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IB Biology > C2.2 Neural Signaling > Flashcards

C2.2 Neural Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is ____ millivolts

A

-70

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2
Q

Identify which ion plays a key role in generating an action potential.

A

Sodium (Na+)

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3
Q

An R^2 value closer to 1 represents..

A

a strong, positive correlation

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4
Q

An R^2 value closer to -1 represents..

A

a strong, negative correlation

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5
Q

During the resting potential, the inside of the neuron is negatively charged due to a higher concentration of
_________ ions inside the cell.

A

potassium

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6
Q

A larger axon diameter leads to ____ conduction speed.

A

faster

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7
Q

The junction between two neurons is called a ____.

A

synapse

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8
Q

Identify the name for a junction between a neuron and a muscle fibre.

A

neuromuscular junction

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9
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters cause the postsynaptic membrane to become more ____ by allowing the entry of _____ ions.

A

positive, sodium

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10
Q

Acetylcholine released from the presynaptic membrane travels to the postsynaptic membrane through the process of _____.

A

diffusion

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11
Q

C. ____ potential arrives at presynaptic membrane.
B. Ca2+ diffuses into the ____ knob.
A. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels ____.
D. Vesicles containing _____ move towards the presynaptic membrane.
F. Vesicles fuse with the ______ membrane.
E. Neurotransmitter is released in the synaptic ____.

A

action, presynaptic, open, acetylcholine, presynaptic, cleft

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12
Q

During depolarisation
______
ions flood inside the neuron.

A

sodium

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13
Q

An action potential is generated from the axon hillock only if the impulse crosses the threshold potential.

A

t

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14
Q

The conduction of an impulse through a myelinated neuron is called ____ conduction.

A

saltatory

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15
Q

Exogenous substances ________.

A

originate outside the body.

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16
Q

Cocaine affects the brain since it blocks the reuptake of ____.

A

dopamine

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17
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials increase membrane permeability of
______ ions into the cell.

A

chloride

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18
Q

What would cause action potential to be generated in the postsynaptic neuron?

A

In the presynaptic neuron, depolarisation at the axon hillock exceeds the threshold for excitation.

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19
Q

Summation takes into consideration both the ___ and _____ impulses.

A

excitatory, inhibitory

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20
Q

Identify the receptors for fine, discriminative touch and vibration in human skin.

A

Meissner corpuscles

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21
Q

________ is a shift in membrane potential toward a more positive state, whereas ______ is the return of the membrane potential to its resting state after depolarisation.

A

depolarisation, repolarisation

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22
Q

The rapid conduction of an action potential in myelinated nerve fibres is known as _______ .

A

Saltatory conduction

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23
Q

_____ is the process by which an action potential travels along a nerve fibre or axon.

A

Nerve impulse propagation

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24
Q

What do dendrites, axon and cell body do in a neuron?

A

dendrites: receive sensory information from environment
axon: long extension that carries electricals signal to the axon terminal
cell body(soma): contain nucleus/other organelles

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25
Q

Define membrane potential.

A

voltage created by the imbalance in charges(ions) between the inside and outside of the cell membrane

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26
Q

Define resting potential.

A

active transport by the sodium potassium pump allows neuron to establish membrane potential of -70 millivolts

27
Q

Outline three mechanisms that together create the resting potential in a neuron.

A

inside neuron: relatively negative
(-70 millivolts)
- sodium ions outside of cell
- action performed by sodium potassium pump

28
Q

State the voltage of the resting potential.

A

-70 (millivolts) mV

29
Q

Outline the six steps of sodium-potassium pump action.

A

1.) gets 3 sodium from inside the cell
2.) ATP gives phosphate group
3.) pump changes shape & release sodium into extracellular space
4.) 2 potassium bind to pump
5.) Phosphate leaves
6.) pump returns to former shape & potassium enters cell

30
Q

Define nerve impulse.

A

a signal transmitted along a nerve fiber. It consists of a wave of electrical depolarization that reverses the potential difference across the nerve cell membranes.
-happen in one direction

31
Q

Define action potential.

A

a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane.

32
Q

Explain the difference in nerve impulse speed for myelinated and unmyelinated fibers.

A
  • ONLY myelinated CAN do saltatory conduction
  • impulse can jump from node to node instead of going in/out including myelin sheath
33
Q

State the correlation between conduction speed of nerve impulses and animal size. ​

A

larger animals: slower reflex
- neurons need to travel farther

34
Q

Saltatory conduction allows the impulse to travel much _____ than in an unmyelinated axon of the same diameter.

