Ch 10 - Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

Heritable change in DNA sequence that can lead to a change in phenotype

Answer 1

mutation

Question 2

A strain of any cell or virus differing from parental strain in genotype

Answer 2

mutant

Question 3

Typically refers to strain isolated from nature

Answer 3

wild type strain

Question 4

mutations that give the mutant a growth advantage under certain conditions

Answer 4

selectable mutations

Question 5

mutations that usually have neither an advantage nor a disadvantage over the parent

Answer 5

nonselectable mutations

Question 6

Detection of such mutations requires examining a large number of colonies and looking for differences (screening)

Answer 6

nonselectable mutations

Question 7

_______ __________ is useful for identification of cells with a nutritional requirement for growth

Answer 7

Replica plating

Question 8

Mutations made environmentally or deliberately

Answer 8

induced mutations

Question 9

mutations that Can result from exposure to natural radiation or oxygen radicals

Answer 9

induced mutations

Question 10

mutations that occur without external intervention

Answer 10

spontaneous mutations

Question 11

Mutations that change only one base pair

Answer 11

point mutations

Question 12

Deletions or insertions that result in a shift in the reading frame

Answer 12

frameshift mutations

Question 13

Often result in complete loss of gene function

Answer 13

frameshift mutations

Question 14

process where point mutations are typically reversible

Answer 14

reversion

Question 15

Strain in which original phenotype is restored

Answer 15

revertant

Question 16

mutation is at the same site as original mutation

Answer 16

same-site revertant

Question 17

mutation is at a different site in the DNA

Answer 17

second-site revertant

Question 18

chemical, physical, or biological agents that increase mutation rates

Answer 18

mutagens

Question 19

mutagens that resemble nucleotides

Answer 19

Nucleotide base analogs

Question 20

give an example of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation

Answer 20

radiation

Question 21

______ and ______strongly absorb UV

Answer 21

Purines and pyrimidines

Question 22

give an example of ionizing mutagenic electromagnetic radiation

Answer 22

x-rays, cosmic rays, gamma rays

Question 23

this type of electromagneti radiation Ionizes water and produce free radicals

Answer 23

ionizing

Question 24

DNA repair system where mutated base is still recognizable and can be repaired without referring to other strand

Answer 24

direct reversal

Question 25

DNA repair system where damaged DNA is removed and repaired using opposite strand as template

Answer 25

repair of single strand

Question 26

DNA repair system to repair a break in the DNA

Answer 26

repair of double-strand damage

Question 27

Physical exchange of DNA between genetic elements

Answer 27

recombination

Question 28

Process that results in genetic exchange between homologous DNA from two different sources

Answer 28

homologous recombination

Question 29

Genetic transfer process by which DNA is incorporated into a recipient cell and brings about genetic change

Answer 29

transformation

Question 30

who discovered transformation?

Answer 30

Fredrick Griffith

Question 31

cells capable of taking up DNA and being transformed

Answer 31

competent cells

Question 32

Transfer of DNA from one cell to another by a bacteriophage

Answer 32

transduction

Question 33

mechanism of genetic transfer that involves cell-to-cell contact

Answer 33

bacterial conjugation (mating)

Question 34

contains conjugative plasmid

Answer 34

donor cell

Question 35

cell that does not contain plasmid

Answer 35

recipient cell

Question 36

cells that can’t take up DNA

Answer 36

non-competent cells

Question 37

Electricity can be used to force cells to take up DNA

Answer 37

electroporation

Question 38

Discrete segments of DNA that move as a unit from one location to another within other DNA molecules are ________

Answer 38

transposable elements

Question 39

transposable elements move by a process called ______

Answer 39

transposition

Question 40

Two main types of transposable elements in Bacteria are _______ and __________

Answer 40

transposons and insertion sequences

Question 41

what are the two characteristics of the transposons and insertion sequences?

Answer 41

1) genes encoding transposase

2) recognition sites at both ends

Question 42

Changes codon so it encodes for the wrong AA

Answer 42

missense mutation

Question 43

Changes codon so it encodes for a stop codon

Answer 43

nonsense mutation

Question 44

Changes codon so it encodes for correct amino acid

Answer 44

silent mutation