C3.8 - Fullerenes and graphene Flashcards
Apart from diamond and graphite, there are what?
Apart from:
1. Diamond
2. Graphite
,there are other structures that carbon atoms can form
Apart from diamond and graphite, there are other structures that carbon atoms can form.
What happens in these structures?
In these structures, the carbon atoms join together to make large hollow cages
In these structures, the carbon atoms join together to make large hollow cages, which can have all sorts of shapes.
When was the ability of carbon to behave like this discovered?
The ability of carbon atoms to join together to make large hollow cages, which can have all sorts of shapes, was not discovered until 1985
The ability of carbon atoms to join together to make large hollow cages, which can have all sorts of shapes, was not discovered until 1985.
Radio astronomers had revealed what?
Radio astronomers had revealed that long chains of carbon atoms existed in outer space
The ability of carbon atoms to join together to make large hollow cages, which can have all sorts of shapes, was not discovered until 1985.
Radio astronomers had revealed that long chains of carbon atoms existed in outer space.
When scientists tried experiments in the lab to recreate the conditions that might account for these carbon chains, they created a new molecule by chance.
The molecule was made of 60 carbon atoms.
What did analysis show?
Analysis showed that:
- All the carbon atoms in the new molecule were equivalent
- There were no carbon atoms stuck at the ends of the molecule
The ability of carbon atoms to join together to make large hollow cages, which can have all sorts of shapes, was not discovered until 1985.
When scientists tried experiments in the lab to recreate the conditions that might account for long carbon chains that existed in outer space, they created a new molecule by chance, which was made of 60 carbon atoms.
Analysis showed that all the carbon atoms in the new molecule were equivalent.
There were no carbon atoms stuck at the ends of the molecule.
Who solved this problem?
Professor Sir Harry Kroto of Sussex University solved the problem
The ability of carbon atoms to join together to make large hollow cages, which can have all sorts of shapes, was not discovered until 1985.
When scientists tried experiments in the lab to recreate the conditions that might account for long carbon chains that existed in outer space, they created a new molecule by chance, which was made of 60 carbon atoms.
Analysis showed that all the carbon atoms in the new molecule were equivalent.
There were no carbon atoms stuck at the ends of the molecule.
Professor Sir Harry Kroto of Sussex University solved the problem by what?
Professor Sir Harry Kroto of Sussex University solved the problem by suggesting a structure of:
1. Hexagons
2. Pentagons
arranged in a sphere
When scientists tried experiments in the lab to recreate the conditions that might account for long carbon chains that existed in outer space, they created a new molecule by chance, which was made of 60 carbon atoms.
Professor Sir Harry Kroto of Sussex University solved the problem of all the carbon atoms being equivalent and no carbon atoms stuck at the ends of the molecule.
What happened since then?
Since then, scientists have made many other new molecules
When scientists tried experiments in the lab to recreate the conditions that might account for long carbon chains that existed in outer space, they created a new molecule by chance, which was made of 60 carbon atoms.
Professor Sir Harry Kroto of Sussex University solved the problem of all the carbon atoms being equivalent and no carbon atoms stuck at the ends of the molecule.
Since then, scientists have made many other new molecules.
How can they be shaped?
They can be shaped like:
- Footballs
- Rugby balls
- Doughnuts
- Onions
- Cones or tubes
Since Professor Sir Harry Kroto of Sussex University solving the problem of all the carbon atoms being equivalent and no carbon atoms stuck at the ends of the molecule, scientists have made many other new molecules.
They can be shaped like footballs (as in the spherical C60 molecules), rugby balls, doughnuts, onions (spheres within spheres) and cones or tubes (open or closed at the ends).
What is the general name for all these hollow-shaped molecules of carbon?
The general name for all these hollow-shaped molecules of carbon are fullerenes
Fullerene
A fullerene is a form of the element carbon that can exist as large cage-like structures, based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms
What is the structure of fullerenes based on?
The structure of fullerenes is based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms, as in graphite
The structure of fullerenes is based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms, as in graphite.
However, what may they also have?
They may also have rings of:
1. 5 (pentagonal)
Or,
2. 7 (heptagonal) carbon atoms
What did the 1st fullerene to be discovered contain?
The 1st fullerene to be discovered contained 60 carbon atoms
The 1st fullerene to be discovered contained 60 carbon atoms, but what can chemists now do?
The 1st fullerene to be discovered contained 60 carbon atoms, but chemists can now make giant fullerenes that contain many 1000s of carbon atoms
Why was the name buckminsterfullerene chosen for the C60 molecule?
The name buckminsterfullerene was chosen for the C60 molecule after the Canadian architect Buckminster Fuller
The name buckminsterfullerene was chosen for the C60 molecule after the Canadian architect Buckminster Fuller.
What did Buckminster Fuller do in 1967?
