Brannigans Building Construction CH.10 Ordinary Construction (PT.2) Flashcards
Typically front and side walls are designed to do what?
Brace one another
Ways to stabilize a wall include the use of:
-buttresses or masses of masonry outside the wall
-Pilasters or columns built inside wall
-wall columns built inside wall
In a concrete block wall the wall columns may be:
-solid concrete blocks
-concrete or clay bricks
-cast-in-place reinforced concrete
-Steel
Often sizable holes are cut through walls, until a proper lintel it’s installed the Gap represents what in the wall?
Weakness in the wall
A bowing brick wall, separates from what and creates a dangerously unstable condition
Separate from floor joists inside
T or F: steel lintels have been used for years without any protection for the steel
True
What kind of lintels are used in masonry walls
Reinforced concrete lintels
T or F: when using reinforced concrete lintels, because the building is not required to be far resistive the concrete has to be fire-resistive
False; concrete is not required to be fire-resistive
Reinforced rods May provide what type of strength to a composite structure
Tensile strength
T or F: concrete is inherently non-combustible and it can be formulated to be fire-resistive
True
Basic sign that a wall is distressed (signaled by stars, plates, Channel sections, or other spreaders, or straps tying the front wall to the side wall)
Braced walls
Braced walls maybe tied to what?
Together across the building or tied to floor beams
Suspended beams that form canopies are common and are secured by what to the interior structure
Tie rods
If tie rods, of suspended beam, connection fails the canopy becomes what?
Undesigned cantilever
Masonry walls are not designed to resist what type of loads
Lateral impact loads
Brick or masonry walls that separate one electrical Transformer from another are often specially reinforced to resist what
Lateral impact
It is difficult to level floor beams in masonry buildings due to what
Masonry irregularities
A passageway, usually vertical, cut into a masonry wall for a pipe or conduit
Chase
It is possible to add a vertical plane of weakness into a building by cutting what into a wall
Chase
What cut into an existing wall presents a serious weakness
Chase
Downspouts that need protection from vehicles should not be recessed into a wall but rather should be protected by what?
Masonry or cast iron
End of the beam it’s cut at an angle so the beam can fall out of the wall
Fire cut
Wooden floor beams fitted tightly into the wall may act as a series of levers on the wall and when they collapse they will pull down the wall; the usual solution is what
Fire cut
In what type of construction are cast iron Beam box inserted into the wall so that beams are not set into the wall
Heavy Timber Construction
What type of streams can smash through a brick wall
Very heavy streams such as from fire boats
The interior structure consists of
-floors
-any necessary interior support for floors
-any suspended loads
-the roof
Fire resistance ratings, in standard fire test conducted in accordance with American Society for testing and materials (ASTM) E-119 standard test methods for fire test of Building Construction and materials, are used to produce what
Code classified protected combustible structures
Have been developed that can achieve fire resistance ratings in standard fire test
Combustible floor and wall Assemblies of wood and gypsum board
In order masonry buildings, the interior walls, if not of Masonry, or of what?
Balloon frame Construction
What type of frame wall carrying interior loads May Fail very early due to the small cross-sectional area of the studs
Balloon frame
Stone walls and interior walls may lose their strength due to what during a fire
Spalling
T or F: masonry walls are usually much thicker than wooden walls
True
what may be used to support overloaded beans and are vulnerable to early failure
Adjustable steel Jack post or simple steel post
Water pipe is designed for what type of pressure
Internal
Use of water pipe for columns and beams is very dangerous and as a structure the connection is weak because metal has been removed wear what?
Shear load is greatest
In structures, wood beams may have been Trussed initially or at a later date which is usually accomplished by what?
Erecting a strut downward from Center of beam and stretching tension rods from one end of the beam to the other over the strut; strut or the rods May fail first
This technique has been used where heavy loads are on the floor above, or where equipment such as belt drive shafts were suspended from overhead or to transfer load formerly carried on a column
Wood beam Trussed; Erecting a strut downward from Center of beam and stretching tension rods from one end of the beam to the other over the strut
What is the only way to connect wood beams to wood girders and receive the full benefit of the time it takes the wood to burn through?
Set the beams atop the girder
Setting beams a top of girder is undesirable because it adds what it walls
Height
The effective strength of the wood Under Fire attack is determined by what?
Size of the thinnest portion, not the mass of the member as a whole
What type of connections must be made whenever an opening is provided in a wooden floor
Beam to beam connections
The Joists that are cut to provide the opening in a wooden floor, do not reach the girder or bearing wall, and are connected to a header beam which in turn is connected to what?
Trimmers
Beam to beam connections are accomplished in what ways:
-mortise and Tenon joints (older buildings)
-notched beams
-joist hangers or stirrups
-heavy Steel or wrought iron straps shaped to receive Joists and nail to top of the header
Self-releasing floors can be seen in what buildings?
Old interior Mercantile buildings
The girder of self-releasing floors sits on what?
Steel Shelf that protrudes from the column
In self-releasing floors what connects the girders and impart some lateral stability under normal conditions?
A scrap of wood or dog iron (like big staple)
Where a column is offset, the girder on which a rest becomes a transfer beam and is subject to severe shear stresses on this it was designed as what?
Transfer beam
Improperly loaded structural components are more likely to what then similar components that are property loaded?
Fail
