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IB Biology > B1.2 and A1.2 Proteins / Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

B1.2 and A1.2 Proteins / Nucleic Acids Flashcards

What is the relationship between amino acid sequence and the diversity in form and function of proteins? How are protein molecules affected by their chemical and physical environments?

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1
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in biological systems?
- Catalysis of reactions
- Transport of oxygen
- Genetic information storage
- Structural support

A

Genetic information storage

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2
Q

What type of bond forms between amino acids during protein synthesis?

A

peptide bond

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3
Q

Which level of protein structure is characterized by a-helices and b-pleated sheets?

A

Secondary Structure

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4
Q

The primary structure of a protein refers to:

A

The sequence of amino acids

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5
Q

Which type of interaction stabilizes the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Disulfide bridges

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6
Q

What type of bond forms between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide in a DNA strand?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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7
Q

Two strands of DNA are held together by _________.

A

Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

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8
Q

Adenine and Guanine are _________.

A

Purines

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9
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the ________ ________ for all living organisms.

A

genetic material

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10
Q

DNA is found in chromosomes and contains the genetic information for the _____ and development of individual cells and organisms.

A

growth

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11
Q

How does the structure of nucleic acids allow hereditary information to be stored?

A

Genetic information is carried in the linear sequence of nucleotides in DNA

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12
Q

RNA and DNA are composed of _________.

A

nucleotides

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13
Q

Nucleotides contain a sugar molecule
The sugar for RNA is ______.
The sugar for DNA is ______.

A

Ribose, Deoxyribose

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14
Q

RNA nucleotides contain one of the following nitrogen bases:

A

Uracil
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine

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15
Q

DNA nucleotides contain one of the following nitrogen bases:

A

Thymine
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine

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16
Q

Both DNA and RNA are _______.

A

polynucleotides

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17
Q

_______ form through a series of condensation reactions. A ___________ forms between the phosphate of one nucleotide, and the sugar of the second nucleotide.

A

Polynucleotides, covalent bond

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18
Q

The strong backbone in DNA and RNA is from covalently bonded _______ and ______ from the first nucleotide to the second nucleotide.

A

sugar, phosphate

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19
Q

Name the nucleotides in RNA:

A

Uracil, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

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20
Q

DNA is a double helix made of two _________ strands of nucleotides with two strands linked by ______ bonding between complementary base pairs.

A

antiparallel, hydrogen

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21
Q

Antiparallel:

A

The DNA strands run in opposite directions.

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22
Q

DNA has ____ strands. ____ sugar and the nitrogenous bases are.. ______.

A

2, deoxyribose, AGTC

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23
Q

RNA has ___ strands. _____ sugar and nitrogenous bases are ______.

A

(1), (ribose), U, A, G, C

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24
Q

Both ribose and deoxyribose are _______ sugars.

A

5 carbon pentose

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25
Q

What is the role of complementary base pairing in allowing genetic information to be replicated and expressed.

A

understand that complementarity is based on hydrogen bonding.

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26
Q

DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a ____ of itself.
________ bonds form DNA between nucleotides during DNA replication.

A

copy, hydrogen

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27
Q

Thymine and Adenine form __ hydrogen bonds

A

2

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28
Q

Guanine and Cytosine form __ hydrogen bonds.

A

3

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29
Q

What are the 2 stages of protein synthesis.

A

Transcription: mRNA gets genetic code from DNA
Translation: the code from mRNA is used to make a sequence of amino acids in the ribosome

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30
Q

The number and length of chromosomes is highly ______ amongst different species.

A

variable

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31
Q

DNA molecules that contain genes are called _______.

A

chromosomes

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32
Q

______ are sequences of DNA, and code for specific proteins.

A

Genes

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33
Q

The nitrogenous base sequence determines the _________ in a protein.

A

amino acid sequence

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34
Q

All living organisms use the same ______ ,with a small number of exceptions. We all trace back to a _____________.

