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GCSE Chemistry COPY > C2.2 - R* Electronic structures and the periodic table > Flashcards

C2.2 - R* Electronic structures and the periodic table Flashcards

1
Q

How many main groups are there in the periodic table?

A

There are 8 main groups in the periodic table

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2
Q

What important summary does the periodic table give?

A

The periodic table gives an important summary of the electronic structures of all the elements

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3
Q

Why do elements in the same group of the periodic table react in similar ways?

A

The elements in the same group of the periodic table react in similar ways because their atoms have the same number of electrons in their highest energy level (outermost shell)

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4
Q

What does the group number in the periodic table tell you?

A

The group number in the periodic table tells you the number of electrons in the outermost shell (highest occupied energy level) of an atom

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5
Q

What is the main difference between metals and non-metals?

A

The main difference between:
1. Metals
2. Non-metals
is that metals conduct electricity but non-metals generally are electrical insulators

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6
Q

In general, metals have much higher what compared to non-metals?

A

In general, metals have much higher:
1. Melting
2. Boiling
points compared to non-metals

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7
Q

Comparing solid examples of metals and non-metals, what do you find?

A

Comparing solid examples of metals and non-metals, you find that metals are:
1. Ductile
2. Malleable
,whereas non-metal solids are brittle

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8
Q

Ductile

A

Ductile means that it can be drawn out into wires

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9
Q

Malleable

A

Malleable means that it can be hammered into shapes without smashing

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10
Q

Noble gases are monatomic (single-atom) gases.

Why do they exist as single atoms?

A

Noble gases exist as monatomic (single-atom) gases, because they have:

  1. A stable electronic structure
  2. No tendency to react and modify their electronic structures by forming molecules
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11
Q

What have chemists managed to make from the larger noble gases?

A

Chemists have managed to make a few compounds from the larger noble gases

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12
Q

What are the trends in boiling points of the noble gases?

A

The trends in boiling points of the noble gases is that they get higher going down the group

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13
Q

What does helium, at the top of group 0, boil at?

A

Helium, at the top of group 0, boils at -269 degrees Celsius

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14
Q

What does radon, at the bottom of group 0, boil at?

A

Radon, at the bottom of group 0, boils at -62 degrees Celsius

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15
Q

What all materials made of?

A

All materials are made of the around 100 elements in the periodic table

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16
Q

In the periodic table, the elements are laid out in order of what?

A

In the periodic table, the elements are laid out in order of increasing atomic (proton) number

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17
Q

What does the elements in the periodic table being placed in order of their atomic (proton) number do?

A

The elements in the periodic table being placed in order of their atomic (proton) number arranges the elements so that they line up in groups (vertical columns) with similar properties

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18
Q

Elements with similar properties form what?

A

Elements with similar properties form vertical columns

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19
Q

Elements with similar properties form vertical columns.

What are these vertical columns called?

A

These vertical columns are called groups

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20
Q

What are the rows in the periodic table called?

A

The rows in the period table are called periods

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21
Q

The rows are called periods.

What does each new period represent?

A

Each new period represents another full shell of electrons

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22
Q

What are metals?

A

Metals are elements which can form positive ions when they react

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23
Q

What are most elements in the periodic table?

A

Most elements in the periodic table are metals

24
Q

Non-metals do not generally do what when they react?

A

Non-metals do not generally form positive ions when they react

25
Q

What do metals to the left of the periodic table not have?

A

Metals to the left of the periodic table do not have many electrons to remove

26
Q

Metals to the left of the periodic table do not have many electrons to remove.
What do metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have?

A

Metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have outer electrons which are a long way from the nucleus

27
Q
  1. Metals to the left of the periodic table do not have many electrons to remove.
  2. Metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have outer electrons which are a long way from the nucleus so feel a weaker attraction.
    What do both of these effects mean?
A

Both of these effects mean that not much energy is needed to remove the electrons

28
Q

It’s feasible for metals elements to react to form positive ions with a full outer shell.
Why is it much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions?

A

It is much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions, because they are either:
1. To the right of the periodic table
Or,
2. Towards the top of the periodic table

29
Q

What do all metals have?

A

All metals have metallic bonding

30
Q

As non-metals don’t have metallic bonding, what do they not tend to exhibit?

A

As non-metals don’t have metallic bonding, they do not tend to exhibit the same properties as metals

31
Q

As non-metals don’t have metallic bonding, they don’t tend to exhibit the same properties as metals.
What do they tend to be?

A

Non-metals tend to be:

  1. Dull looking
  2. More brittle
  3. Aren’t always solids at room temperature
  4. Don’t generally conduct electricity
  5. Often have a lower density
32
Q

Why do non-metals have a wide range of chemical properties?

A

Non-metals have a wide range of chemical properties, because they form a variety of different structures

33
Q

How many electrons do the atoms of noble gases have in their outermost shell?

A

The atoms of noble gases have 8 electrons in their outermost shell

34
Q

The atoms of noble gases have 8 electrons in their outermost shell, making the atoms very stable.
What is the exception?