Buckminster Fuller designed a similar shaped building of the C60 molecule in Montreal in 1967
Scientists have made many new molecules other than C60 that can be shaped like footballs (as in the spherical C60 molecules), rugby balls, doughnuts, onions (spheres within spheres) and cones or tubes (open or closed at the ends).
What can also be produced?
Cylindrical fullerenes called carbon nanotubes can also be produced
Scientists have made many new molecules other than C60 that can be shaped like footballs (as in the spherical C60 molecules), rugby balls, doughnuts, onions (spheres within spheres) and cones or tubes (open or closed at the ends).
Cylindrical fullerenes called carbon nanotubes can also be produced.
What do these fullerenes form?
These cylindrical fullerenes called carbon nanotubes form incredibly thin cylinders
Cylindrical fullerenes called carbon nanotubes form incredibly thin cylinders, whose length is much greater than their diameter.
What do they have?
These cylindrical fullerenes called carbon nanotubes have very useful properties, such as high:
- Tensile strength
- Electrical conductivity
- Thermal conductivity
One of the useful properties of cylindrical fullerenes called carbon nanotubes is high tensile strength.
What does this lead to?
High tensile strength leads to their use in reinforcing composite materials
One of the useful properties of cylindrical fullerenes called carbon nanotubes is high electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity.
Why do cylindrical fullerenes have high electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity?
Cylindrical fullerenes have high electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity, because their bonding is like the bonding in graphite
Some fullerenes are what than buckminsterfullerene?
Some fullerenes are bigger spheres than buckminsterfullerene
Some fullerenes are bigger spheres than buckminsterfullerene.
Examples
For example:
- C240
- C540
Some fullerenes are more what than C60?
Some fullerenes are more elliptical in shape than C60
Some fullerenes are more elliptical in shape than C60.
The molecule with a ball inside a ball is nicknamed what?
The molecule with a ball inside a ball is nicknamed a ‘bucky-onion’
What could fullerenes be used for?
Fullerenes could be used for drug delivery into the body
Fullerenes could be used for drug delivery into the body.
Example
For example the cage-like structures could be used as ‘bucky-mules’ to deliver:
1. Drugs
Or,
2. Radioactive atoms
to treat cancer at very specific sites within the body
Fullerenes could be used for drug delivery into the body.
What can they also be used as?
Fullerenes can also be used as:
- Lubricants
- Catalysts
Why can fullerenes be used as catalysts?
Fullerenes can be used as catalysts, because of the large surface area to volume ratio of their nanoparticles
If you could separate a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite, what would you get?
If you could separate a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite, you would get a layer of inter-locking hexagonal rings of carbon atoms
What did scientists at Manchester University manage to do in 2004?
Scientists at Manchester University in 2004 managed to separate a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite
Scientists at Manchester University in 2004 managed to separate a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite, to get a layer of inter-locking hexagonal rings of carbon atoms that were just 1 atom thick.
How did they do this?
To do this, the scientists at Manchester University basically used a piece of sticky-tape
Scientists at Manchester University in 2004 basically used a piece of sticky-tape to separate a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite, to get a layer of inter-locking hexagonal rings of carbon atoms that were just 1 atom thick.
They stuck the tape across a piece of graphite, pulled it off and looked at the tape under a powerful electron microscope.
What had they managed to do?
They had managed to isolate a 2D material, the thinnest ever made
Scientists at Manchester University in 2004 basically used a piece of sticky-tape to separate a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite, to get a layer of inter-locking hexagonal rings of carbon atoms that were just 1 atom thick.
They stuck the tape across a piece of graphite, pulled it off and looked at the tape under a powerful electron microscope.
They had managed to isolate a 2D material, the thinnest ever made.
This new 2D material, the thinnest ever made, that scientists at Manchester University in 2004 managed to isolate, is called what?
This new 2D material, the thinnest ever made, that scientists at Manchester University in 2004 managed to isolate, is called graphene
Graphene is an excellent what?
Graphene is an excellent conductor of:
- Thermal energy
- Electricity
Graphene can be laid on what?
Graphene can be laid on a solid support
Where is graphene’s 1st large-scale application likely to be?
Graphene’s 1st large-scale application is likely to be in flexible electronic displays
Apart from diamond and graphite, there are other structures that carbon atoms can form.
In these structures, the carbon atoms join together to make large hollow cages, which can have what?
In these structures, the carbon atoms join together to make large hollow cages, which can have all sorts of shapes
The ability of carbon atoms to join together to make large hollow cages, which can have all sorts of shapes, was not discovered until 1985.
Radio astronomers had revealed that long chains of carbon atoms existed in outer space.
When scientists tried experiments in the lab to recreate the conditions that might account for these carbon chains, they created what?
