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IB Biology > C1.2 > Flashcards

C1.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the structure of ATP.

A

-a nucleoside triphosphate:
nitrogenous base (adenine)
ribose sugar
three serially bonded(in a series) phosphate groups

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2
Q

Outline properties of ATP that make it suitable for the use as an energy currency within cells. ​

A

phosphate groups that link through phosphodiester bonds. ATP can break into energy and ADP.
ADP can use energy and build bond make ATP.

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3
Q

Outline example cellular processes that require use of ATP.

A

intracellular signaling - cells use energy to communicate with each other. ATP can serve as a substrate for kinases (enzyme). When a kinase phosphorylates a ATP -binding protein, a signaling cascade can be activated.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT- sodium potassium pump/ use ATP to move ions against concentration gradient

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4
Q

Describe the ATP-ADP cycle, including the relative amount of energy and the roles of hydrolysis and phosphorylation.

A

The conversion of ADP to ATP and back again is known at the ATP-ADP cycle. The concentration of each molecule is dependent upon the body’s current energy needs.

Hydrolysis - ATP synthase breaks down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Phosphorylation -ADP is converted into ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase.

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5
Q

State why heat is generated during the ATP-ADP cycle.

A

ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat

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6
Q

Define cellular respiration.

A

biochemical process that releases energy from carbon compounds to produce ATP
(universal process)

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7
Q

Distinguish between cellular respiration and gas exchange.

A

Gas exchange: The diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of cells. (Breathing)
Cell Respiration: releases energy from carbon compounds to produce ATP

BOTH ventilation - movements supply fresh air

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8
Q

List reasons why cellular respiration must be continuously performed by all cells.

A

the purpose of cellular respiration is to make energy, or ATP, for the cell. All cellular processes require ATP and ATP is necessary to keep all cells alive. Aerobic make more ATP than aenaerobic.

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9
Q

List common substrates of cellular respiration. ​

A

Glucose and fatty acids. however they can use other organic molecules (contain carbon).

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10
Q

Compare and contrast anaerobic fermentation and aerobic respiration.​

A

AEROBIC
-makes 30 ATP
-with oxygen
-cytoplasm then mitochondria
- CO2 + H20
-uses up carbs, lipids, amino acids
ANAEROBIC
-makes 2 ATP
-without oxygen
-cytoplasm
-produce lactate(lactic acid)
-uses only carbs

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11
Q

Identify the manipulated (independent), responding (dependent) and controlled variation in experiments of variables affecting the rate of cell respiration.

A

Respirometers - measure oxygen consumption through measuring volume of water
INDEPENDENT - different organism, temp.,respiratory substrates
DEPENDENT - Water enter the respirometer due to the decrease in oxygen levels as it is consumed by the organism.
CONTROL - temperature, pressure

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12
Q

List three approaches for determining the rate of cellular respiration.

A

Rate= change/time
- measure the increase in CO2 concentration
- measure decrease in oxygen (O2) concentration
- measure decrease in glucose concentration

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13
Q

Describe three investigative techniques for measuring the effect of a variable on the rate of cellular respiration.

A

INDEPENDENT - different organisms, temp., respiratory substrates (lime)

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14
Q

State why NAD must be regenerated in anaerobic respiration.

A
  • NAD is regenerated to be added and continue the cycle of glycolysis
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15
Q

Compare anaerobic respiration in yeasts and humans.

A

glucose —> pyruvate
(with oxygen) Humans - carbon dioxide and water
(without oxygen) yeast -carbon dioxide + ethanol
(without oxygen) human - lactate

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16
Q

Outline the process of regenerating NAD and production of lactate in humans during anaerobic respiration.

A

pyruvate converts to lactate
- reduced NAD(NADH) becomes NAD
- donates hydrogen electron to form lactate
- NAD goes back to glycolysis

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17
Q

State the condition in which humans would perform anaerobic respiration.

A

no oxygen available - In times when they can’t get enough oxygen (sprinting, power lifting)

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18
Q

Oxidation vs reduction:

A

Oxidation is losing (e-)
-more positive
Reduction is gaining (e-)
-more negative
HAPPEN SIMULTANEOUSLY (same time - redox)

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19
Q

Outline oxidation and reduction reactions in terms of movement of hydrogen and electrons.

A

Oxidation
-loss of electrons from an element through the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen.
Reduction
-gain of electrons
-addition of hydrogen
-or the loss of an oxygen molecule.

HAPPEN SIMULTANEOUSLY (same time - redox)

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20
Q

Define “electron carrier.”

A

NAD is an electron carrier: substance that is easily oxidized and reduced (gain/lose electrons)

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21
Q

State the name of the electron carrier molecule used in cellular respiration.

A

(NAD+)

22
Q

Outline the formation of reduced NAD (=NADH + H+) during glycolysis.

A

(lysis —> oxidation) 2 NAD is going to pick up electrons to become 2 reduced NAD

23
Q

State the formula for the glycolysis reaction.

A

Glucose + (2 NAD+) + 2 ADP + 2 Pi –> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O.

24
Q

glycolysis occurs in _______ respiration.

A

anaerobic

25
Q

State the location of the glycolysis reaction in a cell.

