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Microbiology > Ch 16 Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Ch 16 Innate Immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three types of immunity called?

Which are innate and adaptive immune systems?

A

First-line defenses-innate
Second-line defenses-innate
Third-line defenses-adaptive

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2
Q

What the the first-line defenses?

A

Skin

Mucous membranes

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3
Q

What are the second-line defenses?

A

Proteins that cause inflamation
Fever that enhances cytokine activity
Phagocytes
NK cells

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4
Q

What are the third-line defenses?

A

Lymphocytes

Memory component

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5
Q

List the lymphocytes belonging to innate, adaptive and both cellular responses.

A 
INNATE
Mast cell
Eosinphil
Basopil
ADAPTIVE
Plasma
B and T cells
BOTH
Dendritic cell
Monocyte
Neutrophil 70% of WBC
Natural Killer cell
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6
Q

What does WBC indicate?

A

The number of leukocytes in the blood.

WBC are involved in counteracting foreign substances

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7
Q

What does an elevated and reduced WBC mean?

A

Elevated - bacterial infection

Reduced - viral infection or pheumonia

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8
Q

What can be said about innate and adaptive immune actions?

A

Innate - fast but nonspecific

Adaptive - slower by specific with memory component

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9
Q

What are toll-like receptors?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single, membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptors usually expressed in sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes.

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10
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Proteins that regulate the intensity and duration of immune response. Activate B and T cells.

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11
Q

List the six steps of phagocytosis.

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Ingestion
  3. Formation of phagosome
  4. Phagosome fuses w/ lysosome
  5. Digestion by enzymes
  6. Formation of indigestible materials
  7. Discharge of waste
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12
Q

In blood, what are the formed elements and what is the liquid part?

A

Formed elements - serum

Liquid parts - plasma

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13
Q

What is CD4 and which immune cells is it found?

A

Cluster of Differentiation 4 found of T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.

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14
Q

What are NK cells?

A

A type of lymphocyte (WBC).

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15
Q

What is Lipid A?

A

A endotoxin held responsible for the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria.

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16
Q

What is a leukocidin?

A

A type of cytotoxin created by some types of bacteria.

17
Q

What is Membrane Attach Complex (MAC)?

A

The MAC creates a hole in the pathogen’s cell membrane causing the extracellular fluid to enter.

18
Q

What is lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

A

A molecule containing both lipid and polysaccharide parts released from Gram-negative bacteria.

19
Q

Compare innate vs. adaptive immunity.

A

INNATE………………………………….ADAPTIVE
Immediate response…………….slow response
Nonspecific……………………………very specific
No memory……………………………memory
Mast, Eosinphil, Basophil………Plasma, T cells

20
Q

Differentiate prebiotics from probiotics

A

Prebiotics: promote normal flora
Prebiotics: live cultures

21
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

An antimicrobial enzyme that can breakdown cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. Found in tears, mucus, urine.

22
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A

An immature cell capable of creating several cell types.

23
Q

What is cytolysis?

A

When a toxin cell bursts and extracellular fluid flows in.

24
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The chemical attraction of phagocytes to microbes.

25
Q

What do kinins do?

A

Vasodilation, present in plasma.

26
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The passage of blood cells through capillary walls accompanying inflammation.

27
Q

What is margination?

A

The adhesion of white blood cells to the walls of damaged blood vessels.

28
Q

What is the complement system?

A

A system that complements the innate immune system in destroying microbes. It is not adaptable, and is part of the innate immune system.

29
Q

What are the three outcomes of complement activation?

A

Cytolysis: creates channels ECF enters
Opsonization: phagocytosis
Inflammation: blood vessels become more permeable allowing more phagocytes to arrive

30
Q

Describe with alpha interferon, beta, and gamma do.

A

alpha and beta interfere with viral multiplication

gamma produce nitric oxide to kill bacteria and inhibit ATP.

31
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides (AMP)?

A

Broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities.
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Forming pores
Destroying DNA/RNA

Microbiology (23 decks)

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