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GCSE Chemistry COPY > C3.1 - States of matter > Flashcards

C3.1 - States of matter Flashcards

1
Q

What are the majority of substances classified as?

A 
The majority of substances are classified as:
1. Solids
2. Liquids
Or,
3. Gases
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2
Q

The majority of substances are classified as solids, liquids or gases.
What are these called?

A
  1. Solids
  2. Liquids
  3. Gases
    are called the 3 states of matter
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3
Q

What do solids have?

A

Solids have a fixed:

  1. Shape
  2. Volume
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4
Q

Solids have a fixed shape and volume.

What cannot they be?

A

Solids cannot be compressed

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5
Q

What do liquids have?

A

Liquids have a fixed volume

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6
Q

Liquids have a fixed volume, but what can they do?

A

Liquids have a fixed volume, but they can:

  1. Flow
  2. Change their shape
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7
Q

Liquids occupy what than when solid?

A

Liquids occupy just slightly more space than when solid

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8
Q

Liquids occupy just slightly more space than when solid.

What are exceptions?

A

Exceptions are:

  1. Water
  2. Ice
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9
Q

What do gases have?

A

Gases have no fixed:
1. Shape
Or,
2. Volume

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10
Q

Gases can be what easily?

A

Gases can be compressed easily

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11
Q

What is used to explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases?

A

The particle theory is used to explain the properties of:

  1. Solids
  2. Liquids
  3. Gases
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12
Q

To explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases, the particle theory is used.
What is particle theory based on?

A

Particle theory is based on the fact that all matter is made up of tiny particles

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13
Q

To explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases, the particle theory is used.
Particle theory is based on the fact that all matter is made up of tiny particles.
What does particle theory describe?

A

Particle theory describes the:

  1. Movement of the particles
  2. Average distance between particles
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14
Q

In a solid, each particle is what?

A

In a solid, each particle is touching its nearest neighbours

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15
Q

In a liquid, the particles are what?

A

In a liquid, the particles are very close together

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16
Q

In a gas, the particles have, on average, what?

A

In a gas, the particles have, on average, much more space between them than the particles in a:
1. Solid
Or,
2. Liquid

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17
Q

What is the pressure of a gas caused by?

A

The pressure of a gas is caused by the particles colliding with the sides of the container

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18
Q

The pressure of a gas is caused by the particles colliding with the sides of the container.
What happens the more frequent and energetic the collisions are?

A

The more:
1. Frequent
2. Energetic
the collisions, the higher the pressure of the gas

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19
Q

The pressure of a gas is caused by the particles colliding with the sides of the container.
The more frequent and energetic the collisions, the higher the pressure of the gas.
So, in a sealed container, what does the pressure of the gas do?

A

In a sealed container, the pressure of the gas increases with temperature

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20
Q

When does a solid turn into a liquid?

A

A solid turns into a liquid at its melting point

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21
Q

A solid turns into a liquid at its melting point.

What is this the same temperature as?

A 
Its melting point is the same temperature at which the liquid:
1. Freezes
Or,
2. Solidifies
back into a solid
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22
Q

What happens the hotter a solid is?

A

The hotter a solid is, the faster its particles vibrate

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23
Q

The hotter a solid is, the faster its particles vibrate.

What eventually happens?

A

Eventually, the vibrations will be so strong that the particles begin to break free from their neighbours

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24
Q

The hotter a solid is, the faster its particles vibrate
Eventually, the vibrations will be so strong that the particles begin to break free from their neighbours.
What happens at this point?

A

At this point, the solid:

