Ch 04 Prokaryotic and Eukarotic Cells

Question 1

What do fimbriae do?

Answer 1

Help cells latch

Question 2

What is the functional advantage of a protein bound organelle?

Answer 2

Protection

Question 3

What does pleomorphic mean?

Answer 3

Ability of bacteria to alter shape in response to the environment

Question 4

Name the three arrangements of microbes

Answer 4

Diplo-, pairs

Staph-, clusters

Strep-, chains

Question 5

Name the three shape types

Answer 5

Coccus = oval

Bacillus = rods

Spiral = twist Vibrios - twisted rods

Spirilla - rigid helical

Spirochetes - flexible helical

Question 6

What does taxis mean?

Answer 6

movement towards/away from stimului Chemotaxis Phototaxis

Question 7

What does glycocalyx mean?

Answer 7

a glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes

Question 8

What are the characteristics of glycocalyx?

Answer 8

Outside cell membrane

Sticky layer - poorly organized

Capsule - neatly organized

Capsule prevents phagocytosis

Question 9

What does flagella do?

Answer 9

Allows microbes to swim

Question 10

What are the characteristics of flagella?

Answer 10

Outside of the cell wall

Made of chains of flagellin

Attached to a protein hook on Gram-negative cells

Question 11

What are cells stimulated by?

Answer 11

Food, light

Question 12

What does virulence mean?

Answer 12

Ability to cause disease

Question 13

What does extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) mean?

Answer 13

Sugar polymers that contribute to the slimy appearance of bacteria probably promote colonization of plant tissues and disease development in bacteria.

Question 14

What is pili?

Answer 14

a hairlike appendage found on the surface of many bacteria

Question 15

What is a basal body?

Answer 15

An organelle that forms the base of a flagellum or cilia

Question 16

How do flagella move on prokaryotes and eukarotes?

Answer 16

Prokaryotes - rotates on long axis

Eukaryotes - wave like motion

Question 17

What do endoflagella do?

Answer 17

Flagella that wrap around the cell instead of protruding into the environment, allowing corkscrew movement

Question 18

What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?

Answer 18

Fimbriae - shorter, more common

Pili - longer,

Gram-negative cells, less common

Question 19

What is peptidoglycan?

Answer 19

forms cell walls of short peptides

Question 20

What are the names of the two monosaccarhides that make up peptidoglycan?

Answer 20

N-acetlyglucosamine (NAG) N-acetlymuramic acid (NAM)

Question 21

Do eukaryotes have a cell wall?

Answer 21

Some do

Question 22

Do animal cells have cell walls?

Answer 22

No, only plant cells have cell walls

Question 23

What is the name of the arrangement of phospholipids and proteins called?

Answer 23

Fluid Mosaic Model

Question 24

What are the names of some inclusions?

Answer 24

Metachromatic granules

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Sulfur granules

Carboxysomes

Gas vacuoles

Magnetosomes

Question 25

Hypertonic solutions do what?

Answer 25

Cause cells to lose water and shrink

Question 26

Recall prokaryote ribosome math example

Answer 26

A small 30S ribosome plus a large 50S ribosome makes up a 70S ribosome. This because of nesting

Question 27

What is Svedberg settling rate?

Answer 27

The sedimentation rate for a particle of a given size and shape measures how fast the particle 'settles', or sediments. It is often used to reflect the rate at which a molecule travels to the bottom of a test tube under the centrifugal force of a centrifuge. The Svedberg is technically a measure of time, and is defined as exactly 10⁻¹³ seconds.

Question 28

What are endospsores?

Answer 28

Resting cells that survive exterme conditions

Question 29

List the six steps to endospore sporultion

Answer 29

1. DNA replicated 2. Plasma membrane forms 3. Forespore forms 4. Peptidoglycan forms 5. Spore coat forms 6. Endospore breaks free

Question 30

Draw the prokaryote and eukarote cells

Answer 30

draw them now

Question 31

What does lysozymes do?

Answer 31

Intercellular digestion

Question 32

What does mitochondria do?

Answer 32

Eukaryotic cell that contain DNA and convert food to energy

Question 33

What does centrosomes do?

Answer 33

A region in the eukaryotic cell involved with 9+0 array mitotic cell division

Question 34

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

Answer 34

_Meiosis__Mitosis_ Sexual reproduction Asexual Genetically different Identical Chromosomal mixing No mixing 4 haploid cells 2 diploid

Question 35

sketch the five cell shapes

Answer 35

Question 36

Compare bacterial flagella vs. eukaryotic flagella

Answer 36

_Bacteria__Eukaryotic_ Smaller Larger Rotary movement Bending movement Proton driven ATP driven

Question 37

What is peptidoglycan made of?

Answer 37

Disaccharide sugar (NAG + NAM) + polypeptides proteins (amino acids)

Question 38

What are porins and which type of cell wall are they found?

Answer 38

Passages that allow molecules to enter Gram-negative cells

Question 39

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 39

A substance passes through a membrane without assistance

Question 40

What is osmosis?

Answer 40

When modelules pass through a membrane equalizing concentrations

Question 41

What are mycoplasma?

Answer 41

Parasitic bacteria witout cell walls that cause disease

Question 42

Compare prokdaryotic chromosome vs. eukaryotic chromosomes

Answer 42

_Prokaryotic__Eukaryotic_ Found in cytoplasm In nucleus Circular Linear Single Many Made of DNA Chromatin + DNA Divides immediately Mitosis

Question 43

What is a plasmid?

Answer 43

A circular DNA that can replicate independently of the chromosome

Question 44

What is a ribosome?

Answer 44

RNA

Question 45

What does DNA mean?

Answer 45

deoxyribonucleic acid - carries genetic informaiton

Question 46

What does RNA mean?

Answer 46

Ribonuleic acid - a messenger from DNA

Question 47

What is the difference between capsule and slime layer?

Answer 47

Capsule does not wash off easily Both are made of glycocalyx

Question 48

Compare Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

Answer 48

_Gram-negative__Gram-Positive_ Thick layer of peptidoglycan Thin layer of peptidoglycan No teichoic acid Teichoic acid present Periplasm Lipoteichoic acid Resitant to antiboitics Susceptible to antiboitics Safranin red Crystal Violet 4 flagellar rings 2 flagellar rings

Question 49

Name three atypical cell walls

Answer 49

Mycoplasma Archaea lack peptidoglycan, have pseudomurein Acid-fast cells walls

Question 50

Where is chitin found?

Answer 50

Fungi

Question 51

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 51

Packages molecules Stores molecules for later use or sends them out Creates lysosomes for cellualr digestion

Question 52

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 52

Question 53

What is the difference between archaea vs bacteria?

Answer 53

Question 54

What is the difference between bacteria vs protista?

Answer 54

Question 55

What is the difference between fungi vs algae?

Answer 55

Question 56

Draw phospholipid structure and bilayer wall of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 56

Question 57

What does lophotrichous mean?

Answer 57

Having two or more flagella at one end of a bacterial cell.