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CGFD > Brannigans Building Construction CH.6 Features of Fire Protection (PT.2) > Flashcards

Brannigans Building Construction CH.6 Features of Fire Protection (PT.2) Flashcards

1
Q

holes created in fire rated assemblies require

A

protection

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2
Q

unprotected penetrations of fire rated assemblies are common and are a violation of

A

fire code

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3
Q

from a building code perspective, protection of penetration in a fire rated assembly can be achieved by

A

using a special putty or combo of putty with metal sleeve inserted

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4
Q

line of sprinklers located around escalators are typically used in conjunction with

A

a glass or gypsum board partition (draft curtain) around opening that is 3-4 ft deep

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5
Q

sprinklers, in a line of sprinklers around escalators used in conjunction with draft curtain, are shielded from one another to prevent

A

one sprinkler cooling the other

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6
Q

using line of sprinklers around escalators used in conjunction with draft curtain, is an inadequate code accepted method to protect against

A

vertical smoke migration; life safety depends on full sprinkler protection

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7
Q

fires produce large volumes of heat, smoke, and gases’ starving the fire is one of the reasons sometimes advanced as a justification for

A

compartmentation

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8
Q

often necessary to make conditions inside fire building somewhat habitable for occupants and FF’s; even at risk of increasing its volume

A

venting a fire

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9
Q

act that required, all stairways be masonry enclosed, noncombustible and have a skylight

A

1903 New Law Tenement House Act (NY)

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10
Q

first buildings ever designed so that fire could occur and occupants would be protected from combustion products

A

theaters (where live actors perform)

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11
Q

provided above theater stages to reduce pressure on the proscenium fire curtain

A

automatic vents

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12
Q

FD ventilation has traditionally consisted of

A

opening/ breaking windows and cutting holes in roof to allow smoke and heat to escape by convection

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13
Q

smoke ejectors were developed to increase

A

volume of airflow

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14
Q

when performing PPV with large fans to exhaust smoke, generally during overhaul, it is necessary to prevent

A

outside air from entering stream, thus diluting flow for combustion products

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15
Q

in addition to fire barriers as a means of fire containment and life safety, what are other critical means of providing fire protection?

A

fire suppression and detection systems

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16
Q

sprinklers were once almost exclusively installed in

A

factory and mercantile buildings
(for decades only sprinklered high rise office was headquarters of National Board of Fire Underwriters)

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17
Q

in the case of NFPA 13R low rise means residential occupancies of what height

A

4 stories or fewer and less than 60 ft

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18
Q

sprinkler systems are installed under 1 of 3 standards:

A

-NFPA 13: installation of sprinkler systems
-NFPA 13D: install. of sprinklers in 1-2 fam dwellings and manufactures homes
-NFPA 13R: install. of sprinklers in low rise residential

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19
Q

4 major classification of automatic sprinkler systems

A

wet pipe
dry pipe
preaction
deluge

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20
Q

system that employ automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing water under pressure at all times; when fire occurs, individual sprinklers are activated by causing water flow immediately

A

wet pipe system

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21
Q

have automatic sprinklers attached to piping that contains air or nitrogen under pressure; typically installed in areas of building subject to freezing

A

dry pipe system

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22
Q

in a dry pipe system, when a sprinkler is opened by heat from a fire, this systems releases water when pressure is what

A

pressure is reduced to point where water pressure on supply side of dry pipe valve can force open valve, causing water flow into system and out opened sprinklers

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23
Q

system in which there is air in piping that may or may not be under pressure; has supplementary fire detecting device in protected are that once actuated opens water control valve allowing water to opened sprinkler

A

preaction system

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24
Q

advantage of these systems is that water will not flow if a sprinkler is broken or pipe is broken, desirable feature for areas that have easily damaged contents

A

preaction system

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25
Q

systems that have sprinklers open at all time; heat from fire actuates fire detecting device opening deluge valve and water flows and discharges from all sprinklers in piping

A

deluge system (usually flammable liquid operations)

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26
Q

today, sprinkler systems are hydraulically designed meaning that

A

pipe sizes selected are based upon flow and pressure necessary to supply sprinklers

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27
Q

T or F: with exception of deluge systems, sprinkler systems are designed with only a certain # of sprinklers operating

A

true

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28
Q

what range of sprinklers can you find in residential or commercial buildings

A

4 on residential
50 on commercial

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29
Q

each sprinkler is designed to flow a specific amount of water at a specific pressure to achieve a what

A

density of water (gpm per ft^2) over a specific area of coverage

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30
Q

sprinkler systems are designed to have an adequate water supply to meet

A

demand area

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31
Q

anticipated overall size of fire with all sprinklers operating

A

demand area

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32
Q

demand area is based on type of

A

hazard present

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33
Q

NFPA 13 set of occupancy classifications

A

-light hazard
-ordinary hazard group 1
-ordinary hazard group 2
-extra hazard group 1
-extra hazard group 2