When scientists tried experiments in the lab to recreate the conditions that might account for these carbon chains, they created a new molecule by chance
The ability of carbon atoms to join together to make large hollow cages, which can have all sorts of shapes, was not discovered until 1985.
Radio astronomers had revealed that long chains of carbon atoms existed in outer space.
When scientists tried experiments in the lab to recreate the conditions that might account for these carbon chains, they created a new molecule by chance.
The molecule was made of what?
The molecule was made of 60 carbon atoms
The ability of carbon atoms to join together to make large hollow cages, which can have all sorts of shapes, was not discovered until 1985.
When scientists tried experiments in the lab to recreate the conditions that might account for long carbon chains that existed in outer space, they created a new molecule by chance, which was made of 60 carbon atoms.
Analysis showed that all the carbon atoms in the new molecule were equivalent.
There were no carbon atoms stuck at the ends of the molecule.
Professor Sir Harry Kroto of Sussex University solved the problem by suggesting a structure of hexagons and pentagons arranged in a sphere, just like what?
Professor Sir Harry Kroto of Sussex University solved the problem by suggesting a structure of:
1. Hexagons
2. Pentagons
arranged in a sphere, just like the panels stitched together to make a football
When scientists tried experiments in the lab to recreate the conditions that might account for long carbon chains that existed in outer space, they created a new molecule by chance, which was made of 60 carbon atoms.
Professor Sir Harry Kroto of Sussex University solved the problem of all the carbon atoms being equivalent and no carbon atoms stuck at the ends of the molecule.
Since then, scientists have made many other new molecules.
They can be shaped like footballs (as in what?), rugby balls, doughnuts, onions (what?) and cones or tubes (what?)?
They can be shaped like:
- Footballs (as in the spherical C60 molecules)
- Rugby balls
- Doughnuts
- Onions (spheres within spheres)
- Cones or tubes (open or closed at the ends)
The name buckminsterfullerene was chosen for the C60 molecule after the Canadian architect Buckminster Fuller.
The name is often abbreviated to what?
The name is often abbreviated to ‘bucky-ball’
Scientists have made many new molecules other than C60 that can be shaped like footballs (as in the spherical C60 molecules), rugby balls, doughnuts, onions (spheres within spheres) and cones or tubes (open or closed at the ends).
Cylindrical fullerenes called carbon nanotubes can also be produced.
These cylindrical fullerenes called carbon nanotubes form incredibly thin cylinders, whose length is what?
These cylindrical fullerenes called carbon nanotubes form incredibly thin cylinders, whose length is much greater than their diameter
One of the useful properties of cylindrical fullerenes called carbon nanotubes is high tensile strength.
High tensile strength leads to their use in reinforcing composite materials, such as those used in making what?
High tensile strength leads to their use in reinforcing composite materials, such as those used in making tennis rackets
Cylindrical fullerenes have high electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity, because their bonding is like the bonding in graphite, giving them what?
Cylindrical fullerenes have high electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity, because their bonding is like the bonding in graphite, giving them delocalised electrons
Cylindrical fullerenes have high electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity, because their bonding is like the bonding in graphite, giving them delocalised electrons, resulting in their use in what?
Cylindrical fullerenes have high electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity, because their bonding is like the bonding in graphite, giving them delocalised electrons, resulting in their use in the electronics industry
If you could separate a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite, you would get a layer of inter-locking hexagonal rings of carbon atoms.
It would be just what thick?
It would be just 1 atom thick
Fullerenes could be used for drug delivery into the body.
Fullerenes can also be used as lubricants and as catalysts.
What can also be used as lubricants?
Graphite can also be used as lubricants
Scientists at Manchester University in 2004 managed to separate a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite, to get what?
Scientists at Manchester University in 2004 managed to separate a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite, to get a layer of inter-locking hexagonal rings of carbon atoms that were just 1 atom thick
Scientists at Manchester University in 2004 managed to separate a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite, to get a layer of inter-locking hexagonal rings of carbon atoms that were just 1 atom thick.
To do this, the scientists at Manchester University basically used a piece of sticky-tape.
What did they do?
The scientists at Manchester University:
- Stuck the tape across a piece of graphite
- Pulled it off
- Looked at the tape under a powerful electron microscope
Graphene has a very low what?
Graphene has a very low density
The most reactive form of carbon
The most reactive form of carbon is graphene
Pieces of graphene are what?
Pieces of graphene are incredibly strong for their mass
Graphene is an excellent conductor of thermal energy and electricity, even better than what?
Graphene is an excellent conductor of:
1. Thermal energy
2. Electricity
,even better than graphite
Graphene can be laid on a solid support and could one day be used to make what?
Graphene can be laid on a solid support and could one day be used to make:
1. Quicker
2. More powerful
computer chips
Graphene’s 1st large-scale application is likely to be in flexible electronic displays .
Imagine what?
Imagine watching a film on your coat sleeve
