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GCSE Science > B1 and B2 - Cell Structure and Transport > Flashcards

B1 and B2 - Cell Structure and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

1000μm = _mm

A

1mm

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2
Q

Magnification =

A

Image Size / Real Size

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3
Q

Advantages of Light Microscope

A

Allows us to see it in color

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4
Q

Advantage of Electron Microscope

A

High Magnification/Resolution

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5
Q

What is “Differentiation”?

A

When a cell becomes specialised, uses Protein to change its shape and function like the cells in its area

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6
Q

What are “Chromosomes”?

A
  • Contains DNA
  • Located In Nucleus
  • Forms Characteristics
  • Each Person has 23 pairs of Chromosomes
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7
Q

What happens in the “Cell Cycle”

A
  • Cell grows and creates more Chromosomes, Ribosomes, Mitochondria
  • Mitosis occurs, half of its structure goes to either end
  • Cell splits into two creating 2 new cells, identical to the original
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8
Q

What are “Stem Cells”?

A

Undifferentiated cells which can differentiate into other cells, found in Bone Marrow, can be reproduced through Cell Division

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9
Q

What is “Diffusion”?

A

Particles from High to Low Concentration

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10
Q

What is “Osmosis”

A

Movement of water molecules in Permeable Membrane from High to Low Water Concentration

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11
Q

What is “Active Transport”

A

Movement of particles against the “Concentration Gradient” (Low to High Concentration).

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12
Q

Explain Surface Area:Volume Ratio

A

The lower the Volume the Greater the Surface Area is

Volume = 1 x 1 x 1 = 1cm3 (L x B x H)
Surface Area = 1 x 1 x 6 = 6cm3 (B x H x Sides)

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13
Q

Alveoli adaptation to quick diffusion

A
  • Thin Walls
  • Large Surface Area
  • Good Blood Supply
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14
Q

What cells do both Plant and Animal Cells have?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell Membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
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15
Q

What cells do ONLY Plant Cells have?

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Permanent Vacuole
  • Chloroplast
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16
Q

What are “Eukaryotic Cells”?

A

Complex Cells: Plant, Animal Cells

They all have Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane and genetic material in the Nucleus

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17
Q

What are “Prokaryotic Cells”?

A 
Simpler Cells: Fungi Bacteria
Single Cell Organisms
Enclosed in a Cell Wall
Chromosomes float within the Cell Wall, not in Nucleus
May contain Plasmids
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18
Q

What is the “Nucleus”?

A

Stores DNA

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19
Q

What is the “Cell Wall”?

A

Keeps shape of the Cell, made out of Cellulose

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20
Q

What is “Cytoplasm”?

A

Allows chemical reactions to take place

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21
Q

What is “Mitochondria”?

A

Area of Respiration

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22
Q

What is “Ribosomes”?

A

Area of Proteinsynthesis

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23
Q

What is the “Cell Membrane”?

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

24
Q

What is the “Vacuole”?

A
  • Contains weak sugar/salt solutions

- Keeps the cell Turgid

25
Q

Disadvantage of Electron Microscope

A

Can only be seen in Monochrome

26
Q

Disadvantage of Light Microscope

A

Low Resolution/Magnificaiton

27
Q

Examples of Specialised Cells

A
  • Sperm Cells have a tail and Mitochondria in order to swim

- Root Hair Cells have a large surface area to absorb water and minerals

28
Q

Advantages of “Stem Cells”?

A
  • Curing diseases, replace faulty cells

- Cloning, making an embryo have same genetic information as someone

29
Q

Disadvantages of “Stem Cells”?

A
  • Stems cells can be contaminated and make the person feel sick
  • Cloning seems “inhumane” as the embryo did not give consent for being cloned
30
Q

Which type of cell is DNA found in?

A

Eukaryotic Cells

31
Q

Which Cell in a plant is Specialised for absorbing water and minerals?

A

Root Hair Cells

32
Q

How does differentiation differ between a plant and animal cell?

A

Differentiation is lost in Animals at an early stage, plants can differentiate for a long time

33
Q

Where can Stem Cells be found?

A

In the bone marrow

34
Q

How does concentration gradient effect the rate of diffusion?

A

The bigger the concentraion gradient, the quicker the rate of diffusion is

35
Q

Why wouldnt Osmosis occur if you boil something in water?

A

Because the Cell Membrane will be damaged and will no longer be able to peform diffusion

36
Q

Features of a Microscope

A

Eyepiece - What you look through, has a magnification of 10x
Objective Lenses - A collection of Lenses with different magnification, on top of the eyepiece
Stage - Table for the object
Slide - Keeps object in place
-Focus Knob - Focuses on magnified object

37
Q

How to find magnification on a microscope (no formula)

A

10 x Magnification of Objective Lenses

38
Q

What is a Plant Cell Wall made off?

A

It’s made out of Cellulose

39
Q

1mm to um

A

x1000

40
Q

Plant Cell Features

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Have Chloroplast to carry out Photosynthesis
  • Have Vacuole, Cell wall
41
Q

Bacterial Cell Features

A
  • Haploid, 23 single Chromosomes
  • Prokaryotes
  • Don’t have Mitochondria, energy not required
  • Some have Plasmids
  • Smaller than Plant Cells
42
Q

Medical Advantages of Stem Cells

A
  • Can be injected into the body to differentiate into the cells in the area
43
Q

Medical Disadvantages of Stem Cells

A
  • Patients body can reject them
  • Inhumane, killing embryos
  • Stem Cells take a long time to create
  • Shortage of Egg Donors
44
Q

Sperm Cells

A
  • Specialised for reproduction
  • Tail for movement, Flagellum
  • Mitochondria supply for Respiration
  • Nucleus with genetic information, Haploid
  • Streamlines, thin
45
Q

Nerve Cells

A
  • Specialised for nerve impulses
  • Axon (long strand of them) carry nerve impulses
  • Dendrites to reach other cells to give of impulses
46
Q

Muscle Cells

A
  • Specialised for Contraction/Relaxation
  • Special Protein to allow tissue to slide over each other
  • Store Glycogen, broken down in respiration by Mitochondria
47
Q

MRS GREN

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity

Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

48
Q

Meristems

A
  • Makes an area of unspecialized cells specialized to continue plant growth
49
Q

Differentiation in Animals

A

Occurs in early development, stops creating Stem Cells after a while

50
Q

Differentiation in Plant

A

Can use Stem Cells at anytime when matured

51
Q

Xylem Function and Adaptation

A
  • Brings water and minerals around a leaf

- Has hollow tubes for water to pass through them, around the leaf

52
Q

Phloem Function and Adaptation

A
  • Transports Glucose around the leaf

- Sieve tubes to transport them

53
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalysts made of Protein to speed up chemical reactions

54
Q

1mm = ____ nm

A

1000000nm

55
Q

Define Magnification

A

How many times bigger the image size of an object is compared to the real size of it

56
Q

2 types of Stem Cells

A
  • Adult Stem Cells, reproduce and specialize into other cells
  • Embryonic Stem Cells, cells in an embryo which can be specialized, also become Adult Stem Cells at a later age

GCSE Science (29 decks)

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