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34
Q

the more significant the fire threat (i.e. museum vs flammable liquid spraying) the higher

A

density (higher flow & amount of water discharge)

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35
Q

prewetting of exposed contents is an essential part of

A

ordinary sprinkler operation

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36
Q

sprinkler systems first slow, then stop, advancement of fire through

A

prewetting

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37
Q

2 model building and fire codes provide incentives for installation of

A

sprinklers (over 200 incentives in IBC)

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38
Q

detailed information and provisions of specific codes are available from

A

National Fire Sprinkler Association

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39
Q

typical code incentives or concessions generally available in what areas

A

-heights & areas
-corridor construction & tenant separation
-interior wall, ceiling, floor finishes
-travel distance to exits
-exit widths
-standpipe requirements
-fire detection systems
-draft stopping in attic

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40
Q

site evelopment incentives for sprinklers

A

-fewer hydrants, greater spacing
-reduced fire flow, small supply
-increased allowable distance from public accessway
-street with reduction
-cul-de-sac allowances

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41
Q

tax or insurance incentives for sprinklers

A

-elimination of value of sprinklers from assessed valuation
-no water department feeds
-insurance premium reductions

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42
Q

after terrible triangle shirtwaist fire in NY 1911, law was changed to require all factories of more than 6 stories to be

A

sprinklered

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43
Q

b/c loss of FF’s lives in cellar fires, some cities have required sprinklers for basements in excess of

A

certain size, usually 2500 ft^2 (one solution cut basement into sections w/ fire walls)

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44
Q

popular misconceptions of sprinklers

A

-sprinkler will discharge even a trifling fire
-entire building will be drowned
-water does more damage than fire
-pipes might leak
-smoke detectors are better
-FD down the block
-damage to libraries
-smoke detectors set of all sprinklers

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45
Q

ordinary systems vs deluge sprinkler systems

A

ordinary: sprinklers go off one at a time
deluge: all discharge at once

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46
Q

some lab scientist have great fear of water damage from sprinklers and endorse what type of systems ?

A

carbon dioxide extinguishing systems

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47
Q

a sprinkler that has flowed for approx. 15 minutes (reasonable amount of time) approx. how much would have been dumped

A

500 gal

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48
Q

sprinkler piping is hydrostatically tested after installation for

A

2 hours at 200 psi (pounds per square inch)

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49
Q

sprinkler leakage losses are minor and are often due to

A

careless use of lift trucks or freezing

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50
Q

sprinklers can suppress

A

fire and production of smoke

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51
Q

T or F: NFPA has no record of multiple death fire in a completely sprinklered building where system was properly operating

A

true

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52
Q

has worked to increase knowledge to all sectors related to residential sprinkler systems

A

Home Fire Sprinkler Coalition

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53
Q

more water a sprinkler discharges more what is absorbed?

A

heat

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54
Q

what of sprinklers should be the max. safe pressure b/c increased density of water pattern may be crucial

A

supply pressure

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55
Q

sprinklers should not be shut off as long as what?

A

hot water is falling down
all visible fire should be extinguished

56
Q

firefighter who shuts a sprinkler valves should be in full PPE with radio and remain where

A

at valve so it can be opened instantly if needed

57
Q

residential sprinkler systems are intended to do what?

A

limit flashover and hold contents fire until occupants can escape

58
Q

T or F: residential sprinklers as defined by NFPA 13R & NFPA 13D, are the same sprinkler systems used in other structures

A

False; not the same

59
Q

in residential structures, to make systems affordable while maintaining life safety, sprinklers are what?

A

omitted from certain areas in residences

60
Q

according to NFPA 13R & NFPA 13D, omitted areas from sprinklers are not vulnerable to fire and include

A

small closets and bathrooms as well as unused attics

61
Q

T or F: sprinkler systems in many buildings are partial sprinkler systems

A

true

62
Q

once a building is issued a certificate of occupancy, who assumes responsibility to ensure fire protection system is operating properly after building is built?

A

FD or fire prevention bureau

63
Q

permit a number of trade offs (often resulting in cost reductions) when sprinklers are installed

A

model building and fire codes

64
Q

what action should the FD take when it learns that sprinkler system is out of service in a store, shopping mall or any structure with a population of thousands?

