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IB Biology > B2.3 > Flashcards

B2.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

State that a zygote is an _________________________________________________.

A

unspecialized cell produced from fertilization.

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2
Q

Outline the impact of chemical gradients on gene expression within an early-stage embryo. ​

A

The position within the embryo determines how it differentiates. Gradients of signaling chemicals called morphogens impact gene expression and as a result, differentiation of the cell. Morphogens control patterning during embryonic development to orchestrate the formation of tissues and organs.

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3
Q

Cells develop from __________ into ___________ states via ________.

A

unspecialized, specialized, differentiation

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4
Q

Cell specialization allows cells to perform a function with __________. Cells can develop into specific _____________. They can create proteins needed to carry out specific ______________.

A

increased efficiency, shapes and sizes, metabolic reactions

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5
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

It is the development of specialized structures and functions in cells. It occurs when different cell types express different genes.

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6
Q

Morphogens play a vital role in ________, _______, _______. An example is _______ which switches genes off and on.

A

cell growth, differentiation, organ development, Retinoic acid

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7
Q

Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can:
1. ______________
2. ______________

A

Divide and replicate indefinitely to create more stem cells, They can differentiate into specific cell types to form a multicellular organism

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8
Q

What is a stem cell niche?

A

A specific region/location within the tissues where stem cells reside. It is designated to based on function.

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9
Q

Outline the location and function of two types of multipotent stem cells in an adult human body.​​

A

-Bone marrow is located in the hematopoietic stem cell niche. —The niche provides protection and physical and chemical signals to enable differentiation into different types of blood cells.
-Hair follicle stem cells are located in the hair follicle stem cell niche.
-The niche provides protection and physical and chemical signals to enable differentiation into different types of skin cells.

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10
Q

What is totipotent? Give an example.

A

Can differentiate into any type of cell including placental cells. Can give rise to a complete organism. Ex. Zygote

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11
Q

What is pluripotent? Give an example.

A

Can differentiate into all body cells, but cannot give rise to a whole organism. Ex. Embryo

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12
Q

What is multipotent? Give an example.

A

Can differentiate into a few closely related types of body cell. Ex. Tissue stem cells

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13
Q

Explain why pluripotent stem cells are most prevalent in the early embryonic development of a multicellular organism.​

A

Pluripotent stem cells have the capability to differentiate into all types of body cells which help the early growth of a multicellular organism.

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14
Q

Relate the relative cell size to the specialized function of sperm.

A

Long and narrow cells, adapted to reduce resistance as sperm moves towards egg

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15
Q

Relate the relative cell size to the specialized function of egg.

A

Large and spherical cells, stores all the materials and nutrients for development of the embryo.

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16
Q

Relate the relative cell size to the specialized function of red blood cell

A

Biconcave disk shape with small width, they can fit through narrow capillary vessels/ maximizes their SA to Volume ratio so they can load oxygen faster

17
Q

Relate the relative cell size to the specialized function of white blood cell​.

A

Small when inactive but increases in size when exposed to infection, Increase in cell size is associated with introduction to infection. This is due to increases in Rough-ER and Golgi apparatuses used to make and secrete antibody proteins.

18
Q

Relate the relative cell size to the specialized function of cerebellum neuron cell.

A

The cell body is very small with narrow long axons, the small size allows the brain to densely pack.

19
Q

Relate the relative cell size to the specialized function of motor neuron cell.

A

It has a large cell body with narrow axon, allows for rapid transmission of information along great distances

20
Q

Relate the relative cell size to the specialized function of striated muscle fibers.​

A

long, narrow, cylindrical shaped cells, which allows for greater length of contraction

21
Q

Outline the activities occurring in the volume and at the surface of the cell.

A

A cell’s surface area is the lipid bilayer of the cell, it regulates the exchange of materials into/out of the cell.

The internal regions of the cell are what constitute the cell’s volume. Metabolic reactions take place and require gasses and chemical nutrients.

22
Q

Calculate the surface area, volume and SA:V ratio of a cube.

A

(6a^2)/(a^3)

23
Q

Describe the relationship between cell size and the SA:V ratio of the cell.

A

Small cells have a large SA:V ratio - it requires fewer metabolic nutrients and waste to be transported through the cell.

Large cells have smaller SA:V ratio - it requires many metabolic nutrients and waste to be transported through the cell.

24
Q

Explain why cells are often limited in size by the SA:V ratio.

A

To ensure that the exchange of resources and waste occurs quickly enough for the cell to survive.

25
Q

Explain the benefits and limitations of using cubes to model the surface area and volume of a cell.

A

Benefit: the relationship of SA:V in cubes is similar to cells. Cubes can be manipulated and easily measured whereas cells are difficult to measure to their microscopic shape.
Limitation: Most cells aren’t cubic in shape

26
Q

List two examples of cells that are specialized for exchange of materials and have adaptations to increase the SA:V ratio.

A
  • Red blood cells exchange and transport oxygen. They have a thin and flat shape.
    -Epidermis cells have long and thin extensions which allow them to form root hairs in a plant.
27
Q

Outline three adaptations of cells that maximize the SA: volume ratio.

A

-More membrane=more surface area for exchange.
-Cells can increase the SA:V ratio by:
- forming long, thin extensions
- having a thin, flat shape
- forming invaginations or microvilli

28
Q

Define “alveolar epithelium.”

A

Alveoli are microscopic balloon-shaped structures located at the end of the respiratory tree.

29
Q

Outline the structure and function of type I pneumocytes.

A

Type I pneumocytes are involved in the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries. They are squamous (flattened) in shape and extremely thin, minimising diffusion distance for respiratory gases.

30
Q

Outline the structure and function of type II pneumocytes.

A
  • They are cuboidal in shape and possess many granules (for storing surfactant components).
  • Type II pneumocytes are responsible for the secretion of pulmonary surfactant, which reduces surface tension in the alveoli
31
Q

Describe two functions of the fluid secreted by type II pneumocytes.

A

Keeps alveoli from collapsing, allows oxygen to dissolve and diffuse into the blood of adjacent capillaries, and provides area where carbon dioxide can evaporate into the air and be exhaled.

32
Q

List three types of muscle tissue found in the human body.

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

33
Q

Outline the relationship between skeletal muscles, muscle fibre cells and myofibrils.

A

Skeletal muscle is a highly organized tissue composed of bundles of muscle fibers (called myofibers) which contain several myofibrils.

34
Q

Compare and contrast cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue.

A

Skeletal muscles support the bones to maintain posture as well as control voluntary movement. Skeletal muscle also contributes to energy metabolism and storage. Cardiac muscle propels blood and leads to proper oxygenation and maintenance of each cell that comprises the human body.

35
Q

Describe how the Y-shape, intercalated discs and gap junctions of cardiac muscle cells allow for propagation of the stimulus to contract.

A

allows a wave of depolarization to pass easily from one cell to a network of other cells and a synchronization of contraction.

36
Q

State the function of gamete cells.

A

A gamete is a reproductive cell of an animal or plant. Ova and sperm are haploid cells. During fertilization, a sperm and ovum unite to form a new diploid organism.

37
Q

Compare the size, and motility of egg and sperm cells.

A

Sperm is the male gamete which is long, motile, flagellated cell and is differentiated into head, neck, middle piece and tail, though they are comparatively smaller in size. the ovum is the female gamete, where the cells are rounded spheres and non-motile, though not differentiated into different parts, and the cells

IB Biology (13 decks)

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