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GCSE Science > B10 and B11 - The Human Nervous System and Hormonal Coordination > Flashcards

B10 and B11 - The Human Nervous System and Hormonal Coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining a stable state despite environmental changes around you, detecting issues involves Automatic Control Systems

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2
Q

Internal Condition (Controlled by Homeostasis)

A
  • Blood Glucose Concentration
  • Body Temperature
  • Bodily Water Content

Any of these can be on any scale e.g. Putting your hand over a hot object can react a Receptor

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3
Q

Automatic Control Systems Cycle

A

Receptor Cells - detect stimuli, change in environment, changes internally/externally, sense movement
Coordination Centre - Process information given from Receptors and passes it on to the Effector
Effector - Carries out the response, to restore normal levels

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4
Q

Coordination Centre Examples

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
  • Pancreas
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5
Q

Effector Examples

A
  • Muscle

- Glands

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6
Q

Nervous System (Homeostasis)

A
  • Purpose it to react to surroundings
  • Made of 2 parts (CNS which is Brain and Spinal Cord), and other nerves, moving back and forth
  • Receptor sends stimulus down Sensory Neurons (Nerve Cells) to the CNS which sends the Neurons on other multiple paths to the Effectors
  • Response carried out, either Muscle contracting or a Gland secreting hormones
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7
Q

Reflex Arc (e.g. Burns)

A
  • Receptor detects heat, sending electrical impulses travels along Sensory Neurone (connected to Receptors) to the CNS
  • End of Sensory Neurone is a Synapse, releasing a chemical travelling along a Relay Neurone to the CNS, electrical impulse occurs, causing another Synapse, causing an electrical impulse in a Motor Neurone to an effector (muscle), contracting away from the heat
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8
Q

Reflexes

A

Automatic and fast, brain doesn’t consciously react

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9
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • It is a control system made if glands that secrete Chemicals called Hormones in the bloodstream
  • The Blood carries the Hormones to targeted Organ
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10
Q

Hormones

A
  • Take a while to get to targeted Organ, however the effect lasts longer, provide Coordination
  • Rapid Response Hormones include Insulin and Adrenaline
  • Long Response Hormones include Growth and Sex Hormones
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11
Q

Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)

A
  • Secretes Thyroid stimulating hormones, controlling amount of Thyroxine is created
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12
Q

Hormones released in different Environment

A

ADH - Effects Kidney function

Growth Hormones - Controls Growth in Chiildren

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13
Q

Hormones Stimulating other Endocrine Glands

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH) - Stimulate Ovaries to make Oestrogen in female
TSH - Stimulate Thyroid Gland to make Thyroxine to control Metabolism rate

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14
Q

Pancreas Hormone (Endocrine Gland)

A

Controls Level on Glucose in Blood

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15
Q

Adrenaline (Endocrine Gland)

A

Prepares body for Stressful Situations

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16
Q

Thyroid Gland (Endocrine Gland)

A

Controls Rate of Metabolism

17
Q

Ovaries (Endocrine Gland)

A

Control development of female secondary features: Enlarge Beasts, Erection from Nipples
- Involved in Menstrual Cycle

18
Q

Testes (Endocrine Gland)

A

Control development of male secondary features: Facial Hair, Deeper Voice, Heavier Bone Structure

19
Q

Controlling Blood Glucose Concentration

A
  • Glucose is received by meals, having too much is bad therefore the Pancreas monitors/changes Glucose in blood using Insulin
  • Pancreas can convert between Glucose and Glycogen
20
Q

Insulin

A
  • Draws Glucose away from Blood, storing in at Glycogen in Liver/Muscles
  • Insulin reacts to Glucose/Glycogen in a negative feedback cycle
21
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A
  • Can’t produce much Insulin therefore keeps Blood Glucose Concentration high
  • Controlled by injecting Insulin to replace Hormones that aren’t made in the body
  • Pancreas Transplant, few donors
  • Pancreatic Cell transplant, low success
22
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • Body stops responding/rejects Insulin, linked to Obesity
  • Treated by Carbohydrate controlled diet
  • Regular Exercise, loose energy
  • Loosing Weights
23
Q

Master Glands

A

Secretes many Hormones into blood due to changes in body conditions
- Hormones stimulate other Glands to release other Hormones

24
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Bodily System tries to maintain stable state

25
Q

Thyroid

A
  • Uses Iodine from body to make Thyroxine

- Controls rate of Metabolism and brain/bodily growth

26
Q

Underactive Thyroid

A
  • When Gland cant produce enough Hormones due to Immune System rejecting/attacking it
  • May be inherited by genetic information targeting wrong organ.
  • Symptoms are depression, tiredness
27
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Where both sexes produce offspring with games (egg/sperm) by Meiosis

28
Q

Primary Sexual Characteristics

A
  • Features when you were born
29
Q

Female Secondary Sexual Characteristics

A
  • Features developed through puberty

- Female: Growth Spurt, Breasts Enlarge, Periods occur

30
Q

Male Secondary Sexual Characteristics

A
  • Features developed through puberty

- Male: Growth Spurt, Bodily Hair, Testes more active

31
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A
  • Females that go through puberty, Ovulation occurs when an Egg Matures and drops along with a thick line of Uterus, blood, over the course of 2-7 days
  • Occurs when Pituitary Gland secretes FSH and LH
32
Q

Hormones During Menstrual Cycle

A 
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Matures the Eggs and stimulates Ovary to produce Oestrogen
Luteinising Hormone (LH) - Stimulates dropping of Egg, Ovulation
Oestrogen - Stimulates Build up of Uterus Lining
33
Q

Stimulate

A

Raises Nervous Activity

34
Q

Fertility

A
  • Age 45-55 Menopause occurs, less fertile and children after that may have genetic problems
  • Zygote occurs (fertilised egg), Line of Uterus provides protection/food for embryo
35
Q

Menstrual Hormone Production

A

Oestrogen - Secreted in Ovaries in response to FSH
FSH and LH - Secreted by Pituitary Gland to stimulate the Ovaries to produce Oestrogen, triggering Ovulation
Progesterone - Maintains line of Uterus after Ovulation, allows 1 Ovulation at a time

36
Q

Contraception

A

A way to stop pregnancy

37
Q

Infertility

A
  • Infertility may occur due to lack of sperm/female Hormones or Obesity and Age
38
Q

Infertility Treatment

A
  • FSH Fertility Drugs Ovulates more, higher chance of pregnancy
  • IVF used if Oviduct (Tube letting Eggs pass) is damaged, eggs from women treated with Fertility Drugs and Sperm fertilises the eggs in a lab, becoming Embryos inserted back into Mother’s Uterus
39
Q

Fertilisation during a Period

A
  • Sperm fertilises with the egg during a period, lasting 2-7 days
  • Uterus is food for the Zygote

GCSE Science (29 decks)

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