A

use fire code provisions that allow for implementation of fire watch

65
Q

FD should have a formal policy on the subject of sprinkler systems that are out of service, and it should be reviewed and approved by

A

governing authority, making it a legal requirement

66
Q

a formal policy for sprinkler systems out of service should cover items such as

A

-FD notifications
-formal legal action (shut down store/ fire watch)
-informal action (prefire plan, emergency water supply, shut down hazard)
-authority to modify requirements (alt. equal/superior methods)
-formal personnel instruction

67
Q

program of FD education regarding sprinkler systems should include training on:

A

-basic knowledge
-reasons why installed
-FD policy
-situations that decrease efficiency of system

68
Q

sprinkler impairment can be divided into what 2 problems

A

water supply & water distribution problems

69
Q

many sprinklers in low rise buildings depend solely on what to provide adequate sprinkler flow

A

city water main pressure

70
Q

droughts have forced water supply utilities to reduce pressure to conserve water, in this instance owner required to install what

A

pump to provide adequate pressure

71
Q

fundamental purpose of a sprinkler system is to

A

hit incipient fire with enough water to control it

72
Q

when conduction a company level inspection, outside the building you check for:

A

-flow test performed regularly?
-static supply (tanks/ pond intake) good and protected?
-power outage will pump fail?
-FDC Siamese available?
-FDC protected?
-FDC labeled for service & location?

73
Q

where a pump is installed, what is provided to test the pump?

A

manifold

74
Q

at fire pump, each 2-1/2 in outlet indicates how much pump capacity

A

250 gpm

75
Q

T or F: all systems should have FDC connections whether or not required by code

A

true

76
Q

if there is a possibility of pumping contaminated water into sprinkler system, what should be checked regularly to prevent backflow into domestic system?

A

check valves

77
Q

todays FDC’s use what type of caps for protection?

A

cast iron or plastic

78
Q

most outside valves are most often what, which indicate open or shut?

A

post indicator valves (PIVs)

79
Q

T or F: PIV’s should at minimum be locked

A

true

80
Q

Some PIVs can be found in

A

walls (horizontally) or curb box on sidewalk

81
Q

OS&Y

A

outside, screw & yoke

82
Q

in OS&Y if stem is protruding then the valve is

A

open

83
Q

when conduction a company level inspection, inside the building check for:

A

-systems closed for maintenance?
-potential for freezing?
-old/ inadequate systems used?
-details of systems

84
Q

an accidental discharge dry pipe system can be detected by the presence of high pressure, indicated by what?

A

pinned needle on air pressure gauge on dry pipe valve

85
Q

if the problem of undersized speculative warehouse building system designs has been documented, it must be corrected by what?

A

before tenant moves in

86
Q

T or F: many shopping malls are only partially sprinklered

A

true

87
Q

even if a high rise is sprinklered, often the most hazardous floor (those under construction) are not sprinklered b/c

A

sprinklers go in after ceiling is in place

88
Q

in some historic buildings, sprinklers are installed in nonpublic areas and omitted in public areas in deference to historic authenticity- this type of installation is called

A

selective placement of sprinklers

89
Q

offices on factory floors, special storage rooms, and mezzanines are typical of the structures that can provide place for fire to grow unchecked, burst out and overpower

A

sprinkler system

90
Q

these areas should be sprinklered or their ceilings should be of lightweight plastic panels, which melt out when exposed to fire (plywood will not burn in time)

A

offices on factory floors, special storage rooms, mezzanines (areas where fire can grow unchecked)

91
Q

T or F: sprinklers should remain unpainted and untainted by other materials, painted sprinklers should be replaced

A

true

92
Q

what has been applied to sprinklers

A

spray fireproofing

93
Q

exposure protection is sometimes provided by sprinklers outside building, in colder climates these sprinklers are subject to what?

A

freezing

94
Q

when establishing sprinkler system protocols a good place to get information to start is

A

NFPA 13E
recommended practice for FD operations in properties protected by sprinkler and standpipe systems

95
Q

flammable liquid fires can be controlled w/ sprinklers, but they present special problems such as:

A

-float on water, can spread
-high rate of heat release
-containers can BLEVE
-aerosol cans act as rockets
-runoff water = contamination

96
Q

best method for controlling flammable liquid fires is to

A

keep containers from overheating and control the flowing fire on the floor

97
Q

use of conventional sprinklers on flammable liquid fires creates the problem of controlling

A

runoff to prevent environmental problems

98
Q

runoff of flammable liquids can be controlled/ reduced with what type of sprinklers

A

foam water sprinklers

99
Q

typically required for flammable liquids in storage room

A

isolation

100
Q

for large quantities of aerosols, what is required in specially designed rooms (preventing rockets from leaving room)

A

isolation

101
Q

for a floor fire involving flammable liquids, it can be aided by use of what which are designed to draw off spills of liquids and water to designated areas

A

sills and trench floor drains

102
Q

in some cases, lines of sprinklers have been used to protect glass but the glass must be

