Cardiovascular Markers Flashcards
What is the risk associated with small and dense LDL particles?
People with small and dense LDL particles have a threefold greater risk of coronary artery disease.
How does the size of HDL particles affect cardiovascular health?
Larger HDL particles are more effective at removing cholesterol, exert anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects, and promote nitric oxide production in endothelial cells.
What is lipoprotein (a) and its role in coronary artery disease?
Lipoprotein (a) is a blood clotting agent and a key genetic risk factor in coronary artery disease. Higher levels are associated with a greater risk.
What is the role of Lp-PLA2 in cardiovascular disease?
Lp-PLA2 is an enzyme that plays a role in endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis.
What does raised fibrinogen indicate?
Raised fibrinogen levels are a risk factor for clot formation.
What does elevated C-reactive protein indicate?
Elevated C-reactive protein is an inflammatory marker associated with cardiovascular disease.
What do raised lipid peroxides indicate?
Raised lipid peroxides reflect oxidative damage to membranes.
What does a serum cholesterol level above 5 mmol/L indicate?
A serum cholesterol level above 5 mmol/L typically leads to a GP prescribing a statin.
What does a non-fasting triglyceride level indicate?
High triglycerides in a non-fasting sample may not be as reliable, but the optimal range for fasting is 0.79–1.24 mmol/L.
How does LDL-P correlate with cardiovascular health?
Higher LDL-P correlates with increased cardiovascular risk, carotid atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance.
