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GCSE Science > B12 - Reproduction > Flashcards

B12 - Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Involves 1 parent Gametes
  • No mix of genetic information, so offspring is genetically identical to its parent, these are clones
  • Involves Mitosis, not Meiosis
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2
Q

Asexual Reproduction Uses

A
  • Plants, Fungi, Bacteria produce asexually
  • Our cells asexually reproduce to repair to replace damaged tissue, done by Mitosis
  • Cloning
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3
Q

Mitosis Process

A

Process where a cell splits identically into 2 smaller cells with the same sub-cellular structure and grow
to become 2 identical (daughter) cells

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4
Q

Gametes

A
  • Sex Cells (Sperm and Eggs) containing 23 single Chromosomes
  • Gametes made my Meiosis, they all are different
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5
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Involves fusion of Male and Female Gametes, this is Fertilisation
  • Offspring has Genetic information from both parents, variation in offspring, variation important for long-term survival
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6
Q

Meiosis Process

A
  • Takes place in Reproductive Organs, Testes/Ovaries
  • Cell with 2 Sets of Chromosomes copied to become a Cell with 4 sets, halved 2 times into 4 single Chromosomes Cells called Gametes, genetically different
  • 4 Gametes formed from 1 Cell
  • Chromosomes are halved
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7
Q

Human Cells

A
  • Contain 23 pairs of Chromosomes, which is genetic information
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8
Q

Fertilisation

A
  • During Sexual Reproduction Gametes of both sexes fuse to create a normal human cell (23 Pairs from Chromosomes), variation in Chromosomes now
  • Restores the Chromosomes lost in Meiosis
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9
Q

Mitosis in Fertilisation

A
  • After human cell is created, Mitosis divides it into identical cells called Embryos
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10
Q

Embryos

A

Made from Mitosis during Fertilisation which develops and differentiates into other cell types: Nerve and Muscle cells to produce offspring

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11
Q

Allele

A
  • Different versions of the same gene

- Allele are for phenotypes

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12
Q

Dominant and Recessive Alleles

A
  • Dominant Allele rules over Recessive Allele
  • In Punnet Square if there’s a gene with both Dominant and Recessive Allele its Heterozygous
  • If same Allele then its Homozygous
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13
Q

Genome

A

All the DNA in an organism

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14
Q

Inheritance

A

Chromosomes in your carry DNA as genes, which have different variation (Alleles), which determine characteristics

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15
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles in a gene, Aa

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16
Q

Homozygous

A

Alleles in Gene are the same, AA or aa

17
Q

Environment roles of Genetics

A

Depending on your lifestyle and surroundings, genes can change into something different despite your parents genes

18
Q

Genotype

A

Mix up of Alleles for 1 characteristic, doesn’t have to be a physical, shown through letters representing the Allele, AA, Bb etc

19
Q

Phenotype

A

Variable describing the Characteristic, such as Polydactyly, CF and Hair/Eye colour

20
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA

21
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

Males - XY Chromosomes

Females- XX Chromosomes

22
Q

DNA Shape

A

2 strands of Polymer connected by genetic code (bases) forming the Double Helix

23
Q

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

A
  • Inherited Recessive Disorder, lot of mucus is made
  • Need 2x Recessive CF Alleles for a chance of inheriting it
  • Caused by disorder of Cell Membranes
24
Q

Polydactyly

A
  • Growth of extra fingers/toes

- Cause by AT LEAST 1 dominant Polydactyly Allele

25
Q

IVF

A
  • Zygote, created in a lab, becomes a Embryo, inserted back into Uterus to grow into Foetus
  • Embryo Screening can also take place
26
Q

Embryo Screening

A
  • Embryo’s Alleles can be examined if they are carriers of genetic disorders
  • If Embryo is a carrier, it can be replaced
  • Happens before Pregnancy
27
Q

Advantages of Embryo Screening

A
  • Low risk of miscarriage / abortion not needed
  • Reduce healthcare costs, less disorderly people
  • Suffering reduced, less people with health problems
28
Q

Disadvantages of Embryo Screening

A
  • Very Expensive
  • Embryo’s can be discarded to find most desirable one with good Phenotypes, preference/prejudice
  • Discarding Embryos is Unethical

GCSE Science (29 decks)

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