A

all wet, must occur early to avoid thermal shock in hot fires

103
Q

sprinkler problems with high racks

A

many opportunities to fail
rack limited movement due to sprinkler piping

104
Q

developed not just to control the fire but to suppress it

A

Early Suppression/ Fast Response (ESFR) sprinklers

105
Q

ESFR stands for

A

early suppression/ fast response

106
Q

in order for ESFR to properly work it requires

A

early discharge of larger quantity of water; as much as 100 gpm per sprinkler in some cases

107
Q

conventional sprinklers cool the ceiling and prewet surrounding storage, ESFR sprinklers

A

dump most of the water directly on the fire

108
Q

orifice of an ESFR vs conventional sprinkler

A

ESFR = 3/4 in
conventional = 1/2 in

109
Q

test have indicated that ESFR sprinklers can protect rack storage of high density plastics up to how many feet without use of in-rack sprinklers ?

A

up to 25ft in height

110
Q

use of what type of sprinklers permits greater flexibility in warehouse layout b/c need for in-rack sprinklers is eliminated for many commodities up to a specified height ?

A

ESFR sprinklers

111
Q

preplanning considerations for sprinkler systems are:

A

-sketch of system showing fire pump location, riser type, main control valve
-total water supply demand
-any connections
-FDC location
-sprinkler types
-manual release for preaction and deluge

112
Q

basic firefighter considerations for operating sprinkler systems:

A

-supply FDC
-main riser open (os&y)
-note main riser pressure gauges
-ensure fire pump working
-do not close valve until fire is out
-do not replace sprinklers or reset dry piper valves

113
Q

typically a single riser can cover an area up to how many ft^2 for most occupancies

A

52,000 ft^2
(limitation on high pile stock warehouse & extra hazard: 40,000 ft^2)

114
Q

total water supply demand of system (flow in gpm and pressure in psi) is found where

A

printed on sticker on riser or on metal card attached

115
Q

detects movement of water in the system and transmits signal to alarm system

A

water flow switch

116
Q

a zero on supply and discharge gauge of main riser indicated what in the street ?

A

closed valve in street

117
Q

fixed network of piping and hose valves (and sometimes hose); installed in tall and/or large buildings to provide quick fire attack

A

standpipe system

118
Q

according to NFPA 14, standard for installation of standpipe and hose systems the 3 classes of systems based upon their user and hose size are

A

-class 1 system
-class 2 system
-class 3 system

119
Q

standpipe system provides 2-1/2 in. hose connection to supply water for use by FD and those trained in handling heavy fire streams

A

class 1 standpipe system

120
Q

standpipe system provides 1-1/2 in. hose stations to supply water for use primarily by building occupants or by FD during initial response

A

class 2

121
Q

standpipe system provide 1-1/2 in. hose station to supply water for use by building occupants and 2-1/2 in. hose connection to supply larger volume of water for use by FD and those trained

A

class 3

122
Q

standpipe systems that provide (or capable of providing) 250 gpm at 100 psi at each hose valve

A

class 1 & class 3 systems

123
Q

increase to 100 psi in standpipe recognized the use of

A

automatic and fog nozzles

124
Q

standpipe system that supply 100 gpm at 65 psi

A

class 2 standpipe

125
Q

often called houseline, intended for use by building occupants

A

class 2 standpipe

126
Q

standpipes classified by water supply

A

-automatic wet
-semiautomatic dry
-manual dry
-manual wet

127
Q

wet standpipe system that has a water supply that is capable of supplying the system demand automatically

A

automatic wet standpipe system

128
Q

dry standpipe system that is arranged through use of a device, such as deluge valve, to admit water into system piping upon activation of remote control device located at hose connection

A

semiautomatic dry standpipe system

129
Q

dry standpipe system that does not have permanent water supply attached to system

A

manual dry standpipe system

130
Q

wet standpipe system connected to small water supply for purpose of maintaining water within system or sharing water supply with automatic sprinkler system but not having water supply capable of delivering system demand attached to system

A

manual wet standpipe system

131
Q

tragic one meridian plaza high rise fire of 1991 in Philadelphia was caused by improperly set what that cut available hose pressure to very low levels

A

pressure reducing valves (PRV)

132
Q

in high rise fires, smooth bores are the nozzle of choice b/c

A

reach, penetration and low operating pressure (important)

133
Q

used to cut high pressures found on lower floors of tall high rise standpipe risers; source of major concern for fire fighters

A

PRVs (pressure reducing valves)

134
Q

individual riser segments, one on top of the other

A

zones

135
Q

in tall structures, there is economic incentive to have fewer what to avoid having to install more pumps? (think standpipe risers)

A

zones

CGFD (16 decks)

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