Cell functions (Life and Physical Sciences) Flashcards
Cell division in eukaryotes that produces two daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell
Mitosis
Specialized cell division used to create haploid gametes in diploid organisms
Meiosis
Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose
Carbohydrates
Long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids
Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
proteins
A large organelle within a cell that houses the chromosomes and regulates the activities of the cell
Nucleus
A membrane that surrounds the cell and maintains its internal environment through the property of selective permeability
Plasma Membrane
The material within a eukaryotic cell that supports and suspends structures inside the cell membrane and transfers materials required for cellular processes
Cytoplasm
A specialized part of a cell that has a specific function and is found in the cell’s cytoplasm
Organelle
The site of energy production in a cell
Mitochondria
A cell organelle that synthesizes and concentrates lipids in the cell; does not contain ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A protein-RNA complex that is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
A cell organelle that aids in digestion and the recycling of old cell materials
lysosome
A cell organelle containing ribosomes that synthesizes and processes proteins in the cell
rough endoplasmic reticulum
A cell organelle that serves as storage for a variety of substances, including water, toxins, and carbohydrates
Vacuole
The stage in meiosis I in which chromosomes condense and form homologous pairs
Phophase I
The stage in meiosis I in which pairs of homologous chromosomes align
Metaphase I
The stage in meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase I
The stage in meiosis I in which nuclear membranes form as the cell separates into two haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids
Telophase I
The stage in meiosis II in which chromosomes in the haploid daughter cells condense
Phophase II
The stage in meiosis II in which individual chromosomes align
Metaphase II
The stage in meiosis II in which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase II
One of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle
Chromatid
The stage in meiosis II in which nuclear membranes form as the two daughter cells from meiosis I separate into four haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of a single chromatid each
Telophase II
List the six components of the biological hierarchy of the body, from least to most complex.
Chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
Which of the following describes the function of the ribosome?
Protein synthesis
The ribosomes synthesize proteins in a cell.
Because muscle cells require large amounts of energy to function correctly, which organelles would be abundant in those types of cells?
Mitochondria
Which of the following organelles houses the genetic material?
Nucleus
Write two or three sentences to define and differentiate mitosis and meiosis.
In mitosis, cells duplicate for tissue growth and repair. One cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. In meiosis, the nucleus of a germ cell splits through two fissions into four sex cells, each with half the genetic material of the original cell.
