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10 science-- biology > cell differentiation, cell specialization, and stem cells > Flashcards

cell differentiation, cell specialization, and stem cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do specialized cells have?

A

special shapes and structures that allow them to do specific functions

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2
Q

what is cell differentiation?

A

the process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific job

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3
Q

what directs cell differentiation?

A

genetic information (DNA) inside cell

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4
Q

when does cell differentiation occur?

A

during early development of living organisms

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5
Q

what is cell specialization?

A

the process by which cells develop form similar cells into cells that have specific functions within a multi cellular organism

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6
Q

where does a specialized cell come from?

A

a non specialized cell (stem cell)

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7
Q

do specialized cells look alike?

A

no

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8
Q

specialized cells are ______ internally

A

different

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9
Q

muscle cells that use a lot of energy– more _______

A

mitochondrion

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10
Q

intestine cells that produce mucus– more _________

A

Golgi bodies

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11
Q

fat cells that store fat molecules– large _________

A

vacuole

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12
Q

specialized cells carry out a _________

A

specific job

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13
Q

skeletal muscle cell

A

contract to allow movement

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14
Q

fat cell

A

store energy in the form of fat

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15
Q

nerve cell

A

conduct electrical signals or coordinate activities

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16
Q

red blood cell

A

deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

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17
Q

what are stem cells?

A

non specialized cells that can produce various specialized cells

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18
Q

stem cells can __________ through mitosis and cytokinesis

A

divide to produce copies of themselves

19
Q

daughter cells can develop into different types of cells based on _________

A

which genes are switched on

20
Q

when and where can stem cells be found in the human body?

A

in various parts of the human body at every stage of development to adult

21
Q

stem cells are found in groups that ________

A

differentiate into different tissues layers

22
Q

what are 3 types of stem cells?

A

embryonic stem cells
totipotent stem cells
pluripotent stem cells

23
Q

where are embryonic stem cells found?

A

in very young embryos (less than one week old)

24
Q

where are totipotent stem cells found?

A

in early embryos (within 24 hours)

25
Q

where are pluripotent stem cells found?

A

in the embryo (4-5 days)

26
Q

what can a totipotent stem cell become?

A

any kind of cell

27
Q

what can a pluripotent stem cell become?

A

many but not all kinds of cells

28
Q

what are adult stem cells also known as?

A

tissue stem cells

29
Q

when are adult stem cells found?

A

in the late development of the fetus or after birth

30
Q

where do adult stem cells exist?

A

within specialized tissue or organs

31
Q

which stem cells are easier to isolate?

A

cord blood

bone marrow

32
Q

what is the purpose of adult stem cells?

A

to maintain and prepare the tissue in which they are found

33
Q

name 2 reasons stem cells are useful

A

repair and replace damaged human tissue

treat and cure disease and injuries

34
Q

stem cells can be used to treat diseases because natural processes cannot replace most _____________ if they are ___________

A

specialized cells / seriously damaged or diseased

35
Q

stem cells can be used to treat diseases because transplantation of healthy organs of donors has posed __________

A

high risks

36
Q

how are stem cells used to treat disease?

A

transplanting specialized cells that are grown from stem cells in the lab

37
Q

what are bone marrow transplants used to treat?

A

leukaemia

38
Q

how do bone marrow transplants work?

A

umbilical cord blood or healthy bone marrow cells from matched donor has high concentration of adult stem cells = used to treat childhood leukaemia

39
Q

where do embryonic stem cells come from?

A

spare human embryos left over from fertility treatments or cloned human embryo developed in the lab

40
Q

what is a more ethical and moral alternative to human embryo cells?

A

adult stem cells

41
Q

what are 3 issues in stem cell research?

A

ethical
legal
social

42
Q

what is the ethical controversy centred on?

A

moral implications of destroying human embryos

43
Q

what is the legal controversy centred on?

A

whether and how stem cell technologies should be regulated by the government

44
Q

what is the social controversy centred on?

A

the impact of stem cell technology on society as a whole

10 science-- biology (24 decks)

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