Ch 04 Prokaryotic and Eukarotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What do fimbriae do?

A

Help cells latch

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2
Q

What is the functional advantage of a protein bound organelle?

A

Protection

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3
Q

What does pleomorphic mean?

A

Ability of bacteria to alter shape in response to the environment

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4
Q

Name the three arrangements of microbes

A

Diplo-, pairs

Staph-, clusters

Strep-, chains

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5
Q

Name the three shape types

A

Coccus = oval

Bacillus = rods

Spiral = twist Vibrios - twisted rods

Spirilla - rigid helical

Spirochetes - flexible helical

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6
Q

What does taxis mean?

A

movement towards/away from stimului Chemotaxis Phototaxis

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7
Q

What does glycocalyx mean?

A

a glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of glycocalyx?

A

Outside cell membrane

Sticky layer - poorly organized

Capsule - neatly organized

Capsule prevents phagocytosis

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9
Q

What does flagella do?

A

Allows microbes to swim

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of flagella?

A

Outside of the cell wall

Made of chains of flagellin

Attached to a protein hook on Gram-negative cells

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11
Q

What are cells stimulated by?

A

Food, light

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12
Q

What does virulence mean?

A

Ability to cause disease

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13
Q

What does extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) mean?

A

Sugar polymers that contribute to the slimy appearance of bacteria probably promote colonization of plant tissues and disease development in bacteria.

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14
Q

What is pili?

A

a hairlike appendage found on the surface of many bacteria

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15
Q

What is a basal body?

A

An organelle that forms the base of a flagellum or cilia

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16
Q

How do flagella move on prokaryotes and eukarotes?

A

Prokaryotes - rotates on long axis

Eukaryotes - wave like motion

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17
Q

What do endoflagella do?

A

Flagella that wrap around the cell instead of protruding into the environment, allowing corkscrew movement

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18
Q

What is the difference between fimbriae and pili?

A

Fimbriae - shorter, more common

Pili - longer,

Gram-negative cells, less common

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19
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

forms cell walls of short peptides

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20
Q

What are the names of the two monosaccarhides that make up peptidoglycan?

A

N-acetlyglucosamine (NAG) N-acetlymuramic acid (NAM)

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21
Q

Do eukaryotes have a cell wall?

A

Some do

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22
Q

Do animal cells have cell walls?

A

No, only plant cells have cell walls

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23
Q

What is the name of the arrangement of phospholipids and proteins called?

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

24
Q

What are the names of some inclusions?

A

Metachromatic granules

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Sulfur granules

Carboxysomes

Gas vacuoles

Magnetosomes

25
Q

Hypertonic solutions do what?

A

Cause cells to lose water and shrink

26
Q

Recall prokaryote ribosome math example

A

A small 30S ribosome plus a large 50S ribosome makes up a 70S ribosome. This because of nesting

27
Q

What is Svedberg settling rate?

A

The sedimentation rate for a particle of a given size and shape measures how fast the particle ‘settles’, or sediments. It is often used to reflect the rate at which a molecule travels to the bottom of a test tube under the centrifugal force of a centrifuge. The Svedberg is technically a measure of time, and is defined as exactly 10−13 seconds.

28
Q

What are endospsores?

A

Resting cells that survive exterme conditions

29
Q

List the six steps to endospore sporultion

A
  1. DNA replicated
  2. Plasma membrane forms
  3. Forespore forms
  4. Peptidoglycan forms
  5. Spore coat forms
  6. Endospore breaks free
30
Q

Draw the prokaryote and eukarote cells

A

draw them now

31
Q

What does lysozymes do?

A

Intercellular digestion

32
Q

What does mitochondria do?

A

Eukaryotic cell that contain DNA and convert food to energy

33
Q

What does centrosomes do?

A

A region in the eukaryotic cell involved with 9+0 array mitotic cell division

34
Q

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Meiosis__Mitosis

Sexual reproduction Asexual

Genetically different Identical

Chromosomal mixing No mixing

4 haploid cells 2 diploid

35
Q

sketch the five cell shapes

A
36
Q

Compare bacterial flagella vs. eukaryotic flagella

A

Bacteria__Eukaryotic

Smaller Larger

Rotary movement Bending movement

Proton driven ATP driven

37
Q

What is peptidoglycan made of?

A

Disaccharide sugar (NAG + NAM) + polypeptides proteins (amino acids)

38
Q

What are porins and which type of cell wall are they found?

A

Passages that allow molecules to enter Gram-negative cells

39
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

A substance passes through a membrane without assistance

40
Q

What is osmosis?

A

When modelules pass through a membrane equalizing concentrations

41
Q

What are mycoplasma?

A

Parasitic bacteria witout cell walls that cause disease

42
Q

Compare prokdaryotic chromosome vs. eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Prokaryotic__Eukaryotic

Found in cytoplasm In nucleus

Circular Linear

Single Many

Made of DNA Chromatin + DNA

Divides immediately Mitosis

43
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A circular DNA that can replicate independently of the chromosome

44
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

RNA

45
Q

What does DNA mean?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid - carries genetic informaiton

46
Q

What does RNA mean?

A

Ribonuleic acid - a messenger from DNA

47
Q

What is the difference between capsule and slime layer?

A

Capsule does not wash off easily

Both are made of glycocalyx

48
Q

Compare Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

A

Gram-negative__Gram-Positive

Thick layer of peptidoglycan Thin layer of peptidoglycan

No teichoic acid Teichoic acid present

Periplasm Lipoteichoic acid

Resitant to antiboitics Susceptible to antiboitics

Safranin red Crystal Violet

4 flagellar rings 2 flagellar rings

49
Q

Name three atypical cell walls

A

Mycoplasma

Archaea lack peptidoglycan, have pseudomurein

Acid-fast cells walls

50
Q

Where is chitin found?

A

Fungi

51
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Packages molecules

Stores molecules for later use or sends them out

Creates lysosomes for cellualr digestion

52
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
53
Q

What is the difference between archaea vs bacteria?

A
54
Q

What is the difference between bacteria vs protista?

A
55
Q

What is the difference between fungi vs algae?

A
56
Q

Draw phospholipid structure and bilayer wall of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A
57
Q

What does lophotrichous mean?

A

Having two or more flagella at one end of a bacterial cell.