A

Cytoplasm

26
Q

Glycolysis is an example of a ______ pathway catalyzed by ______.

A

metabolic, enzymes

27
Q

Outline the glycolysis reaction, including phosphorylation of glucose, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation.

A

glyco (sugar) lysis (break) - breaking apart a sugar
-have 6 carbon compound
p - add phosphate group (ATP) to destabilize glucose. Use 2 ATP.
l - break 6 carbon compound (glucose) in half, has 2 phosphate groups on each side
o - lose electrons, NAD is reduced after picking up electrons (reduced NAD)(aka NADH)
ATP formation - 4 ADP into 4 ATP

28
Q

State what is produced in glycolysis.

A

-net gain of 2 ATP
-2 molecules of pyruvate
-2 molecules of reduced NAD

29
Q

Outline the process of regenerating NAD and production of ethanol in yeast during anaerobic respiration.

A
  • alcoholic fermentation
    pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The NADH produced during glycolysis donates its electrons to acetaldehyde, forming ethanol and regenerating NAD.
30
Q

Outline how anaerobic respiration in yeast is used in brewing and baking.

A
  • bread making: Carbon Dioxide bubbles get trapped in dough causing bread to rise (fluffy texture). Ethanol burns off in baking.
  • brewing alcohol - grapes(sugar) to make wine. Add yeast/go through anaerobic pathway. produce ethanol and CO2 (bubbles). Let off carbon dioxide (have valve for gas to escape). Can create alcoholic drinks or biofuels (renewable fuels).
31
Q

Summarize the reactants and products of the link reaction.

A

pyruvate —–> acetyl CoA

32
Q

The link reaction occurs in the _______ of the _______.

A

matrix, mitochondrion

33
Q

Outline the link reaction with references to decarboxylation, oxidation and binding of CoA.

A

pyruvate —–> acetyl CoA
-decarboxylation - removal of carboxyl group (released as CO2)
-Pyruvate oxidized
-NAD reduced
-binding of coenzyme A

34
Q

The Krebs cycle occurs in the _____ of the mitochondrion.

A

matrix

35
Q

Outline the events of the Krebs cycle

A

-referencing the formation of citrate from oxaloacetate, decarboxylation of citrate to reform oxaloacetate, formatting of CO2, formation of ATP and the oxidation reactions that form reduced NAD (=NAD + H+) and reduced FAD (=FADH2).

36
Q

The reduced NAD and reduced FAD produced in the Krebs cycle carry ___________.

A

electrons to the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

37
Q

List the net products of one turn of the Krebs cycle.

A

-series of decarboxylation and oxidation reactions produce:
3 reduced NAD
1 reduced FAD
two molecules of carbon(CO2)
1 ATP
(cycle actually turns twice - 2 pyruvate –> 2 acetyl CoA’s )

38
Q

Outline the structure and function of the electron transport chain within a mitochondrion.

A

proteins bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane/ electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions, and release energy.

39
Q

At the mitochondrial electron transport chain, reduced NAD (=NAD + H+) and reduced FAD (=FADH2) are _______ with the transfer electrons to electron carrier proteins.

A

oxidized

40
Q

List the reactions that generated the reduced NAD (=NAD + H+) and reduced FAD (=FADH2) used in the electron transport chain.

A

Krebs cycle

41
Q

Describe how the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain is used to generate a proton gradient in the intermembrane space.

A

protons are pumped into the intermembrane space as the electrons are passed through the ETC.
-energy is used for active transport

42
Q

Define chemiosmosis.

A

movement of protons from (high–> low concentration) through ATP synthase in order to convert ADP to ATP

43
Q

Describe the structure ATP synthase.

A
  • channel protein for facilitated diffusion
  • enzyme that catalyses the conversion of ADP of ATP
44
Q

Outline the formation of ATP by ATP synthase, with reference to movement of protons and phosphorylation of ADP.

A

The part of ATP synthase that extends into matrix rotates when protons pass through. This kinetic energy allow for ADP to phosphorylate and become ATP.

45
Q

Compare the total amount of ATP made from anaerobic and aerobic respiration. ​

A

Anaerobic -2
AEROBIC -30

46
Q

Oxygen is the _____ electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. It has a ______.

A

final, high affinity for electrons

47
Q

Explain why aerobic respiration will stop if oxygen is not present.

A

AEROBIC respiration needs oxygen to occur

48
Q

The formation of _____ in the matrix at the ____ of the electron transport chain helps to maintain the _______ between the intermembrane space and the matrix.​

A

water, end, proton gradient

49
Q

Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids as respiratory substrates in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Carbs:
- 4 cal/g energy content
- lots of oxygen
- yes glycolysis
- can be used anaerobically
Lipids:
- 9 cal/g energy content
- lots of Carbon Hydrogen bonds
- no glycolysis: straight to acetyl CoA formation
- no anaerobic use

50
Q

Explain the greater energy yield of lipids compared to carbohydrates when used as respiratory substrates.

A

Goes straight to acetyl CoA formation (skips Glycolysis)

51
Q

Outline the process by which lipids can be a substrate for respiration.

A

-triglycerides are hydrolyzed by lipase into fatty acids and glycerol. glycerol can be transformed into triose phosphate and respired.

IB Biology (16 decks)

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