B1 and B2 - Cell Structure and Transport Flashcards
1000μm = _mm
1mm
Magnification =
Image Size / Real Size
Advantages of Light Microscope
Allows us to see it in color
Advantage of Electron Microscope
High Magnification/Resolution
What is “Differentiation”?
When a cell becomes specialised, uses Protein to change its shape and function like the cells in its area
What are “Chromosomes”?
- Contains DNA
- Located In Nucleus
- Forms Characteristics
- Each Person has 23 pairs of Chromosomes
What happens in the “Cell Cycle”
- Cell grows and creates more Chromosomes, Ribosomes, Mitochondria
- Mitosis occurs, half of its structure goes to either end
- Cell splits into two creating 2 new cells, identical to the original
What are “Stem Cells”?
Undifferentiated cells which can differentiate into other cells, found in Bone Marrow, can be reproduced through Cell Division
What is “Diffusion”?
Particles from High to Low Concentration
What is “Osmosis”
Movement of water molecules in Permeable Membrane from High to Low Water Concentration
What is “Active Transport”
Movement of particles against the “Concentration Gradient” (Low to High Concentration).
Explain Surface Area:Volume Ratio
The lower the Volume the Greater the Surface Area is
Volume = 1 x 1 x 1 = 1cm3 (L x B x H)
Surface Area = 1 x 1 x 6 = 6cm3 (B x H x Sides)
Alveoli adaptation to quick diffusion
- Thin Walls
- Large Surface Area
- Good Blood Supply
What cells do both Plant and Animal Cells have?
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Cell Membrane
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
What cells do ONLY Plant Cells have?
- Cell Wall
- Permanent Vacuole
- Chloroplast
What are “Eukaryotic Cells”?
Complex Cells: Plant, Animal Cells
They all have Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane and genetic material in the Nucleus
What are “Prokaryotic Cells”?
Simpler Cells: Fungi Bacteria Single Cell Organisms Enclosed in a Cell Wall Chromosomes float within the Cell Wall, not in Nucleus May contain Plasmids
What is the “Nucleus”?
Stores DNA
What is the “Cell Wall”?
Keeps shape of the Cell, made out of Cellulose
What is “Cytoplasm”?
Allows chemical reactions to take place
What is “Mitochondria”?
Area of Respiration
What is “Ribosomes”?
Area of Proteinsynthesis
What is the “Cell Membrane”?
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
What is the “Vacuole”?
- Contains weak sugar/salt solutions
- Keeps the cell Turgid
Disadvantage of Electron Microscope
Can only be seen in Monochrome
Disadvantage of Light Microscope
Low Resolution/Magnificaiton
Examples of Specialised Cells
- Sperm Cells have a tail and Mitochondria in order to swim
- Root Hair Cells have a large surface area to absorb water and minerals
Advantages of “Stem Cells”?
- Curing diseases, replace faulty cells
- Cloning, making an embryo have same genetic information as someone
Disadvantages of “Stem Cells”?
- Stems cells can be contaminated and make the person feel sick
- Cloning seems “inhumane” as the embryo did not give consent for being cloned
Which type of cell is DNA found in?
Eukaryotic Cells
Which Cell in a plant is Specialised for absorbing water and minerals?
Root Hair Cells
How does differentiation differ between a plant and animal cell?
Differentiation is lost in Animals at an early stage, plants can differentiate for a long time
Where can Stem Cells be found?
In the bone marrow
How does concentration gradient effect the rate of diffusion?
The bigger the concentraion gradient, the quicker the rate of diffusion is
Why wouldnt Osmosis occur if you boil something in water?
Because the Cell Membrane will be damaged and will no longer be able to peform diffusion
Features of a Microscope
Eyepiece - What you look through, has a magnification of 10x
Objective Lenses - A collection of Lenses with different magnification, on top of the eyepiece
Stage - Table for the object
Slide - Keeps object in place
-Focus Knob - Focuses on magnified object
How to find magnification on a microscope (no formula)
10 x Magnification of Objective Lenses
What is a Plant Cell Wall made off?
It’s made out of Cellulose
1mm to um
x1000
Plant Cell Features
- Eukaryotes
- Have Chloroplast to carry out Photosynthesis
- Have Vacuole, Cell wall
Bacterial Cell Features
- Haploid, 23 single Chromosomes
- Prokaryotes
- Don’t have Mitochondria, energy not required
- Some have Plasmids
- Smaller than Plant Cells
Medical Advantages of Stem Cells
- Can be injected into the body to differentiate into the cells in the area
Medical Disadvantages of Stem Cells
- Patients body can reject them
- Inhumane, killing embryos
- Stem Cells take a long time to create
- Shortage of Egg Donors
Sperm Cells
- Specialised for reproduction
- Tail for movement, Flagellum
- Mitochondria supply for Respiration
- Nucleus with genetic information, Haploid
- Streamlines, thin
Nerve Cells
- Specialised for nerve impulses
- Axon (long strand of them) carry nerve impulses
- Dendrites to reach other cells to give of impulses
Muscle Cells
- Specialised for Contraction/Relaxation
- Special Protein to allow tissue to slide over each other
- Store Glycogen, broken down in respiration by Mitochondria
MRS GREN
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
Meristems
- Makes an area of unspecialized cells specialized to continue plant growth
Differentiation in Animals
Occurs in early development, stops creating Stem Cells after a while
Differentiation in Plant
Can use Stem Cells at anytime when matured
Xylem Function and Adaptation
- Brings water and minerals around a leaf
- Has hollow tubes for water to pass through them, around the leaf
Phloem Function and Adaptation
- Transports Glucose around the leaf
- Sieve tubes to transport them
Enzymes
Catalysts made of Protein to speed up chemical reactions
1mm = ____ nm
1000000nm
Define Magnification
How many times bigger the image size of an object is compared to the real size of it
2 types of Stem Cells
- Adult Stem Cells, reproduce and specialize into other cells
- Embryonic Stem Cells, cells in an embryo which can be specialized, also become Adult Stem Cells at a later age
