consisting of stratified squamous epithelial tissue / seperated from dermis by basement membrane / no blood vessels

Cells are keratinocytes which produce keratin
Melonscytesproduce pigment / color
Langerhans cells part of immune system
Merkel cells specialized cells associated with nerve endings responsible for detecting light touch

-Protects against damage from abrasion and reduces water loss

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4
Q

Dermis

A

A layer of connective tissue

Epidermis rests on the dermis

Responsible for strenght of the skin

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5
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

A layer of loose connective tissue

Skin rests on top of - not part of skin or integumentary system

Connects skin to underlying muscle or bone

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6
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis?

A
  • *Keratinocytes** which produce keratin
  • *Melonscytes** produce pigment / color
  • *Langerhans** cells part of immune system
  • *Merkel cells** specialized cells associated with nerve endings responsible for detecting light touch
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7
Q

Keratinization

A

Process in which Keratinocytes change shape and chemical composition, where cells accumulate keratin

Cells eventually die and produce an outer layer of dead, hard cells which resist abrasion and forms a barrier

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8
Q

Psoriasis

A

Skin disease

Large scales of epidermal tissue are sloughed off

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9
Q

Strata

A

Region

The 5 strata are: Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratumgranulosum, Stratuml lucidum, Stratum corneum

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10
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Deepest portion of epidermis

Single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells

Epidermis is anchored to basement membranes by hemidesmosomes

Keratinocytes are strengthened internally by keratin fibers

*Keratinocyte stem cells undergo mitosis every 19 days

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11
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

On top of stratum basale

8 - 10 layers of many sided cells

as cells are pushed to the surface they flatten, desmosomes break apart and new ones build

*As karatinocytes progess through the stratum, additional keratin fibers and lamellar bodies form inside the cells

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12
Q

Lamellar bodies

A

Lipid filled membrane bound organelles

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13
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3rd layer up

2-5 layers of somewhat flat diamond shaped cells

Presences of protein granules called Keratohyalin, which accumulate in the cytoplasm of the keratinocyte. Lamellar bodies release their lipids, the keratinocyte dies, keratin fibers and granules within the cytoplasm do not degenerate

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14
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

4th layer up / only found in thick skin

several layers of dead keratinocytes, kertain fibers are present, cells appear transparent

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15
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Top layer / superficial layer

25 or more dead layers of overlapping squamous cells joined by desmosomes

When the desmosomes break apart the cells shed from the surface of skin

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16
Q

Cornified cells

A

Dead keratinocytes with a hard protein envelope

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17
Q

Thick skin

A

Has all 5 epithelial strata

Found: palms of hands, soles of feet and finger tips

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18
Q

Thin skin

A

Has 4 layers of epithelial strata - missing stratum lucidum

Found: on rest of the body, (minus soles of feet, finger tips and palms of hands)

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19
Q

Callus

A

Stratum corneum increases in thickness

Usually on an area subject to friction or pressure

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20
Q

Corn

A

Skin over boney areas develop a cone shaped structure

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21
Q

Melanin

A

group of pigments responsible for skin, hair and eye color

22
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produced melanin

Irregularrly shaped cells with many long processes that extend between the keratinocytes of the stratum basale and stratum spinosum

23
Q

Melansomes

A

Vesicles in which melanocytes package melanin

24
Q

Albinism

A

Genetically agressive trait that results from inability to produce tyrosinase. Result is the deficiency or absence of pigment of skin, hair and iris of eyes

25
Q

Erythema

A

Condition in which the skin turns a reddish hue when the amount of blood flowing increases

26
Q

Cyanosis

A

A bluish skin color from a decrease in blood flow

27
Q

Carotene

A

A yellow pigment found in plants such as carrots and corn.

28
Q

What 2 layers is the dermis composed of?

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

29
Q

Papillary layer

A

Superficial dermis layer

loose connective tissue with thin fibers that are somewhat loosely arranged, also contains blood vessels

30
Q

Reticular layer

A

composed of dense irregular connective tissue

Resistant to stretching

31
Q

Dermal papille

A

Projections that extend toward the epidermis

32
Q

Friction ridges

A

The dermal papille under thick skin lie in parallel curved ridges creating patterns called friction ridges

33
Q

Cleavage lines / tension lines

A

When elastic and collagen fibers are oriented more in one direction than others

34
Q

Stretch marks

A

When skin is overstretched and dermis ruptures and leaves lines visable through epidermis

35
Q

Intradermal injection

A

Goes into the dermis

36
Q

Subsutaneous injection

A

extends into the subcutaneous tissue

Aka insulin

37
Q

Intramuscular injection

A

reaches deep muscle tissue

Aka vaccines

38
Q

lanugo

A

delicate and unpigmented hairs on fetus

39
Q

Terminal hairs

A

By birth the hairs that replace the lanugo of the scalp, eyelids and eyebrows

40
Q

Vellus hairs

A

Short fine and usually unpigmented replace the lanugo on rest of the body

41
Q

Hair shaft

A

Protrudes above the surface of the skin

42
Q

Hair root

A

located below the surface of the skin

43
Q

What are the 3 columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells on the root and shaft of hair?

A

Medulla

cortex

Cuticle

44
Q
A
45
Q

Medulla

A

Central axis of hair

consists of 2-3 layers of cells containing keratin

46
Q

Cortex

A

Surrounded medulla and forms the bulk of the hair

cells contain hard keratin

47
Q

Cuticle

A

covers the cortex

single layer of cells containing hard keratin

48
Q

Hair follicle

A

tubelike invagination fo the epidermis that extends into the dermis.

Hair develops and grows within each follicle

49
Q

Matrix

A

inside the hair bulb

mass of undifferentiated epithelial cells

growth zone / produces both the hair and internal epithelial root sheath

50
Q

Hair papilla

A

Dermis of skin projects into the hair bulb

Within hair papilla are blood vessels that provide nourshment

51
Q

Alopecia areata

A

spot baldness

extensive hair loss

52
Q

Arrector pili

A

Smooth muscle cells

Causes hair to stand up

Bio 223 (37 decks)

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