Ch 4 - Nutrition, Culture, and Metabolism of Microorganisms Flashcards
The sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell
metabolism
Energy-releasing metabolic reactions
catabolic reactions
Energy-requiring metabolic reactions
anabolic reactions
iron under anoxic conditions, exist in which form (Fe2+/Fe3+) and (soluble/insoluble).
Fe2+ and soluble
iron under oxic conditions, exist in which form (Fe2+/Fe3+) and (soluble/insoluble).
Fe3+ and insoluble
these iron-binding agents obtain iron from insoluble mineral form
siderophores
a culture media where precise chemical composition is known
Defined media
a culture media composed of digests of chemically undefined substances
complex media
culture containing only a single kind of microbe
pure culture
unwanted organisms in a culture
contaminants
unit of measurement for energy
kJ
energy released that is available to do work
free energy
change in free energy during a reaction
delta G0′
Reactions with a negative delta G0′ release/require free energy
release
Reactions with a positive delta G0′ release/require energy
require
Reactions with a negative delta G0′ release free energy
exergonic
Reactions with a positive delta G0′ require energy
endergonic
free energy that occurs under actual conditions
delta G
delta G =
delta G0′ + RT ln K
energy required to bring all molecules in a chemical reaction into the reactive state
activation energy
substance that Lowers the activation energy of a reaction
catalyst
substance that Increases reaction rate
catalyst
Are enzymes generally larger or smaller than the substrate?
larger
region of enzyme that binds substrate
ACTIVE SITE
cleaves peptidoglycan
lysozyme
non protein molecules that bind tightly to enzymes
prosthetic group
non protein molecules bound loosely to enzymes
coenzymes
redox reactions occur in two ____ ______.
half reactions
the substance oxidized in a redox reaction
electron donor
the substance reduced in a redox reaction
electron acceptor
tendency to donate electrons
electron potential
unit of measurement for electron potential
volts
is the substance at the top of a redox tower reduced or oxidized?
reduced
is the substance at the bottom of a redox tower reduced or oxidized?
oxidized
the substance at the top of the tower donates/accepts electrons
donates
the substance at the bottom of the tower donates/accepts electrons
accepts
where is energy stored in prokaryotes?
glycogen
where is energy stored in eukaryotes?
starch and lipids
substrate-level phosphorylation; ATP directly synthesized from an energy-rich intermediate
fermentation
oxidative phosphorylation
respiration
ATP produced from proton motive force formed by transport of electrons
respiration
Oxidation using O2 as the terminal electron acceptor
aerobic respiration
Proteins that contain heme prosthetic groups
cytochromes
during electron transfer, do protons end up on the inside or outside of the membrane?
outside
pathway through which pyruvate is completely oxidized to CO2
citric acid cycle
how many CO2 molecules are released in the citric acid cycle per glucose molecule
6
Synthesis of glucose from phosphoenolpyruvate
gluconeogenesis
Adenine and guanine - Purines or Pyrimidines?
purines
Thymine, cytosine, and uracil - purines or pyrimidines?
pyrimidines
what are the two major modes of enzyme regulation?
amount and activity
different enzymes that catalyze the same function
Isoenzymes