A

faster; (50 times)

35
Q

Define synapse, synaptic gap and effector.

A

space between 2 neurons where the communicate, the space in between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another and is where the electrical signal is translated to a chemical signal, nerve cells that respond to a stimulus according to the instructions sent from the nervous system (mainly muscles)

36
Q

List examples of effector cells.

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

37
Q

A signal can only pass in _______ across a typical synapse and the role of neurotransmitters is _________.

A

one direction, chemical messenger that carry out info. at the synapse

38
Q

______ functions as a chemical signal triggering _____ of neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell.

A

Calcium, exocytosis

39
Q

Acetylcholine is one of the most _____ neurotransmitters in both invertebrates and _____ and is used as the neurotransmitter in many synapses including between neurons and ___ fibers.

A

common, vertebrates, muscle

40
Q

In a postsynaptic cell, neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic gap through the process of ______.

A

exocytosis, diffusion

41
Q

In a cell each neurotransmitter has a specific _____ it can bind to. This ligand gated channel often causes the opening of ____ in the postsynaptic membrane.

A

receptor, ion channel

42
Q

Gated ion channels: _______

A

allow positive ions to come in which cause depolarization - more likely to fire action potential

43
Q

The minimum millivolts to fire an action potential is _____.

A

threshold potential

44
Q

Outline the digestion of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase.

A

acetylcholinesterase breaks it into acetate and choline

45
Q

An action potential is only initiated if the ______ potential is reached.

A

threshold (-50 mV)

46
Q

Define depolarization.

A

positive voltage from sodium ions in the cell

47
Q

Outline the mechanism of depolarization during an action potential using voltage gated sodium channels.

A

-threshold potential exceeds -50

48
Q

Define repolarization.

A

The efflux(move out) of potassium (K+) ions results in the falling phase of an action potential.

49
Q

Outline the mechanism of repolarization during an action potential using voltage gated potassium channels.

A

potassium leaves the cell, repolarizing the cell and making it negative

50
Q

depolarization and repolarization are both examples of ______.

A

facilitated diffusion

51
Q

A wave of depolarization and repolarization cause ______ to open along the length of an axon

A

ion channels

52
Q

Describe the movement of sodium ions in a local current.

A

The influx of sodium ions generates the action potential, which then triggers neighboring regions to depolarize and propagate the signal down the axon.

53
Q

Local currents cause each _____ part of the axon to reach the threshold potential.

A

successive

54
Q

Explain how the movement of sodium ions propagates an action potential along an axon.

A

The influx of sodium ions generates the action potential, which then triggers neighboring regions to depolarize and propagate the signal down the axon.

55
Q

Outline the cause and consequence of the refractory period after depolarization.

A

action potential absolutely cannot fire again due to all of the voltage-gated sodium channels being inactivated
-cell has positive charge

56
Q

Outline the use of oscilloscopes:

A

Measures membrane potential using electrodes

57
Q

Annotate an oscilloscope trace to show the resting potential, action potential, threshold potential, and refractory period

A

{view graph}

58
Q

In myelinated neurons, the Na+ and K+ ion channels are clustered down the axon at ________.

A

nodes of Ranvier

59
Q

Outline the effects of neonicotinoids on synaptic transmission.

A

-bind to acetylcholine receptors
-depolarization in cell doesn’t occur; action potential doesn’t fire
- irreversible change affects insects by causing death

60
Q

Outline the effects of cocaine on synaptic transmission.

A

synaptic transmission promoter-
-blocks the reuptake of dopamine into brain
-too many dopamine messages into postsynaptic neuron
-feelings of happiness/euphoria
-forget other important messages the brain is sending “don’t jump off the cliff”

61
Q

exogenous substances ______.

A

originate from outside of the body

62
Q

Sensory neurons respond to pain by sending signals to the ________________. If enough excitatory neurotransmitters are released _________________

A

central nervous system

63
Q

State the term that describes the accumulative effect of multiple releases of neurotransmitters to trigger an action potential.

A

summation

64
Q

Excess acetylcholine in the synaptic space is broken down into choline and acetate by acetylcholinesterase. What happens to the choline?

A

The choline is reabsorbed back into the presynaptic neuron.

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