A

Genetic code, single ancestor

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35
Q

The enzymes involved in DNA replication (making copies of DNA) and transcription (producing mRNA) can only add nucleotides in the ___________.

A

5’ to 3’ direction

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36
Q

A DNA molecule has two antiparallel strands of DNA.
One strand runs from ______The other strand runs from ______.

A

5’ to 3’ , 3’ to 5’.

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37
Q

During translation, ribosomes move in _______ direction.

A

5’ to 3’

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38
Q

Chargaff’s data ____ the tetranucleotide hypothesis that there was a ______ sequence of the four bases in DNA.

A

falsified, repeating

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39
Q

Chargaff’s rule states that in any sample of DNA, the amount of guanine equals the amount of ______, and the amount of adenine equals the amount of _______.

A

Cytosine, thymine

40
Q

Hershey Chase experiment - There was a debate whether DNA or ______ held Genetic material.

A

proteins

41
Q

-Hershey and Chase used T2 bacteriophage viruses which consist of a _______________.
-The bacteriophages infect Escherichia coli (E.Coli) bacteria.
-When a T2 bacteriophage infects a bacterium, the DNA enters the cell, and the _____ ____ remains outside the cell.

A

DNA molecule and a protein coat. protein coat

42
Q

Adenine–thymine (A–T) and cytosine–guanine (C–G) pairs have equal length, so the ____ _____ has the same three-dimensional structure, regardless of the base sequence.

A

DNA helix

43
Q

Pyrimidines are _____.

A

Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine

44
Q

James Watson and _________ discovered the structure of DNA.

A

Francis Crick

45
Q

All organisms use the same ______ amino acids to build their proteins.
All the amino acids will have an _____ group (-NH2) and a _______ acid group (-COOH).

A

twenty, amine, carboxylic,

46
Q

Each amino acid has a different ___ group. The R group determines the _______ properties and behavior of the amino acid.

A

R, chemical

47
Q

Amino acids undergo _______ reactions to form dipeptides.

A

condensation

48
Q

Amino acid + amino acid = ________ + water

A

dipeptide

49
Q

A peptide bond forms between
__________________.

A

the carbon of the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amine group of the second amino acid.

50
Q

Formation of dipeptides: -OH and -H are removed from the amino acids, to form _____.

A

H20 (water)

51
Q

The peptide bond is always between the __ and __ of neighbouring amino acids.

A

C, N

52
Q

A polypeptide is a long chain of ________.
Polypeptides are formed by many _______ reactions at a ribosome during the process of translation

A

amino acids, condensation

53
Q

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from _____.
Non-essential amino acids can be made from other amino acids.Vegan diets require attention to ensure essential amino acids are consumed.

A

food

54
Q

Proteins are part of a healthy human ___.
Proteins are broken down to amino acids by the ______ system.
These amino acids are then used to _______ proteins for the body.

A

diet, digestive, synthesize

55
Q

Humans require ___ amino acids to produce all of the proteins.
Humans can synthesize _____ of the amino acids, which are known as _________ amino acids

A

20, 11, non-essential (our body can make them)

56
Q

The other nine amino acids that humans require are known as _______ amino acids, and must be consumed in the diet.

A

essential

57
Q

Meat and animal products are considered _________, as they contain all nine of the essential amino acids.

A

complete proteins

58
Q

Dairy products, beans, and tofu are examples of ___________.

A

proteins in foods

59
Q

Most plant sources of protein ____ provide all of the essential amino acids.

A

don’t

60
Q

Amino acids can occur in any order in a polypeptide, meaning that the variety of possible polypeptides is _____.

A

infinite

61
Q

___________ is a conformational change in the shape of a molecule, such as a protein, resulting in the loss of function.

A

Denaturation

62
Q

All proteins have a specific shape which determines the _______ of the protein.
Proteins can be denatured by ______ changes in pH and temperature.

A

function, extreme

63
Q

R-groups determine the ______ of assembled polypeptides.

A

chemical properties

64
Q

R groups can be ______ or ______.

