Ch 02 Chemical Properties

Question 1

What is an atom?

Answer 1

The smallest unit of matter that cannot be divided. Also smallest particle which retains properties of an element. Composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Question 2

What is atomic number?

Answer 2

The number of protons in the nucleus

Question 3

What is atomic weight?

Answer 3

The number of protons and neutrons

Question 4

What is an isotope?

Answer 4

The atom has a different number of neutrons. C12, C13, C14

Question 5

What are the biological elements?

Answer 5

95% carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen

Question 6

What is the molecular weight of a molecule?

Answer 6

The sum of the atomic weight of all the atoms

Question 7

What is radioactivity?

Answer 7

Unstable number of protons and neutrons

Question 8

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 8

An atom that gains or loses electrons

Question 9

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 9

Electron sharing H:C

Question 10

What is hydrogen bonding?

Answer 10

H polar (unequal) bonding to N, O, F

Question 11

Which type of chemical reaction releases energy?

Answer 11

Exothermic

Question 12

What is one mole?

Answer 12

The molecular weight in grams

Ex. water 2H=2x1=2 1O=16 the molecular weight of water is 18

Question 13

What is condensation?

Answer 13

Water removal AKA dehydration

Question 14

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 14

Breaking molecular bonds using water

Question 15

What are the three laws of thermodynamics?

Answer 15

1. E cannot be created or destroyed.
2. Entropy - no energy transformation is 100%
3. Conservation of matter

Question 16

Are exothermic or endothermic are more likely to occur?

Answer 16

Exothermic because they are more chaotic

Question 17

What element is needed for an organic molecule?

Answer 17

Carbon!

Question 18

Is water organic or inorganic?

Answer 18

Inorganic!

Question 19

What are four characteristics of water?

Answer 19

1. Polar molecule
2. A good solvent
3. Temperature buffering
4. Surface tension

Question 20

What is the formula for pH?

Answer 20

pH = -log₁₀ [H^-]

Question 21

What do acids and bases donate and accept?

Answer 21

Acids donate H⁺; accept OH^-

Bases donate OH^-; accept H⁺

Question 22

What is an isomer?

Answer 22

Same chemistry, different structure

Question 23

What is Vitamin C?

Answer 23

Made from glucose

Question 24

Where is starch and glycogen made?

Answer 24

Starch is made by plants Glycogen is made by the liver

Question 25

Where is cholesterol needed?

Answer 25

Cell membranes

Question 26

What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated molecules.

Answer 26

Unsaturated = more double bonds Saturated = fully saturated with hydrogen atoms

Question 27

What is the characteristic of polyunsaturated molecules?

Answer 27

the more polyunsaturated, the lower the boiling point

Question 28

What is a glycolipid?

Answer 28

sugar coated lipid

Question 29

What is meant by amphoteric?

Answer 29

One side likes water, the other side does not

Question 30

What is a peptide bond?

Answer 30

a covalent bond that holds an amino acid protein together

Question 31

Why is water a polar molecule?

Answer 31

Because of it's shape, one side is negatively charged, and the other side is positively charged

Question 32

What is an exchange reaction?

Answer 32

When atoms are exchanged between two molecules AB + C -\> A + BC

Question 33

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

Answer 33

Transfer of electrons between to molecules

Question 34

What is an enzyme?

Answer 34

A catalyst

Question 35

What is a buffer?

Answer 35

A solution that resists pH change. Typically a weak acid or alkali with a salt

Question 36

What is a lipid?

Answer 36

A fatty acid

Question 37

What is the order of amino acids? KNOW THIS!

Answer 37

1. just amino acid 2. hydrogen bonds, form alpha helix and beta sheet 3. remainder of molecule 4. number of polypeptide chains

Question 38

What results when a triglyceride is hydrolyzed?

Answer 38

glycerol and a fatty acid

Question 39

What kind of bonds are in unsaturated and saturated lipids?

Answer 39

Unsaturated: double bonds Saturated: single bonds, filled with H

Question 40

What does making a lipid more polyunsaturated?

Answer 40

Lowers boiling poing

Question 41

What does hydrogenating do?

Answer 41

Adds H where double bonds were

Question 42

What does amphoteric mean?

Answer 42

A molecule that reacts as an acid or a base. Also has a hydrophillic and hydrophobic end. Usually metals are amphoteric

Question 43

What are glycolipids?

Answer 43

Sugar coated lipids

Question 44

What is the structure of ATP?

Answer 44

C₁₀H₁₆N₅O₁₃P₃

Question 45

Compare Purines and Pyrimidines

Answer 45

_Purines__Pyrimidines_ Adenine, guainine Cytosine, thymine, uracil MP: 214 C MP: 22 C

Question 46

Define nucleic acids and what are the two types?

Answer 46

DNA RNA Nucleotides of nitrogen, purine or pyrimidine, and sugar phosphate

Question 47

What is a salt?

Answer 47

An ionic compund that results from the neutralization of an acid and a base. Electrically neutral.

Question 48

What is the definition of a carbohydrate?

Answer 48

Sugars, starches, or celluloses. Release energy in animals

Question 49

Why are lipids non-polar?

Answer 49

Their ends are not charged. Not soluble in water.

Question 50

What is the difference between D- and L- amino acids?

Answer 50

L amino acids are manufactured in cells D amino acids are in bacteria

Question 51

What is denaturation?

Answer 51

When nucleic acids lose their 2nd, 3rd, and 4th structures by application with a strong acid, base or salt