C1 and C2 Atomic Structure and Periodic Table Flashcards
What is an Atom?
Smallest units that create everything
What are the 3 sub-atomic particles in an Atom and their charge?
-Protons +1
-Neutrons 0
Electrons -1
Why are atoms nuetral?
Because they have the same amount of Protons and Electrons
What is an Ion?
An atom that lost/gained electrons
What is an Isotope?
Isotope is an element with same number of Protons/Electrons but different number of Nuetrons
What is an Element?
A substance that is made of 1 type of atom
Describe the trend in the Periodic Table?
- Groups show amount of outer electrons
- Periods show amount of energy shells
What is a compound?
Two or more elements chemically joined together
What is a mixture?
Two or more substances mixed together
What was the Plum Pudding Model?
- It was created by J J Thomson in 1897
- Show a ball of positivity with electrons embedded in it
What was the Nuclear Model?
- Created by Niels Bohr in 1911
- Showed Positive charged Nucleus with Electrons orbiting it at fixed positions
What is Group 0?
Noble gases with a full outer energy shell
How are elements grouped in the Periodic table?
Properties
- Their physical and chemical properties
- Relative atomic mass
What is relative atomic mass?
Amount of Protons and Neutrons in the Atom
What is Atomic Number?
Amount of Protons
How to find Relative Atomic Mass?
Sum of (Isotope Abundance X x Percentage Abundance of Isotope X) + (Isotope Abundance Y x Percentage Abundance of Isotope Y) / 100
What are the techniques to separate mixtures?
- Chromatography
- Distillation (Fractional)
- Distillation (Simple)
- Evaporation
- Filtration
Trends in Group 1 when descending?
- They become more reactive
- Low melting/boiling points
Describe the trend in Group 1 and 2 (Soft Metals)?
- Elements get more reactive then going down the group
- Metals loose electrons through bonding (positive charge)
- Lower Melting/Boiling Points
Describe the trend in Group 7?
- Higher Melting/Boiling point as you descend down the group
- Less Reactive descending due to electron being further away from Nucleus
Describe the trend in The Halogens?
- All have a full outer energy shell
- Less reactive when descending the group
What Ionic Bonding?
Bonding between a metal + non metal
What is Covalent Bonding?
Bonding between a non metal + non metal
What is Metallic Bonding?
Bonding between a metal + metal
What is Activation Energy?
Minimum amount of energy required to cause a chemical reaction
Advantage of Nanoparticles in Sunscreen?
- Better coverage, due to being small and having a large surface area
- More effective against the sun
Disadvantages of Nanoparticles in Sunscreen?
Potential harm to the body/environment
What is an independent variable?
The thing that changes during a practical
What is a dependent variable?
The thing that keep the same throughout the practical
How WAS the Periodic Table ordered?
- Chemical Properties
- Relative Atomic Mass
How is the Periodic Table formed NOW?
Proton Number (Atomic Number)
What happens when an Alkali Metal forms with Non Metals
Creates an Ionic Compound
What happens Metals when they form into an ion?
Loose electrons, gain positive charge
What happens to non-metals when they form into an ion
Gain electrons, gain negative charge
Isotope Abundance
When an element has lots of Isotopes, the one on the periodic table is the most common found one
Filteration
Separating something in a solvent (mixed into a solution) using filter paper
Distillation
- Solution boiled at boiling point
- Vapours from solution occur and enter condenser
- Then cooled down back into a liquid using a cooling jacket
- Dissolved solids remain in the flask
- Fractional Distillation is this… but doing it many times in a single solution
Chromotography
- Place inked colours onto a line drawn with a pencil on a chromatography paper
- Place the paper in water and wait for ink to run up the paper
- Pure ink would have 1 colour, mixture would have multiple colours up the line
