Ch 1 Flashcards
Define anatomy
Study that investigates the bodies structures Greek root - to cut apart
Define physiology
Study that investigates the bodies processes and functions
* Serves to be able to predict the bodies responses to different stimuli
What are the areas of specialization for anatomy?
GROSS ANATOMY - study of larger structures of body without the use of a microscope MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY - study of smaller structures of the body with a use of a microscope (cytology- study of cells and histology- study of tissues)
What are the 2 general approaches to study anatomy?
REGIONAL ANATOMY- interrelationships of all structures with in a region SYSTEMIC ANATOMY- group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function
Homeostasis
State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
What are the levels of organization in the human body?
Chemical level - Atoms form molucules Cellular level - Molcules form organelles and form cells Tissues level - Similar Cells make up tissues Organ level- Different tissues make up organs Organ system level - Different organs make up an organ system Organism - Different organ systems make up an organism
Integumentary System
- Encloses internal structures / provides protection
- Regulates temp
- prevents water loss
- helps produce vit D
- Site of many sensory receptors
*Hair and skin
Skeletal System
-Supports the body -Enables movement (w/ muscular system) *Skull, ribs, pelvis
Muscular System
- Enables movement (w/ Skeletal system)
- Helps maintain body temperature
**Bicep brachii, rectus abdominis
Nervous System
- Detects and processes sensory information
- Activates bodys responses
**Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Endocrine System
- Secrets hormones
- Regulates bodys processes
**Pancreas, ovaries, thyroid
Cardiovascular System
- Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues
- Transports nutrients, waste, gases and horomones
- immune response and body temp regulation
**Heart, carotid artery
Lympathic System
- Removes foreign substances from blood, combats disease and absorbs dietary fats
**Spleen, Tonsils
Respiratory System
-Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide, regulates blood ph
**Lungs, nose
Digestive system
–Performs digestion, absorption of nutrients and elmination of waste
**Large and smalle intestine, stomach, liver
Urinary System
- Removes waste products and regulates blood pH
- Kidneys, urinary bladder
Reproductive System
-Produces hormones and gamets
**Ovaries, uterus, testes
What are the 6 functions/characteristics to human life?
1. Organization - conditions in which there are specific relationships and functions
2. Metabolism (Anabolism - Smaller to larger & Catabolism - Larger broken down to smaller) - all chemical reactions of the body
3. Responsiveness - ability to sense changes and adjust
4. Movement/Growth - increase in size and number of cells
5. Develoment (differientation - unspecialized cells become specialized) changes in organism over time
6. Reproduction - make new cells and organisms
Set point
A value around which a normal range flucuates
Negative feedback
a mechanism that reverses a deviation from a set point.
Sensor/Receptor - monitors a value
Control center - compares value to normal range
Effector - causes change to reverse situation and bring back to normal range
Positive feedback
Intensifies a change in bodys condition rather than reversing it
**Birth and contractions
Anatomical position
Standing erect with feet at shoulder width and upper limbs held out to each side with palms facing forward
Face down – laying on stomach
face up orinetation - laying on back
What are the 10 directional terms when talking about a human body?
- Anterior / ventral - Front of body
- Posterial / Dorsal - back of body
- Superior / cranial - higher position,near head
- Inferior / caudal - lower position, near tail
- lateral - to the side
- Medial - middle
- Proximal - position in limb that is nearest to attchement of body
- Distal - position in limb that is farthest to attchement of body
- Superficial - closest to surface of body
10 - Deep - position father from surface of body, internal
What is a section of the body?
2d surface of a 3d structure thats been cut
What is a plane?
imaginary 2d surface that passes through the body
What are the 3 planes commonly reffered to of the body?
- Sagittal plane - divides vertically into right and left sides
- Frontal plane - divides body or organ into front and rear
- Transverse plane - divides body/organ into upper and lower portions
What are the 2 types of internal body cavities?
Dorsal (posterior) Cavity & Ventral (anterior) cavity
What are the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
Cranial cavity - Which houses the brain
Vertebral canal - which houses the spinal cord
What are the 2 subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
Thoracic cavity - is broken down into – 2 lateral Pleural cavities each of which houses a lung and are surrounded by ribs && a medial Mediastinum which houses heart and major blood vessels, in addition to the thymus, the trachea nd esophagus.
Abdominopelvic cavity - consists of the more superior abdominal cavity which houses stomach, intestines, liver and spleen and (2) inferior pelvic cavity which houses urinary bladder, urethra, rectum of large intestine and reproductive organs. The organs are housed within the PERITONEAL cavity.
What are the 2 subdivisions of the ventral body cavity? SHORT VERSION
Thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity
What are the sections of the thoracic cavity?
Pleural cavities & mediastinum
What are the sections of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity
Organs are housed in the peritoneal cavity
What are serous membranes?
Double layered membranes that secrete a watery fluid for lubrication and reduce friction found on the walls of body cavities and surface of internal organs
Outside is parietal serous membranes and inside is called visceral serous membranes
What are the thoracic cavity membranes?
Pericardial cavity (peri - around, cardi- heart) parietal pericardium & visceral pericardium. Filled with pericardial fluid.
Pleural cavities - ( pleuron - side of body,) parietal pluera & visceral pleura filled with pleura fluid.
Peritoneal cavity - parietal pertioneum & visceral peritoneum. Filled with peritoneal fluid.
Double folded visceral peritoneum is called mesenteries.
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
**Right hypochondriac region - epigastric region - Left hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region - Umbilical region - left lumbar region**
Right iliad region - hypogastric region - left iliad region
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?
right - upper quadrant - left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant - left lower quadrant
How can we study anatomy?
By looking at structure. Microscopes, Xrays, CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, & PET scans
What are the different branches of study of anatomy?
(6 branches)
Developmental anatomy - conception to adulthood
Embrology - conception to 8 weeks in uterus
Cytology - structural feature of cells
Histology - examines tissues
Gross anatomy - structures visualized without a microscope
What are the different branches of study of physiology?
(6 branches)
Cell physiology - how cells function and their processes
Systemic physiology - the whole organ system and its processes
Neurophysiology - nervous system
Cardiovascular physology - heart and blood vessels
Pathology - study of disease
Excersice physiology - focuses on changes during excercise