  1. Starts to melt
  2. Becomes a liquid
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25
When does a liquid turn into a gas?
A liquid turns into a gas at its boiling point
26
A liquid turns into a gas at its boiling point. | What does a gas do, at the same temperature?
At the same temperature, the gas condenses back into the liquid
27
What happens the hotter a liquid is?
The hotter a liquid is, the faster its particles move around
28
The hotter a liquid is, the faster its particles move around. What happens as the temperature rises?
As the temperature rises: 1. More and more energy is transferred from the surroundings to the particles 2. The particles escape from the surface of the liquid
29
The hotter a liquid is, the faster its particles move around. As the temperature rises, more and more energy is transferred from the surroundings to the particles and the particles escape from the surface of the liquid. Its rate of what increases?
Its rate of evaporation increases
30
The hotter a liquid is, the faster its particles move around As the temperature rises, more and more energy is transferred from the surroundings to the particles and the particles escape from the surface of the liquid Its rate of evaporation increases Eventually, what happens?
Eventually: 1. The liquid boils 2. Bubbles of gas rise and escape from within the liquid
31
Each change of state is what?
Each change of state is reversible
32
Each change of state is reversible. | What are they examples of?
They are examples of physical changes
33
What is formed during changes of state?
No new substances are formed in changes of state
34
No new substances are formed in changes of state. | What is it that differs and affects the properties of the substance at different temperature?
It is the: 1. Movement 2. Arrangement of the particles that differ and affect the properties of the substance at different temperatures
35
What do substances with higher melting points and boiling points have?
Substances with higher: 1. Melting points 2. Boiling points have stronger forces operating between their particles (intermolecular forces)
36
When you monitor the temperature of a solid as you heat it to beyond its melting point in terms of a graph/the heating curve of a solid, the temperature stops rising at what?
When you monitor the temperature of a solid as you heat it to beyond its melting point in terms of a graph/the heating curve of a solid, the temperature stops rising at the solid's melting point
37
What has happened to the solid at its melting point?
At its melting point, enough energy is transferred from the surroundings to the solid for the forces between the particles in the solid (intermolecular forces) to break
38
At its melting point, enough energy is transferred from the surroundings to the solid for the forces between the particles in the solid (intermolecular forces) to break. What does this enable?
This enables the particles to: 1. Break away from their fixed positions in the solid 2. Start moving around
39
Once all of a solid has melted, what causes the temperature of the liquid to continue to rise as expected?
Once all of a solid has melted, the transfer of energy from the surroundings to the substance causes the temperature of the liquid to continue to rise as expected
40
Changes of state in which you cool down a substance involve what?
Changes of state in which you cool down a substance involve particles becoming closer together
41
In changes of state in which you cool down a substance, when does the cooling cease?
In changes of state in which you cool down a substance, the cooling ceases at the: 1. Boiling point 2. Melting point
42
Sublimation
Sublimation is the change of state when a solid: 1. Is heated 2. Changes directly to a gas without melting (it does not pass through the liquid phase)
43
What does the simple particle model assume?
The simple particle model assumes that particles are made up of solid spheres with no forces operating between them
44
The simple particle model assumes that particles are made up of solid spheres with no forces operating between them. When is this useful?
This is useful when comparing the properties of: 1. Solids 2. Liquids 3. Gases
45
The simple particle model assumes that particles are made up of solid spheres with no forces operating between them. This is useful when comparing the properties of solids, liquids and gases, but what are the particles that make up substances?
``` This is useful when comparing the properties of solids, liquids and gases, but the particles that make up substances are: 1. Atoms 2. Molecules Or, 3. Ions ```
46
The simple particle model assumes that particles are made up of solid spheres with no forces operating between them. This is useful when comparing the properties of solids, liquids and gases, but the particles that make up substances are atoms, molecules or ions. They can vary in size from what to what?
They can vary in size from the: 1. Small He atoms in helium gas To 2. Polymer molecules in plastics
47
The simple particle model assumes that particles are made up of solid spheres with no forces operating between them. This is useful when comparing the properties of solids, liquids and gases, but the particles that make up substances are atoms, molecules or ions. They can vary in size from the small He atoms in helium gas to the polymer molecules in plastics, which can contain many thousands of atoms and are not spherical. What can distort the shape of these atoms, molecules or ions?
``` The interactions between: 1. Neighbouring atoms 2. Molecules 3. Ions can also distort their shapes ```
48
What are atoms?
Atoms are mostly empty space
49
In a solid, each particle is touching its nearest neighbours and they remain in this what?
In a solid, each particle is touching its nearest neighbours and they remain in this fixed arrangement
50
In a solid, each particle is touching its nearest neighbours and they remain in this fixed arrangement. They cannot do what?
They cannot move around
51
In a solid, each particle is touching its nearest neighbours and they remain in this fixed arrangement. They cannot move around, but they do what?
They cannot move around, but they do vibrate constantly
52
In a liquid, the particles are very close together, but they can what?
In a liquid, the particles are very close together, but they can: 1. Slip and slide over each other 2. Move past each other
53
In a liquid, the particles are very close together, but they can slip and slide over each other and move past each other This results in what?
This results in a constantly changing, random arrangement of particles
54
In a gas, the particles have, on average, much more space between them than the particles in a solid, or a liquid. How can they move around?
They can move around at high speeds in any direction
55
In a gas, the particles have, on average, much more space between them than the particles in a solid, or a liquid. They can move around at high speeds in any direction. This means the particles have what?
This means the particles have a random arrangement
56
In a gas, the particles have, on average, much more space between them than the particles in a solid, or a liquid. They can move around at high speeds in any direction. This means the particles have a random arrangement. What happens the hotter the gas is?
The hotter the gas is, the faster the particles move
57
The pressure of a gas is caused by the particles colliding with the sides of the container. How do the particles move?
The particles move very quickly in all directions
58
The pressure of a gas is caused by the particles colliding with the sides of the container. The particles move very quickly in all directions. What happens as the particles bash against the walls of the container?
As the particles bash against the walls of the container, they exert a force that causes pressure
59
No new substances are formed in changes of state. | Example
For example, water molecules, H2O, are the same in ice as they are in: 1. Liquid water Or, 2. Water vapour
60
It is the movement and arrangement of the particles that differ and affect the properties of the substance at different temperatures, not what?
It is the: 1. Movement 2. Arrangement of the particles that differ and affect the properties of the substance at different temperatures, not any change in the particles themselves
61
When you monitor the temperature of a solid as you heat it to beyond its melting point in terms of a graph/the heating curve of a solid, the temperature stops rising at the solid's melting point. Then it what until all the solid has melted?
Then it remains constant until all the solid has melted
62
When you monitor the temperature of a solid as you heat it to beyond its melting point in terms of a graph/the heating curve of a solid, the temperature stops rising at the solid's melting point. Then it remains constant until all the solid has melted and only then starts to what?
Then it remains constant until all the solid has melted and only then starts to rise again
63
Changes of state in which you cool down a substance involve particles becoming closer together, such as what?
Changes of state in which you cool down a substance involve particles becoming closer together, such as: 1. Condensing 2. Freezing (solidifying)
64
In changes of state in which you cool down a substance, the cooling ceases at the boiling point and melting point, because what?
In changes of state in which you cool down a substance, the cooling ceases at the: 1. Boiling point 2. Melting point ,because energy is transferred from the substance to the surroundings as stronger forces form between particles
65
The simple particle model assumes that particles are made up of solid spheres with no forces operating between them. This is useful when comparing the properties of solids, liquids and gases, but the particles that make up substances are atoms, molecules or ions. They can vary in size from the small He atoms in helium gas to the polymer molecules in plastics, which can contain what?
They can vary in size from the: 1. Small He atoms in helium gas To 2. Polymer molecules in plastics, which can contain many thousands of atoms and are not spherical
66
Atoms are mostly empty space, so real particles are what?
Atoms are mostly empty space, so real particles are not solid at all

GCSE Chemistry COPY (70 decks)

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