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IB Biology > B2.2 > Flashcards

B2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the advantage of the separation of the nucleus and the cytoplasm in regard to protein synthesis?

A

The genetic code for protein making is separated from external organelles.

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2
Q

What is the advantage of compartmentalisation?

A

The advantage of compartmentalisation in cells is that the cell can separate chemical reactions and other cellular processes. This allows the cell to increase the rate of chemical reactions.

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3
Q

true or false? Most organelles are membrane-bound and are found in eukaryotic organisms.

A

true

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4
Q

Why are the cytoplasm and nucleus separated in eukaryotic cells?

A

to prevent protein synthesis before post-transcriptional modification of mRNA,

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5
Q

Identify the main function of the thylakoid membranes in photosynthesis.

A

to increase surface area for photosynthesis in chloroplast

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6
Q

Identify the role of the space surrounded by the inner membrane of the thylakoid in photosynthesis.

A

to contain all the enzymes and substrates required for photosynthesis

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7
Q

What is the role of the cristae in the inner membrane in cell respiration?

A

to increase the surface area of the inner membrane

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8
Q

Identify the purpose of the enclosed space called the ‘matrix’ in cellular respiration.

A

to contain high concentrations of enzymes for cell respiration

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9
Q

Chloroplast Outer membrane corresponds to Mitochondrion _________

A

outer membrane

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10
Q

Chloroplast granum corresponds to Mitochondrion _________

A

inner membrane

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11
Q

Chloroplast ______ corresponds to Mitochondrion Intermembrane space

A

thylakoid

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12
Q

Chloroplast thylakoid space corresponds to Mitochondrion ______.

A

Matrix

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13
Q

Chloroplast Stroma corresponds to Mitochondrion ______.

A

Cristae.

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14
Q

Identify the role of clathrin in vesicle formation.

A

It acts as a scaffold and brings together the machinery needed to shape and pinch off a piece of the membrane.

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15
Q

Identify the function of the Golgi apparatus.

A

sorting of proteins

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16
Q

Where are bound ribosomes located?

A

on the cytosolic side of the ER membrane

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17
Q

The purpose of the ER signal sequence in mRNA is to direct ribosomes to the ER membrane.

A

true

18
Q

_________ contain a different set of enzymes from lysosomes and are involved in detoxification of harmful compounds and lipid metabolism.

A

Peroxisomes

19
Q

Organelles are _____ parts within a cell that perform specific functions.

A

specialised

20
Q

Compartmentalisation refers to the separation of different functions and processes in a cell into different _______ or structures by plasma membranes.

A

regions

21
Q

Only __________ cells have membrane-bound organelles.

A

eukaryotic

22
Q

The advantage of ________ is that it helps the cell to increase the speed of chemical reactions and keep specific processes in specific places.

A

compartmentalisation

23
Q

Lysosomes are an example of compartmentalised spaces that ______ down waste materials in the cell.

A

break

24
Q

The cytoskeleton and cell wall are not considered organelles because they are not surrounded by a _______ and do not have specific metabolic functions.

A

membrane

25
Q

_________, which make proteins, are considered organelles even though they are not membrane-bound.

A

ribosomes

26
Q

Eukaryotic cells have a ______ that is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane.

A

nucleus

27
Q

The compartmentalisation of the nucleus allows for post-transcriptional modification and communication between the ________ and nucleus.

A

cytoplasm

28
Q

Small compartments can increase the ________ of enzymes and other molecules which increase the rate of chemical reaction.

A

concentration

29
Q

The _____ contain an inner membrane with folds called cristae, which provide a large surface area for cell respiration.

A

mitochondria

30
Q

The _______ within the inner membrane holds high concentrations of enzymes and other molecules.

A

matrix

31
Q

The intermembrane space allows for a ____ concentration of H+ ions, used by ATP synthase to generate ATP.

A

high

32
Q

In photosynthesis, thylakoid membranes are stacked for ______ light absorption.

A

maximum

33
Q

Thylakoid membranes separate the _______.

A

stroma

34
Q

The double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the _________.

A

nuclear membrane

35
Q

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has attached ribosomes and produces proteins for _____ outside the cell.

A

export

36
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes and produces proteins for use ______ the cell. ______ are small membrane-bound structures that transport and store materials in the cell, including proteins, lipids, and RNA.

A

inside, vesicles

37
Q

_______ plays a key role in the formation of vesicles.

A

Clathrin

38
Q

What is the function of the photosystems I and II in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast?

A

-To produce glucose.
-Photosystem I and II absorb sunlight. The energy from this sunlight is used to power the transfer of electrons from water to carbon dioxide. This electron transfer ultimately generates glucose.

39
Q

Where are carbohydrates made in the chloroplast?

A

In the stroma (cytoplasm - alike)
- The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts. Carbohydrates are formed from the condensation of triose phosphate molecules.

40
Q

The complete set of proteins that an organism can make is termed the organism’s _______.

A

proteome (mRNA protein making name)

41
Q

What is the benefit of the double membrane of the nucleus in maintaining the stability of genetic information?

A

It prevents the loss of DNA to the cytoplasm

42
Q

Which of the following statements is correct about the structure of mitochondrial matrix?

A

The matrix contains enzymes vital for the link reaction and Krebs cycle.

The matrix space contains a lot of enzymes and other molecules in high concentration needed for the Krebs cycle, a key pathway in cell respiration.

IB Biology (25 decks)

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