A

hydrophobic, hydrophilic

65
Q

The hydrophilic R groups are:

A

Polar or charged
Acidic or basic

66
Q

The chemical interactions of the R groups in polypeptides determine the ____ of proteins which determines their function.

A

shape

67
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

amino acid sequence (chain)

68
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

Local folding of the polypeptide chain into helices or sheets

69
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

three dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

70
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure

A

Protein consisting of more that one amino acid chain

71
Q

the sequence of amino acids and the precise position of each amino acid within a structure determines the three-dimensional _____ of proteins. Proteins therefore have precise, predictable and ______ structures, despite their complexity.

A

shape, repeatable

72
Q

The primary protein structure is the _____ and _______ of amino acids in a polypeptide.

A

number, sequence

73
Q

The primary protein structure is determined by the nucleotide ____ sequence of a gene.

A

base

74
Q

The amino acids in a polypeptide are joined together by ______ bonds through condensation reactions.
The precise sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide determines the shape of the polypeptide, due to _______ between R groups.

A

peptide, interactions

75
Q

Proteins have _____ shapes based on their amino acid sequence.

A

predictable

76
Q

_______________ is the folding of the polypeptide to form alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.

A

Secondary protein structure

77
Q

Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets form due to _____ bonding between C=O of one amino acid and N-H of a second amino acid.
The hydrogen bonds occur at _______ intervals adding stability to the protein.

A

hydrogen, regular

78
Q

____________ is the further folding of the polypeptide due to interactions between the R groups.

A

The tertiary protein structure

79
Q

Interaction in the tertiary protein structure can cause the polypeptide to ___.

A

Ionic bonds with positive or negatively charged amine or carboxyl. covalent, hydrogen bonding. hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions of R groups.

80
Q

Disulfide bridges are bonds that form between the R groups of two _____ amino acids in a polypeptide. It is an amino acid with ____ within its R group.

A

cysteine, sulfur

81
Q

Many proteins are _____.
Hydrophobic amino acids, with nonpolar R groups, cluster in a core of ______ proteins.
Hydrophilic amino acids, with polar or ____ R groups, are located on the outside of the protein.

A

soluble, globular, ionic

82
Q

________________ exists in proteins composed of more than one polypeptide.

A

The quaternary structure

83
Q

A _______ protein is a protein attached to a non-polypeptide group, known as a prosthetic group. Adult haemoglobin is an example of a ______ conjugated protein. The function of haemoglobin is to carry oxygen within ______.

A

conjugated, globular, red blood cells

84
Q

Non-conjugated proteins are composed of only ______.
_____ is an example of a non-conjugated protein. It is a globular protein composed of two polypeptide chains linked by two ____ _____.

A

polypeptides, insulin, disulfide bridges

85
Q

_____ is a hormone that helps to regulate blood glucose levels, by causing the liver to remove glucose from the blood.

A

Insulin

86
Q

Proteins can be classified as either ____ or _____.

A

globular, fibrous

87
Q

Insulin is a _____ protein and collagen is a _____ protein. Insulin is ____ while collagen is long and narrow.

A

globular, fibrous, spherical

88
Q

Insulin and Collagen are composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds during the process of translation on ribosomes. They have a quaternary structure with more than one polypeptide.

A

Similar

89
Q

Collagen has a _____ amino acid sequence while insulin has a irregular sequence with _________.

A

repetitive, hydrophobic amino acids in the core.

90
Q

Insulin is _____ while collagen is insoluble.

A

soluble

91
Q

______: Two polypeptides held together by disulfide bonds

A

Insulin

92
Q

_____: Three polypeptides held together by hydrogen bonds

A

Collagen

93
Q

______ is a hormone with a specific globular shape, with a binding site for receptors on target cells.

A

Insulin

94
Q

The three polypeptides in ______ form flexible fibres with high tensile strength and elasticity which provides structural support to body tissues.

A

collagen

95
Q

A conjugated protein is a protein attached to a non-polypeptide group, known as a ________.

A

prosthetic group

IB Biology (7 decks)

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