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Microbiology - Biol3880 > Ch 6 - Molecular Biology of Bacteria > Flashcards

Ch 6 - Molecular Biology of Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA is duplicated

A

replication

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2
Q

information from DNA is transferred to RNA

A

transcription

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3
Q

encodes polypeptides

A

mRNA

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4
Q

plays role in protein synthesis

A

tRNA, rRNA

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5
Q

information in RNA is used to build polypeptides

A

translation

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6
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA –> RNA –> protein

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7
Q

Backbone of DNA chain is:

A

alternating phosphates and the pentose sugar deoxyribose

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8
Q

Adenine always pairs with:

A

Thymine

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9
Q

Guanine always pairs with

A

Cytosine

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10
Q

_______ ________ between DNA strands hold two strands together

A

Hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

A–T pair has ____ hydrogen bonds

A

two

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12
Q

G–C pair has _____ hydrogen bonds

A

three

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13
Q

High heat breaks hydrogen bonds, causing ________.

A

denaturation

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14
Q

double helix is underwound

A

negative supercoiling

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15
Q

double helix is overwound

A

positive supercoiling

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16
Q

_______supercoiling is predominantly found in nature

A

negative

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17
Q

Size of DNA molecule is expressed in ______ ________.

A

base pairs

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18
Q

____ base pairs make up 1 turn of the helix

A

10

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19
Q

entire complement of genes in cell or virus

A

genome

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20
Q

main genetic element in prokaryotes

A

chromosome

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21
Q

Average protein contains _____ amino acids

A

~300

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22
Q

majority of plasmids are ______-stranded

A

double

23
Q

most plasmids are circular/linear?

A

circular

24
Q

confer resistance to antibiotics and other growth inhibitors

A

r-plasmids (resistance plasmids)

25
Q

these plasmids Enable pathogen to colonize or can cause host damage.

A

virulence plasmids

26
Q

Transcription is carried out by ________.

A

RNA polymerase

27
Q

RNA polymerase recognizes DNA sites called _______.

A

promoters

28
Q

Transcription stops at specific sites called _____ ________.

A

transcription terminators

29
Q

Two regions within promoters that are highly conserved

A

-10 region, -35 region

30
Q

transcription is terminated without any additional factors

A

intrinsic terminators

31
Q

Rho protein recognizes specific DNA sequences and causes a pause in the RNA polymerase

A

rho dependent termination

32
Q

An mRNA encoding a group of co-transcribed genes is called:

A

polycistronic mRNA

33
Q

a group of related genes cotranscribed on a polycistronic mRNA

A

operon

34
Q

Allows for expression of multiple genes to be coordinated

A

operon

35
Q

the synthesis of proteins from RNA

A

translation

36
Q

a triplet of nucleic acid bases (codon) encodes a single amino acid

A

genetic code

37
Q

multiple codons encode a single amino acid

A

degenerate code

38
Q

________ on tRNA recognizes codon

A

Anticodon

39
Q

irregular base pairing allowed at third position of tRNA

A

wobble

40
Q

terminate translation (UAA, UAG, and UGA)

A

stop codons

41
Q

translation begins with AUG

A

start codon

42
Q

triplet code requires translation to begin at the correct nucleotide

A

reading frame

43
Q

ensures proper reading frame

A

Shine–Dalgarno sequence

44
Q

AUG followed by a number of codons and a stop codon in the same reading frame

A

open reading frame (ORF)

45
Q

multiple codons for the same amino acid are not used equally

A

codon bias

46
Q

______ is required to attach amino acid to tRNA

A

ATP

47
Q

______ is cloverleaf in shape

A

tRNA

48
Q

sites of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

49
Q

Interactions of the R groups force the molecule to twist and fold in a certain way

A

secondary structure

50
Q

3-dimensional shape of polypeptide

A

tertiary structure

51
Q

Number and types of polypeptides that make a protein

A

quarternary structure

52
Q

When proteins are exposed to extremes of heat, pH, or certain chemicals

A

denaturation

53
Q

found on proteins requiring transport from cell

A

signal sequences

54
Q

assist in folding improperly folded proteins

A

chaperonins

Microbiology - Biol3880 (23 decks)

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