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Bio 223 > Ch. 12 > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Spinal cord

A

the major communication link between the brain and the PNS inferior to the head. Integrates incoming info and produces responses

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2
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Exit the vertebral column through intervertebral and sacral foramina. Each spinal cord is a bundle of axons, schwann cells and connective tissue sheath.

31 pairs

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3
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

Location where nerve fibers that supply upper limbs enter and leave the spinal cord

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4
Q

Lumbosacral enlargement

A

in inferior thoracic, lumbar, and superior sacral regions where nerve fibers supplying lower limbs enter or leave the spinal cord.

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5
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Cone-like region where spinal cord tappers, inferior to the lumbosacral enlargement

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6
Q

Cauda equina

A

The numerous roots of spinal nevers extending inferiorly from the lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris

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7
Q

Meninges

A

Connective tissue membranes that surround spinal cord and brain

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8
Q

Dura mater

A

Most superficial and thickest membrane in the meninge of spinal cord. Forms a sac called Thecal sac, which surrounds spinal cord

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9
Q

Epidural space

A

Space between the walls of the vertebral canal and dura mater of the spinal cord that contains spinal nerve roots, blood vessels, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue

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10
Q

Epidural anesthesia

A

often administered to woman in childbirth by injecting anesthetics into the epidural space of the spinal cord

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11
Q

Arachnoid

A

2nd deepest meningeal membrane. Very thin and wispy

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12
Q

Subdural space

A

The space between arachnoid mater and the dura mater. Contains a very small amount of serous fluid

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13
Q

Pia Mater

A

The 3rd deepest meningeal layer. Bound very tightly to the surface of the spinal cord

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14
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Connective tissue septa extending from the lateral sides of the spinal cord to the dura mater

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15
Q

Filum terminale

A

connective tissue strand that anchors the conus medullaris and the thecal sac to the first coccygeal vertebra, limiting their superior movement

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16
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Contains web-like strands of the arachnoid mater, blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

Anterior median fissure & posterior median sulcus

A

deep clefts partially separating the 2 halves of the cord

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18
Q

What are the 3 columns or funiculi in each half of the spinal cord?

A

Ventral (anterior)
Dorsal (Posterior)
Lateral columns

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19
Q

Each column of the spinal cord is subdivided into …

A

Tracts or fasicles

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20
Q

The central gray matter is organized into what horns?

A

Dorsal horn
Ventral horn
Small lateral horns

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21
Q

What are gray and white commissures?

A

Contain axons that cross from one side of teh spinal cord to the other

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22
Q

What is the central canal?

A

located in center of the gray commissure, helps circulate CSF associated with the ventricular system

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23
Q

Ventral root

A

6-8 rootlets combined on the ventral side of spinal cord

24
Q

Dorsal root

A

6-8 rootlets combined on the dorsal side of the spinal cord

25
Q

Dorsal root ganglion?

A

where Sensory neuron cell bodies are contained

26
Q

What is a reflex?

A

automatic response to a stimulus. Occurs without conscious thought

27
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The neural pathway that controls a reflex

28
Q

Monosynaptic reflexes

A

involve simple neuronal pathways in which sensory neurons synapse directly with motor neurons without any interneurons

29
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes

A

involve more complex pathways that have multiple synapses with interneurons between the sensory and motor neurons

30
Q

What is the stretch reflex?

A

The simplest reflex. A reflex contraction of muscles in response to stretching of that same muscle

31
Q

Muscle spindle

A

The sensory receptor of the stretch reflex. 3-10 small specialized skeletal muscle fibers that are contractile only at their ends

32
Q

Alpha motor neuron

A

Causes the muscle to contract*

33
Q

Knee-jerk reflex

A

When the doctor taps on the patellar ligament and your knee kicks

34
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

Innervate the ends of the muscle spindles

35
Q

Golgi tendon reflex

A

Prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons

36
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

The sensory receptors for the golgi tendon reflex

37
Q

What is the withdrawal reflex?

A

To remove a limb or another body part from a painful stimulus

38
Q

Reciprocal innervation

A

a phenomenon that allows opposing muscles to reinforce the efficiency of the withdrawal reflex

39
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

Another reflex associated with withdrawal reflex. Occurs on opposite side of the body from the stimulus

40
Q

Endoneurium

A

delicate connective tissue layer that surrounds each axon, or nerve fiber

41
Q

Perineurium

A

Heavier connective tissue layer that surrounds groups of axons to form nerve fascicles

42
Q

Epineurium

A

3rd layer of dense connective tissue that binds the nerve fascicles together to form a nerve

43
Q

Ramus

A

A major branch of a spinal cord

44
Q

Dermatome

A

is the area of the skin supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves

45
Q

What is a dorsal rami

A

innervates most of the deep muscles of the dorsal trunk responsible for moving the vertebral column

46
Q

Ventral rami

A

In the thoracic region, form intercoastal nerves which extend along the inferior margin of each rib and innervate the intercoastal muscles and skin over thorax

47
Q

PLexus

A

intermingling of nerves

48
Q

What is the cervical plexus?

A

relatively small plexus originating from spinal nerves C1-C4

49
Q

Ansa cervicalis

A

unusual part of the cervical plexus, a loop between C1 and C3. Nerves to the infrahyoid muscles branch from ansa cervialis

50
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

One of the most important derivatives of the cervical plexus. Important for breathing

51
Q

Brachial plexus

A

Originates from spinal nerves C5-T1

52
Q

Axillary nerve

A

Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles. Provides sensory innervation to the shoulder joint and to the skin over part of the shoulder

53
Q

Radial nerve

A

Innervates all of the extensor muscles of the upper limb, the supinator muscle and the brachioradialis

54
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

provides most motor innervation to the anterior muscles of the arm, as well as cutaneous sensory innervation to part of forearm

55
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

Innervates 2 forearm muscles plus most of the intrinsic hand muscles

Bio 223 (37 decks)

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