A

The exception is the first of the noble gases, helium, which has just 2 electrons in its outermost shell

35
Q

What do the noble gases not do?

A

The noble gases do not react with very much

36
Q

The group 0 elements are all what gases?

A

The group 0 elements are all:
1. Inert
2. Colourless
gases

37
Q

Group 0

A

Group 0 is:

  1. Helium
  2. Neon
  3. Argon
  4. Krypton
  5. Xenon
  6. Radon
38
Q

Why are the noble gases more or less inert?

A 
The noble gases are more or less inert, because their outer shells are energetically stable, so they don't need to:
1. Give up
Or,
2. Gain
electrons to become more stable
39
Q

Inert

A

Inert is chemically inactive, not reacting

40
Q

All elements in group 0 are what at room temperature?

A

All elements in group 0 are colourless gases at room temperature

41
Q

Because the noble gases are inert, what are they?

A

Because the noble gases are inert, they are non-flammable, they won’t set on fire

42
Q

The trends as you go down group 0

A

The trends as you go down group 0 are:

  1. Boiling points increase
  2. Relative atomic mass increases
43
Q

As you go down group 0, the boiling points increase.

What is the increase in boiling point due to?

A

The increase in boiling point is due to an increase in the number of electrons in each atom leading to greater intermolecular forces between them that need to be overcome

44
Q

The main difference between metals and non-metals is that metals conduct electricity but non-metals generally are electrical insulators.
Notable exceptions are what?

A

Notable exceptions are some forms of carbon

45
Q

Chemists have managed to make a few compounds from the larger noble gases.
These contain what?

A

These contain the most reactive non-metallic elements:

  1. Fluorine
  2. Oxygen
46
Q

Chemists have managed to make a few compounds from the larger noble gases.
These contain the most reactive non-metallic elements, fluorine and oxygen, for example in the compounds what?

A

These contain the most reactive non-metallic elements, fluorine and oxygen, for example in the compounds:

  1. XeF6
  2. XeO4
47
Q

Why do atoms generally react?

A

Atoms generally react to form a full outer shell

48
Q

Atoms generally react to form a full outer shell, via what?

A 
Atoms generally react to form a full outer shell, via:
1. Losing
2. Gaining
Or,
2. Sharing electrons
49
Q

Metals to the left of the periodic table do not have many electrons to remove.
Metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have outer electrons which are a long way from the nucleus, so what?

A

Metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have outer electrons which are a long way from the nucleus, so feel a weaker attraction

50
Q
  1. Metals to the left of the periodic table do not have many electrons to remove.
  2. Metals towards the bottom of the periodic table have outer electrons which are a long way from the nucleus so feel a weaker attraction.
    Both of these effects mean that not much energy is needed to remove the electrons, so it’s feasible for these elements to do what?
A

Both of these effects mean that not much energy is needed to remove the electrons, so it’s feasible for these elements to react to form positive ions with a full outer shell

51
Q

It’s feasible for metals elements to react to form positive ions with a full outer shell.
It is much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions, because they are either to the right of the periodic table, where they have what, or, towards the top of the periodic table?

A

It is much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions, because they are either:
1. To the right of the periodic table, where they have lots of electrons to remove to get a full outer shell
Or,
2. Towards the top of the periodic table

52
Q

It’s feasible for metals elements to react to form positive ions with a full outer shell.
It is much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions, because they are either to the right of the periodic table, or towards the top of the periodic table, where what?

A

It is much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions, because they are either:
1. To the right of the periodic table
Or,
2. Towards the top of the periodic table, where the outer electrons are close to the nucleus so feel a strong attraction

53
Q

It’s feasible for metals elements to react to form positive ions with a full outer shell.
It is much more difficult for non-metals to form positive ions, because they are either to the right of the periodic table, where they have lots of electrons to remove to get a full outer shell, or towards the top of the periodic table, where the outer electrons are close to the nucleus so feel a strong attraction.
It is far more feasible for them to do what to get a full outer shell?

A 
It is far more feasible for them to either:
1. Share
Or,
2. Gain
electrons to get a full outer shell
54
Q

All metals have metallic bonding, which causes them to have what?

A

All metals have metallic bonding, which causes them to have similar basic physical properties:

  1. They’re strong (hard to break), but can be bent or hammered into different shapes (malleable)
  2. They’re good at conducting heat and electricity
  3. They have high boiling and melting points
55
Q

The atoms of noble gases have 8 electrons in their outermost shell, making the atoms what?

A

The atoms of noble gases have 8 electrons in their outermost shell, making the atoms very stable

56
Q

The atoms of noble gases have 8 electrons in their outermost shell, making the atoms very stable.
The exception is the first of the noble gases, helium, which has just 2 electrons in its outermost shell, but this complete first shell is also what?

A

The exception is the first of the noble gases, helium, which has just 2 electrons in its outermost shell, but this complete first shell is also a very stable electronic structure

57
Q

The noble gases do not react with very much and you can’t even what?

A

The noble gases do not react with very much and you can’t even see them

GCSE Chemistry COPY (70 decks)

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